浮萍与奶牛粪混合厌氧干发酵研究

对浮萍和奶牛粪为发酵原料在中温条件下进行了半连续厌氧干发酵实验,研究物料配比对发酵过程的影响。实验设置奶牛粪与浮萍配比(质量比)分别为1.00∶0.33、1.00∶0.50、1.00∶0.67和1.00∶1.00,水力停留时间(HRT)均采用30d。结果表明,在HRT为30d条件下,奶牛粪与浮萍配比为1.00∶0.67时产气情况最佳,容积产气率和原料产气率(以挥发性固体(VS)计)分别为0.50L/(L·d)和0.33L/g。     

挥发性脂肪酸对厌氧干式发酵产甲烷的影响

为了提高中温干式厌氧间歇发酵效率,研究了发酵过程中间产物———挥发性脂肪酸对产甲烷的影响。实验分2批进行,第1批在牛粪发酵过程中分别添加乙酸、丙酸和丁酸,第2批发酵添加易产生挥发酸的厨余垃圾混合发酵。结果显示,添加单一挥发酸的发酵过程中,添加丙酸的产甲烷速度较慢,因为丙酸降解生成乙酸的速度较慢,减慢了甲烷的形成;混合发酵过程厨余垃圾产甲烷速度比牛粪快,发酵过程产生2个产气高峰;牛粪和厨余垃圾固体物质含量比在11∶1到5∶1范围内较好,比牛粪单独发酵产气多,产酸高但不酸败,产生的挥发酸主要是乙酸和丙酸,其中比例为7∶1混合发酵的产甲烷速率最大,为4.89 mL/(g VS·d)。实验表明,牛粪厌氧干式发酵过程添加一定量的厨余垃圾可加快挥发酸的产生并提高挥发酸产量,从而提高甲烷的产量,但是总挥发酸长时间超过10 000 mg/L,pH降到不适于产甲烷菌生长的范围时,将抑制甲烷的生成,挥发酸积累导致厌氧发酵酸败。     

超声波预处理对牛粪厌氧消化的影响

以牛粪为研究对象,考察超声波预处理对牛粪厌氧消化的影响。结果表明,适宜强度的超声波预处理对牛粪厌氧消化有一定促进作用。与未经预处理牛粪相比,在100、175、250W超声波预处理下牛粪厌氧消化的最高产气速率从127.02mL/d分别提高到179.26、212.73、298.71mL/d,累计产气量从1 674.18mL分别提高到2 279.81、2 508.05、2 730.66mL,消化液达到最低pH的时间从30d分别缩短至25、15、10d;消化液最大溶解性COD从14 881mg/L分别提高到16 450、17 080、19 250mg/L,牛粪挥发性固体的生物降解率从44.7%分别提高到55.4%、57.3%、61.7%。超声波强度过大将对微生物造成破坏,降低生物反应活性,从而抑制牛粪厌氧消化。经325W超声波预处理后,牛粪厌氧消化的最高产气速率、累计产气量等参数均不及未经预处理牛粪。在未来实际应用中,应注意控制超声波强度,以达到最优预处理效果。     

不同混合比牛粪玉米秸中温干发酵产沼性能

设置5组牛粪和玉米秸的混合物(干物质比为0∶1、1∶0、1∶1、1∶2、2∶1),研究其在中温35℃下干发酵产沼性能,以产沼性能最好实验组的实验数据为基础,对比研究了两类产气模型。研究结果显示:玉米秸与牛粪的混合干发酵运行效果较好;其中,牛粪和玉米秸干物质比为2∶1时产沼效果最好,产气量最高为81 209 mL,干物质产气率为0.312 m3/kg,整个发酵过程中产气量和甲烷的含量比较稳定,CH4含量最高达56.59%,总固体、挥发性固体的去除率相对较高,分别为26.11%和34.27%。一级动力学模型与多项式函数方程2个产气模型拟合检验结果显示,应用简单的多项式函数即可对产气情况进行相对准确的预测。     

牛粪和玉米秸秆厌氧消化产甲烷潜力及动力学

为了评价牛粪和玉米秸秆的产甲烷潜力,研究其厌氧消化过程动力学方程,采用自制序批式厌氧发酵实验装置对某养殖场牛粪和秸秆的最大甲烷生产潜力及其发酵过程进行研究。通过实验研究,测得接种物、牛粪和玉米秸秆的累计甲烷产量分别为64.87、244.0和466.54 m L CH4/g VS。根据实测的产气量变化曲线,按照modified Gompertz equation模型进行方程拟合,牛粪组和玉米秸秆组拟合方程的相关性系数分别为0.983和0.991,表明运用modified Gompertz equation模型预测牛粪和玉米秸秆的产甲烷潜力方法可行。通过对产甲烷过程的动力学研究得到:接种物、牛粪和玉米秸秆的最大产甲烷潜力分别为66.07、213.93和458.57 m L CH4/g VS,与实测值的误差率分别为1.8%、12.3%和1.7%;牛粪和玉米秸秆的最大甲烷日产气率(Rm)和延滞期时间(λ)分别是13.14 m L CH4/(g VS·d)、30.76 m L CH4/(g VS·d)和0.35 d、0.71 d。综上,玉米秸秆厌氧消化的停滞期长,但总产气量和最大甲烷日产期率都比牛粪高。     

进出料频率对牛粪两相厌氧发酵特性的影响

以牛粪为发酵原料,在中温(35±2)℃的条件下,采用自行设计的两相厌氧发酵中试装置,在水力停留时间确定的前提下,酸化原料分别以每天、间隔1 d和间隔2 d 3种不同进出料频率加入产甲烷罐,观察挥发性固体(VS)产气率和甲烷含量的变化情况。实验结果表明:保持产酸相与产甲烷相水力停留时间(HRT)分别为3 d和17 d,每天进出料产气效果最佳,原料VS产气率和甲烷含量最大值分别为0.29 m3/(kg·VS)和58.36%。     

温度对牛粪两相厌氧发酵特性的影响

研究了不同温度对两相厌氧发酵特性的影响,温度设置分别为30、35、40、45、50、55和60℃,产酸相和产甲烷相的温度保持一致。结果表明,不同温度对挥发酸含量的变化趋势相同,都是随着发酵时间的增加先升高到最高点后开始下降,温度的改变不会影响牛粪的产酸代谢类型;温度的升高有利于水解过程的进行,但不利酸化过程的进行。产甲烷相的最佳水力停留时间为6 d,温度为35℃时产气量最高为6.08 L/d,中温更有利于牛粪湿法厌氧发酵过程的进行。     

3种畜禽粪便产气特性差异分析

在实验室条件下,对鸡粪、猪粪和牛粪3种畜禽粪便进行了高温(55℃)厌氧发酵产气特性研究,分析了3种畜禽粪便的物质组成差异以及发酵过程中挥发性固体(VS)降解率、碳氮比(C/N)下降幅度和NH+4-N含量变化与累积产气量的关系。结果表明,累积产气量以牛粪最高,为5 481 m L,其次为猪粪,鸡粪最低,为3 692 m L;3种畜禽粪便发酵原料VS降解率及其粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量与其累积产气量呈负相关,而3种畜禽粪便碳水化合物和粗纤维含量及其发酵过程C/N下降幅度与其累积产气量呈正相关;厌氧发酵过程中,鸡粪发酵液NH+4-N含量显著高于猪粪和牛粪,后期高达2 348.33mg/L,鸡粪较猪粪和牛粪产气时间短,累积产气量少。可见,3种畜禽粪便自身的有机物质组成及接种物的物质组成差异是厌氧发酵累积产气量的重要影响因素。     

粪秆混合厌氧发酵渗滤床工艺的消化性能

以玉米秸秆-牛粪为原料,利用自行设计的渗滤床反应器(Leach bed reactors),对比研究了渗透液回流喷淋时间、喷淋量、发酵温度及粪秆比4因素对原料物能转化率的影响。结果表明:发酵结束后罐内物料的TS浓度在13%~15%之间,属于高浓度发酵范畴;9样品产气峰值出现在发酵后的10~14 d,物能转化率排序为L6L2L9L7L1L8L4L5L3;TS产气率相对较高的共同特点主要为35℃中温、较高的渗滤液回流量以及较高的粪秆比。通过TS产气率的直观分析,4因素对实验结果影响大小排序分别为发酵温度粪秆比喷淋量喷淋时间间隔,得到的最佳工况参数为喷淋时间间隔2 h、喷淋量4 L、发酵温度35℃、粪秆比1∶1,此条件下得到的平均TS产气率为(98.4±3.5)mL·g~(-1)。方差分析结果表明,发酵温度、粪秆比及喷淋量对产气结果影响极显著,为控制渗滤床发酵工艺的主要参数。     

微量元素对牛粪低温厌氧发酵的影响

为考察较低温度(<17℃)条件下添加微量金属元素对厌氧发酵产气量的影响,在发酵底物TS(含固率)为10%下采用10 L玻璃瓶作反应器,以牛粪为原料,向厌氧生物反应器中分别添加MnSO4、FeSO4·7H2O、电解锰渣,分析了厌氧消化系统运行过程中的产气量、COD(化学需氧量)和pH的变化。结果表明,锰元素能促进低温下牛粪的厌氧发酵,加速反应启动。当添加6 g MnSO4、100 g电解锰渣时,单位质量VS产气率分别为0.26 mL/g和0.64 mL/g,添加6 g FeSO4·7H2O与空白对照组均未见明显产气。     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施ISO／IEC17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节，提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法，对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

Comparison of methods for evaluation of activity of photocatalytic films

Objective

This work aims to investigate the correlation between the photocatalytic activity determined by methylene blue bleaching (DIN 52980), stearic acid degradation, and degradation of acetone in gas phase.

Method

The photocatalytic TiO₂ coatings included in this investigation ranged from thin commercially available coatings (Activ^TM and BioClean^TM) and ready to use suspensions (Nano-X PK1245) to lab-produced PVD and sol?Cgel coatings. XRD analysis of the photocatalytic coatings showed that all the coatings consisted of nanocrystalline anatase, although the thickness and porosity varied considerably.

Results

The study showed that the reproducibility of the activity measurements was good. However, more importantly, the investigation showed that there is a good correlation between the activities determined by the different methods even though the characteristics of the photocatalytic coatings and the organic probe molecules varied considerably.

Conclusion

The overall findings of this work suggest that there is a good correlation between the investigated methods. These results are promising for the future work concerning standardization of methods for determination of the activity of photocatalytic films.     

Impact of overexploitation of shellfish: northeastern coast of India

India has a very extensive coastline of about 7515 km, rich in diverse living resources. These resources continue to deteriorate with rampant harvesting or are altered for other uses such as aquaculture and fisheries. The present paper deals with degrading coastal habitats in northeastern India, and projects the intensity of the stress arising from the collection of tiger prawn seeds (Penaeus monodon) for aquacultural farms and molluskan shells for poultry feed and edible lime. Indiscriminate exploitation of these resources leads to a heavy reduction of the species concerned and other associated marine communities. The magnitude of such destruction has been quantified. The impacts of biodiversity loss and their after-effects on the ecobalance of this coastal system have become a matter of great concern to ecologists to maintain security and sustainability. The authors propose a public awareness program on themes relating to the importance of biodiversity for human livelihoods.