壬基酚和短链壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚在土壤中的降解研究

研究了壬基酚(NP)类内分泌干扰物在土壤体系和添加污水处理厂剩余污泥的土壤体系中的降解行为.结果表明,NP、壬基酚单氧乙烯醚(NPEO1)、壬基酚二氧乙烯醚(NPEO2)在土壤中的降解遵循一级动力学方程,其降解速率随温度升高而升高.30℃时,初始浓度分别为100、50和100 mg·kg-1的NP、NPEO1和NPEO2可在45 d内完全降解.相同条件下,土壤中NP的降解速率大于NPEO1和NPEO2.体系中添加污泥促进了NPEO1和NPEO2的降解,同时抑制了NP的降解.     

二氧化钛膜光催化降解水中壬基酚的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法于500℃制备了不同层数的锐钛矿纳米二氧化钛（TiO2）薄膜。利用TiO2薄膜作催化剂,研究了水中壬基酚（NP）的紫外光降解特性。考察了镀膜层数、pH值、初始浓度、光照距离和光照时间与降解率的关系。结果表明,镀3层膜,pH值为5．0～6．0,光照距离为9cm,光照时间为60min的条件下,ρ（NP）初始为100μg/L时降解率可达80％以上。     

壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚在碱性印染废水中的降解

通过静态和动态连续降解实验,揭示了壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚(NPEO,Nonylphenol ethoxylates,浓度6.25~12.5 mg·L-1)在碱性牛仔布印染废水中的去除规律.批式活性污泥实验表明,厌氧环境下,随着p H值的增加,壬基酚(NP,Nonylphenol)产生受到抑制,短链NPEO(环氧乙烯加成数1~3,NP(1~3)EO)总浓度水平虽然只有500~900μg·L-1,却呈现增加趋势;好氧环境下,尽管NPEO总量降解率超过85%,但产生的各种短链NP(1~3)EO和短链壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚酸酯(NPEC,Nonylphenol polyethoxycarboxylate)浓度区间为10~110μg·L-1,碱性环境下两类物质总量最低,不足100μg·L-1.耦合厌氧水解和好氧曝气的连续实验表明,增设填料的厌氧折板水解池出水中短链NP(1~3)EO的总浓度增至4000~5000μg·L-1,这与厌氧环境下一部分NPEO附着在废水杂质和厌氧污泥上,在污泥龄较长的附着型污泥作用下,生成了大量的NP(1~3)EO有关;好氧段出水中NP(1~3)EO浓度降至230~610μg·L-1,短链NPEC(NP(1~3)EC)总量上升到800~1000μg·L-1,NP(1~3)EC由NP(1~3)EO转化来的可能最大.印染出水中NP及NP(1~3)EO受厌氧段出水中NP及NP(1~3)EO浓度影响明显.     

负载型二氧化钛光催化降解苯胺

以紫外灯为光湖，在圆柱型光反应器中，负载在镍网上的ＴｉＯ２为催化剂，研究了水中苯胺光催化剂降解行为，结果表明苯胺的降解动力学可用Ｌａｎｇｍｕｉｒ－Ｈｉｎｓｈｅｌｗｏｏｄ方程来描述，对苯胺的浓度、介质ｐＨ、液体流速、氧气浓度和外加Ｈ２Ｏ２等因素对光催化反应的影响进行了研究，并以实验现象予以解释。     

壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚在水溶液中的光降解行为研究

采用模拟日光灯和长波紫外灯（UVA-365nm）2种光源,对水溶液中壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚（NPEOs）的光降解动力学、降解过程中NPEO同系物成分的变化、以及氧化剂过氧化氢的加入对光降解的影响进行了研究,并采用LC-MS对光降解的产物进行了分析.研究表明,实验周期内NPEOs在模拟日光和长波紫外光下均发生不同程度的光降解,降解速率常数分别为6.20×10^-3　μmol/(L·h)和1.18×10^-2　μmol/(L·h).在模拟日光下,在NPEOs降解过程中观察到短链的NPEO_1,3分布比例的增加,而在长波紫外光下的降解过程中并没有发现NPEO成分分布的变化.过氧化氢的加入对NPEOs的光降解具有明显的促进作用,特别是在模拟日光下,0.01 mmol/L和1.00 mmol/L H₂O₂的加入使NPEOs的96h降解率由20.9%分别提高至44.4%和91.5%.通过LC-MS分析,初步认为壬基酚三乙氧基乙酸的烷基氧化产物(CA_3～9PEC₃)是溶液中NPEOs光降解的主要产物,并据此推断了可能的反应历程.     

光电催化降解10-壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备TiO₂薄膜光电极,以该电极为工作电极,铂丝作对电极,饱和甘汞电极为参比电极,对10-壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚的光电催化降解进行了研究.结果表明,该电极具有n型半导体的特征行为.在外加偏压为+0.6V,pH值为5,H₂O₂浓度为30mg/L的条件下对初始浓度为50mg/L的10-壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚溶液光照4h,降解率达53.26%.讨论了氧的存在、外加偏压、pH值等因素对光电催化反应的影响.     

1株异养脱氮菌降解壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚的研究

研究了异养脱氮菌Bacillus sp.LY降解壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚(NPEOs)的性能.结果表明,该菌株具有较强地降解NPEOs的能力,且在实现NPEOs降解去除的同时表现出一定的异养脱氮性能.降解14d后, Bacillus sp.LY对NPEOs去除率达95.6%,对体系中的总氮去除率为43.9%.该菌株对NPEOs的降解去除符合一级动力学特征,其降解速率常数为0.224d-1.该菌株通过无氧化过程的乙氧基链的逐渐缩短的途径降解去除NPEOs,可避免产生危害性更大的NPEOs的羧酸化产物(NPECs).在分别以氨态氮(NH4C1)、硝态氮(NaNO3)和亚硝态氮(NaNO2)3种不同氮素为氮源的条件下,菌株对NPEOs均具有一定的降解效果,其中以氨态氮为氮源时菌株对NPEOs降解效果最好.研究结果可为消除壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚与氮素复合污染提供理论依据.     

壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚及壬基酚对鱼肝EROD酶的体外诱导

在离体条件下,以鲤鱼肝脏EROD酶为生物标志物研究了壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚及壬基酚的毒性效应.结果表明,在一定的浓度范围内,2种受试物对鲤鱼肝脏EROD酶均有激活作用.受试物浓度对EROD酶的活性的影响规律为高浓度时抑制,低浓度时诱导.试验时间和作用温度对离体条件下EROD酶的诱导有较大的影响,20℃的诱导温度和20min的诱导时间可得到较为理想的试验结果.离体条件下的鱼肝EROD酶的诱导是评价外来化学物污染效应的一种好方法.     

二氧化钛光催化降解次甲基蓝的研究

本文以锐钛型ＴｉＯ２半导体为催化剂，研究了水溶液中次甲基蓝染料的半导体光催化降解及各种影响因素。研究表明，次甲基蓝在ｐＨ为５．８左右时降解较为适宜，其降解初速度与ＴｉＯ２用量的０．６８次方、光强的１．７５次方成正比，温度变化对降解速度影响很小；次甲基蓝初始浓度对降解初速度的影响和吸附等温线相一致。     

纳米二氧化钛光催化降解造纸废水的试验研究

以廉价的无机盐四氯化钛为原料,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备出纳米TiO2粉末作为光催化剂,在高压汞灯的光源照射下对河北省某造纸厂废水进行了光催化降解.考察了TiO2光催化剂的热处理温度、用量、pH值、反应时间等因素对废水COD降解率的影响.研究表明:经460℃热处理1 h的Ti02光催化效果较好,在COD浓度300 mg/L,...     

氮掺杂二氧化钛复合催化膜降解甲苯气体研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法以聚丙烯(PP)中空纤维膜为载体制备了N-Ti O2/PP复合催化膜,并考察了其催化降解甲苯有机废气的性能.结果发现,紫外光催化的甲苯降解率可达84%,去除负荷为89.8 g·m-3·h~(-1),自然光催化的甲苯降解率可达63.9%,去除负荷为69.25 g·m-3·h~(-1).同时,采用紫外-可见光谱(UV-Vis)、X-射线光电子能谱(XPS)和傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)表征了N-Ti O2/PP复合催化膜,并采用GC-MS分析甲苯降解过程的中间产物并推测甲苯反应过程机理.采用GC-MS分析出口气样的研究结果表明,苯(C6H6)、苯甲醛(C7H6O)、苯乙酸(C8H8O2)、丙烯醛(C3H4O)、甲酸甲酯(C2H4O2)为甲苯光催化降解的中间产物.N-Ti O2/PP复合催化膜降解甲苯的机制为甲苯气体通过中空纤维膜传质到N-Ti O2/PP复合催化膜,光催化产生羟基自由基,甲苯气体被羟基自由基氧化成中间产物,并继续降解为最终产物二氧化碳和水.     

Photocatalytic degradation of dye effluent by titanium dioxide pillar pellets in aqueous solution

Photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) process is an effective way to deal with organic pollutants in wastewater which could be difficult to be degraded by conventional biological treatment methods. Normally the TiO2 powder in nanometre size range was directly used as photocatalyst for dye degradation in wastewater. However the titanium dioxide powder was arduous to be recovered from the solution after treatment. In this application, a new form of TiO2(i. e. pillar pellets ranging from 2.5 to 5.3 mm long and with a diameter of 3.7 mm) was used and investigated for photocatalytic degradation of textile dye effluent. A test system was built with a flat plate reactor(FPR) and UV light source(blacklight and solar simulator as light source respectively) for investigating the effectiveness of the new form of TiO2. It was found that the photocatalytic process under this configuration could efficiently remove colours from textile dyeing effluent. Comparing with the TiO2 powder, the pellet was very easy to recovered from the treated solution and can be reused in multiple times without the significant change on the photocatalytic property. The results also showed that to achieve the same photocatalytic performance, the FPR area by pellets was about 91% smaller than required by TiO2 powder. At least TiO2 pellet could be used as an alternative form of photocatalyst in applications for textile effluent treatment process, also other wastewater treatment processes.     

Photocatalytic degradation of Chicago Sky Blue 6B and Benzopurpurin 4B using titanium dioxide thin film

Aqueous solutions of azo dyes undergo degradation to form harmless intermediates and colorless products following irradiation by visible light in the presence of titanium dioxide thin films. The dyes that were studied in this work are： Chicago Sky Blue 6B and Benzopurpurin 4B. Results obtained indicated that complete mineralization of the dyes took place under the experimental conditions. There was an increase in conductivity after the complete mineralization experiments possibly indicating the formation of ions such as NO3^- and SO4^2-. Chemical oxygen demand（COD） measurements show a decrease in organic matter for both dyes following complete degradation. The effect of how changing experimental conditions such as pH, temperature and starting concentrations of dyes affected the rate of dye degradation was measured. There was an increase in the rate of disappearance of the dye color at lower pH. High concentrations of dye solutions reauired Iona dearadation time.     

光降解制药废水的试验研究

研究了紫外光催化氧化法对制药废水的降解机理。考察了 Ti O2 投加量与污染物初始浓度的关系 ,并经初步估算其量子效率为 6.1 %     

Photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B bymicrowave-assisted hydrothermal synthesized N-doped titanate nanotubes

Microwave-induced nitrogen-doped titanate nanotubes（NTNTs） were characterized by transmission electron microscopy（TEM）, X-ray diffraction（XRD）, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy（XPS）, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy（FT-IR）, Zeta potential analysis,specific surface area（SBET）, and UV-Visible spectroscopy. TEM results indicate that NTNTs retain a tubular structure with a crystalline multiwall and have a length of several hundred nanometers after nitrogen doping. XRD findings demonstrate that the crystalline structure of NTNTs was dominated by anatase, which is favored for photocatalytic application. The Ti-O-N linkage observed in the XPS N 1s spectrum is mainly responsible for narrowing the band gap and eventually enhancing the visible light photoactivity. FT-IR results demonstrated the existence of H3O＋, which could be excited by photo-generated holes to form hydroxyl radicals and degrade environmental pollutants. After sintering at 350°C, the UV-Vis absorbance edges of NTNTs significantly shift to the visible-light region, which indicates N atom doping into the nanotubes. Photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B（RhB） via NTNTs show good efficiency, with pseudo first-order kinetic model rate constants of 3.7 × 10-3, 2.4 × 10-3and 8.0 × 10-4sec-1at pH 3, 7, and 11, respectively.     

4—氯苯甲酸钠的光催化氧化降解及其影响因素

本试验采用P－25TiO2，光催化剂，对4－氯苯甲酸钠的光催化氧化降解及污染物初始浓度，催化剂投加量和入射光强等因素的影响进行了研究，研究发现污染物初始降解速率与其初始浓度的关系遵循Langmuir-Hinshelwood模式，其中半饱和浓度常数Ks不仅是催化剂和污染物种类的函数，而且也是入射光强的函数，催化剂投加量存在一限值，当低于此限值时，污染物降解速率由于催化剂浓度的不足受到影响而下降，当高于此限值时，污染物降解速率受催化剂投加量的影响变小，在本试验4－CBA－Na浓度为0.15-0.6mmol／L时该催化剂限值浓度大约为0.4g/L，在入射光强为1-7mW/cm^2和催化剂浓度为0.4g／L下，污染物降解速率与光强成0.67次幂关系，经估算其量子效率为6．3％。     

玻璃纤维布负载TiO2膜光催化氧化垃圾渗滤液

本文以钛酸丁酯为原料，通过溶胶-凝胶技术在玻璃纤维布上制备TiO2膜。分别以10w低压汞灯和400w高压汞灯作为光源。对垃圾渗滤液进行了光催化氧化处理。综合分析了影响CODCr去除率及UV335去除率的因素。结果表明，以玻璃纤维布作载体制备的TiO2膜光催化氧化处理垃圾渗滤液具有较好的效果。     

Photocatalytic degradation of carbofuran in TiO2 aqueous solution：Kinetics using design of experiments and mechanism by HPLC/MS/MS

The photocatalytic degradation kinetics of carbofuran was optimized by central composite design based on response surface methodology for the first time. Three variables, TiO2 concentration, initial pH value and the concentration of carbofuran, were selected to determine the dependence of degradation efficiencies on independent variables. Response surface methodology modeling results indicated that the degradation efficiency of carbofuran was highly affected by the initial pH value and the concentration of carbofuran. Then nine degradation intermediates were detected by HPLC/MS/MS. The Frontier Electron Densities of carbofuran were calculated to predict the active sites on carbofuran attacked by hydroxyl radicals and photoholes. Point charges were used to elucidate the chemisorption pattern on TiO2 catalysts during the photocatalytic process. By combining the experimental results and calculation data, the photocatalytic degradation pathways of carbofuran were proposed, including the addition of hydroxyl radicals and the cleavage of the carbamate side chain.     

Influence of supports on photocatalytic degradation of phenol and 4-chlorophenol in aqueous suspensions of titanium dioxide

The photocatalytic degradation of phenol and 4-chlorophenol (4-CP) in aqueous suspensions with the use of titanium dioxide (TiO2 ) under UV irradiation was examined. The effects of different supporting materials mixed physically with TiO2 were studied to achieve maximum degradation efficiency. Among the three supports, namely activated carbon (AC), silica (SiO2 ) and zeolite (ZSM-5), all exhibited paramount efficiency for degradation of phenol and 4-CP and was better than TiO2 alone. The optimum concentration was found to be 50 mg for all supporting materials. The efficiency order of the three supports was as follows: AC > ZSM-5 > SiO2 , respectively. Whilst, the degradation of phenol and 4-CP was improved from 70.6% to 87.6% and 80.6% to 89.7%, respectively, within 120 min photocatalysis in the presence of optimal amount of AC. The degradation was also comparatively enhanced in the presence of cheaper rice husk and the activity was closed to ZSM-5 and lower than AC.