盐城湿地保护与生态旅游开发

盐城海滨湿地资源丰富，已成为重要的环境资源和旅游资源。从湿地的变化和现状着手，阐述了保护盐城湿地的必要性和重要性，在保护中倡导自养型经济战略——生态旅游。分析了盐城湿地生态旅游开发的可行性，从而提出规划意见，以实现盐城湿地旅游的可持续发展。     

盐城市滩涂资源可持续利用模式选择分析

随着江苏沿海开发上升为国家战略,盐城市沿海滩涂开发遇到了前所未有的机遇;同时盐城沿海滩涂又是重要的湿地保护区,因此处理好保护与开发的关系,探讨滩涂的合理利用模式有着重要的战略意义。由于历史和自然条件的影响,盐城已形成以农业为主、自然保护区为特色、港口和临港产业逐渐兴起的滩涂利用模式。通过对盐城滩涂现有利用模式的分析,选取资源、环境、经济、社会等方面的影响因子,通过综合评价,对各种滩涂利用模式进行优劣势和可行性分析,探讨区域适宜的滩涂利用模式。     

盐城沿海湿地生态环境变化及对策研究

以盐城沿海湿地生态环境为研究对象,全面研究了该区域在过去30年中(1984—2014年)湿地生态环境的变化情况。研究表明,盐城沿海湿地中各地物面积、土地利用、海岸带冲淤状况、生物多样性和生态系统服务价值发生了较大变化,其原因包括:人口增长因素,经济利益驱动;围垦不断增加,景观破碎加剧;资源过度利用,垦区环境污染等。提出解决方案,以期促进该区域的可持续发展,保障区域社会经济科学发展和生态安全。     

对我国沿海风能资源开发利用的思考

我国沿海地区具有丰富的风能资源，开发前景十分广阔，是打造“海上三峡”新能源基地的希望所在。分析了沿海风能资源的察赋，指出了我国沿海岸区是建立大型风力发电场的理想之地，在此基础上提出发展我国沿海绿色能源基地的构想。     

中国资源驱动型岛屿旅游经济发展分析

从我国沿海岛屿旅游十几年的发展历程来看,各沿海岛屿由于所处的地理位置、历史条件、气候条件及资源与文化丰度差异,决定了其旅游发展水平与发展方式存在明显不同。从旅游发展主要驱动力角度,探讨了那些依托其独特旅游资源开发带动经济发展的岛屿经济发展模式。     

综合生态系统管理理念在湿地保护中的运用——以江苏盐城沿海湿地保护为例

综合生态系统管理(IEM)是在国际生态环境保护中推行的一种全新的管理理念,该管理理念或原则与中国倡导的生态文明制度建设、生态环境保护的发展原则具有高度的一致性。本文简要阐述了综合生态系统管理理念,介绍了其发展进程,重点结合盐城沿海湿地保护项目,对综生态系统管理的内容、特点和作用进行深入的探讨,提出了运用综合生态系统管理理念开展湿地生态系统保护的问题分析及具体建议。     

江苏省海安县生态旅游开发研究

本文简述了海安县的自然环境情况，分析了海安发展生态旅游的条件，认为其具有良好的生态环境质量、较好的经济发展基础和便利的区位交通条件等优势。在研究其生态旅游资源特点的基础上，提出海安县应坚持保护原生态、整体性和高标准的发展原则，优先发展里下河生态旅游圈、沿海生态旅游圈和生态农业园等特色生态旅游产品，并制定相应的生态保护措施，以实现县域生态旅游业的可持续发展。     

丹顶鹤的家境令人堪忧

世界珍禽丹顶鹤在中国境内有１０００多只，占总量５０％，黑龙江省齐齐哈尔的扎龙湿地和江苏省盐城沿海盐城湿地是她们美好的家园。世界珍禽丹顶鹤被中国人称之为仙鹤，在人们心目中它同凤凰一样同属吉祥鸟，所不同的是凤凰是虚无的，谁也没见过，而丹顶鹤从古到今是同人类亲和地生存在一起的。然而由于自然环境的变化和人为因素，使丹顶鹤越来越少。据世界鸟类专家科学调研测算，目前全世界尚有鹤类１５种，中国有９种，其中极为珍贵的丹顶鹤只有２０００多只，中国拥有１０００多只，而这１０００多只丹顶鹤几乎全部生活在齐齐哈尔的扎龙…     

基于不同情景的盐城海岸带土地优化研究

土地优化研究是探讨土地可持续发展的重要内容,也是保障区域社会经济科学发展和生态安全的重要保障。以盐城海岸带为研究对象,运用灰色线性规划模型对其土地利用结构进行优化研究。结果表明:在盐城海岸带的土地利用优化方案中,无论是经济导向还是生态效益导向,都只注重土地利用的经济发展或生态环境保护,不利于土地的科学利用,在综合效益下的土地优化方案是同时兼顾经济效益与生态效益的土地利用模式。在此模式下,盐城海岸带及各县市的社会经济得到较好的发展,研究区域的沿海湿地生态系统服务功能价值也可得到较大提高,海岸带的人口数量和空间分布较合理,沿海城镇、产业与港口联动的综合效益较高,认为该方案可作为盐城海岸带土地利用最佳方案。文章从技术和政策等方面分析了盐城海岸带实现土地可持续利用的措施。     

生态建设、古城保护与经济发展间互促共进机制的构建

当前,我国的诸多古城在资源保护、生态建设和经济发展中没有把握好三者的契合点,过度开发,拆古城、建新城,盲目复建古建筑导致了古城生态建设危机、古城资源与人文自然生态破坏等一系列问题的出现。生态建设、古城保护和经济发展间具有互促共进的作用,古城保护可为经济发展提供宝贵资源,经济发展可为古城保护和生态建设提供基本条件,生态建设有助于实现古城保护与开发的科学性与可持续性。古城保护既需要维持古城的原真性和完整性,也需要保护古城内部和周围的生态系统,还需要通过经济发展筹集资金,发展技术,聚集人才。因此,构建生态建设、古城保护和经济发展的互促共进机制是推进古城可持续发展的必然出路。     

我国鲟鱼类资源及其保护与发展途径

鲟鱼类为北半球古老的大型经济鱼类，栖息于太平洋、大西洋和内陆水域，是世界著名的经济鱼类．近年来在有关科研项目的支持下，对我国境内的11种鲟鱼类资源进行了生物学、生态学等方面的一系列调查研究．本文着重论述了鲟鱼类的自然分布、经济与科研价值，分析了资源现状及其衰退原因，并提出今后资源保护与发展的8个途径．     

黄山风景区悬钩子属植物资源及其开发利用

黄山风景区共有悬钩子属植物20种5变种。记述了该地区悬钩子属植物资源的种类、分布及价值，并对其合理开发利用提出了建议，为生态旅游和经济发展提供参考。     

Human actions, the survival of keystone species, and the resilience of ecological–economic systems

Human (managerial) actions affect the survival probabilities of the keystone species of an ecological–economic system. In turn, the well-being of these keystone species translates into the well-being or the resilience of the underlying ecological–economic system. What are the theoretical connections between human actions, keystone species survival, and the resilience of ecological–economic systems? In this note, we construct a simple stochastic model to draw out the links between this trinity.     

Effects of economic growth on biodiversity in the United States

For many citizens and policymakers, the empirical relationship between economic growth and biodiversity conservation has not been sufficiently established for purposes of identifying the types of economic policies amenable to biodiversity conservation. Some think economic growth conflicts with biodiversity conservation; others think economic growth conduces biodiversity conservation. With panel data from 1997‐2011, encompassing US continental states, we developed a series of statistical models to investigate the relationships among species endangerment, human population, and economic growth as indicated by GDP and per capita GDP. Species endangerment is highly correlated with population and GDP, and per capita GDP is a significant regressor of species endangerment. Across US continental states, competitive exclusion of non‐human species occurs via human economic growth and population growth.     

长白山区中国林蛙资源及其保护与增殖

中国林蛙主要产于我国的长白山区,具有较高的经济价值。本文根据近年来的生产实践和调查研究资料,着重介绍了吉林省长白山区的中国林蛙养殖生物学特征,提出了在该区的资源保护途径与增殖措施     

Investigating public decisions about protecting wetlands

Quantitative analyses of species protection decisions taken by public authorities regularly show that ecological factors, such as the probability of extinction, often play a minor role in the decision-making process. The taxonomy of the species or its potential conflict with economic development is a more powerful factor. This paper presents quantitative empirical research on the protection of wetlands in Austria. Econometrically estimated models show that geographical and ecological factors (such as the size of the area, elevation and importance for biodiversity) play a significant role in the protection of wetlands. Additional influences include conflict variables encoding the negative effects of the primary economic sector (agriculture) or tourism.     

Landscape Equivalency Analysis: Methodology for Estimating Spatially Explicit Biodiversity Credits

We propose a biodiversity credit system for trading endangered species habitat designed to minimize and reverse the negative effects of habitat loss and fragmentation, the leading cause of species endangerment in the United States. Given the increasing demand for land, approaches that explicitly balance economic goals against conservation goals are required. The Endangered Species Act balances these conflicts based on the cost to replace habitat. Conservation banking is a means to manage this balance, and we argue for its use to mitigate the effects of habitat fragmentation. Mitigating the effects of land development on biodiversity requires decisions that recognize regional ecological effects resulting from local economic decisions. We propose Landscape Equivalency Analysis (LEA), a landscape-scale approach similar to HEA, as an accounting system to calculate conservation banking credits so that habitat trades do not exacerbate regional ecological effects of local decisions. Credits purchased by public agencies or NGOs for purposes other than mitigating a take create a net investment in natural capital leading to habitat defragmentation. Credits calculated by LEA use metapopulation genetic theory to estimate sustainability criteria against which all trades are judged. The approach is rooted in well-accepted ecological, evolutionary, and economic theory, which helps compensate for the degree of uncertainty regarding the effects of habitat loss and fragmentation on endangered species. LEA requires application of greater scientific rigor than typically applied to endangered species management on private lands but provides an objective, conceptually sound basis for achieving the often conflicting goals of economic efficiency and long-term ecological sustainability.     

Strategic Environmental Assessment of Plans and Programs: A Methodology for Estimating Effects on Biodiversity

We developed a methodology for biodiversity evaluations within the process of Strategic Environmental Assessment and we applied it to the estimation of the effect of two Regional Plans of Development on all bird species inhabiting the Castilla y León region (northwestern Spain). The methodology is based on the evaluation of the effects of main development actions on the habitat requirements of species. From these evaluations, and from data on the current distribution and population size (number of individuals) of each species, we estimated the most likely pattern of distribution and population size after the full implementation of the plans for each species. The impacts of the plans were quantified as the differences between the pre- and postproject patterns after codifying them to compensate for differences in the quality of the information available among species. Overall, we conclude that the proposed methodology fulfills the requirements for its use within the SEA process as it allows for the assessment of cumulative impacts on every species, highlighting the development directions and the habitat types with major impacts, and ascertaining whether impacts affect species with either low or high conservation and/or economic value. Generalization of the proposed methodology to other regions or species will require wildlife-habitat models adequate for SEA analyses, so that we also propose guidelines for the development and validation of these models.     

Achieving nature conservation objectives: problems and opportunities with economics

This paper considers the use of economic analysis in nature conservation within the Nature Conservancy Council (NCC). The development of official nature conservation in Britain and the relationship to land use changes is described, and the focus on site safeguard illustrated by declines in distributions and viability of populations of some species. A restatement of nature conservation objectives is proposed and the role of economic analysis in developing policies to secure these described. The use of economics by the NCC and the lessons learned from this are outlined. The implication of the commitment to sustainability is then discussed and concerns over how environmental valuation is used in light of this described. The paper concludes that economic analysis is a powerful tool for integrating nature conservation into wider rural policies and for the development of measures to secure contributions by other interests to meeting nature conservation objectives.     

Aquatic Nuisance Species in the New York State Canal and Hudson River Systems and the Great Lakes Basin: An Economic and Environmental Assessment

A total of 154 aquatic alien species have invaded the New York State Canal and Hudson River systems and a total of 162 aquatic species have invaded the Great Lakes Basin. Some of these invasive species are causing significant damage and control costs in both aquatic ecosystems. In the New York State Canal and Hudson River systems, the nonindigenous species are causing an estimated 500 million dollars in economic losses each year. The economic and environmental situation in the Great Lakes Basin is far more serious from nonindigenous species, with losses estimated to be about 5.7 billion dollars per year. Commercial and sport fishing suffer the most from the biological invasions, with about 400 million dollars in losses reported for the New York State Canal and Hudson River systems and 4.5 billion dollars in losses reported for the Great Lakes Basin.