发展可再生燃料推进减排的现状和趋势

文章阐述了发展生物燃料可实现缓解石油供需矛盾和减排温室气体的双赢目的,介绍了世界各主要消费大国发展,应用生物燃料的情况及生物燃料的发展趋势.     

前沿动态

国际动态欧盟推迟生物燃料新规生效欧盟已同意将生物燃料惩罚规定的生效进行推迟。该规定对带来间接气候影响的生物燃料使用做出惩罚,推迟时间最长可达七年。欧盟的生物燃料产业每年产值170亿欧元。这一妥协旨在保护欧盟农民的     

生物燃料的类型划分

生物燃料主要包括由玉米和甘蔗、秸秆制造的燃料乙醇、生物柴油、由纤维素制造的燃料乙醇以及其它生物燃料，因此甘蔗是一种高产量的热带植物，在茎部积累了大量的蔗糖；玉米是美国产量最大的农作物，2005年总产量约2.82亿t,玉米种子中约60％为淀粉。     

波音欲将地沟油用作航空燃料

近日,波音公司在一份声明中表示,已拟定一份计划,准备将地沟油用于生产可持续的航空生物燃料。所谓地沟油,是指来自中国餐馆和街头摊贩的废弃食用油。这将是波音公司与中国国企中国商用飞机公司间的一个合资项目。波音表示,据2家公司估计,中国的废弃食用油每年可用于生产5亿加仑（合18亿升）生物燃料。声明表示：“中美航空生物燃料试点项目生产的生物燃料将达到2011年批准通过的国际规格标准。     

云南省开发麻疯树生物柴油的SWOT分析

为缓解能源危机和环境污染,生物燃料成为石化燃料的理想替代品.由于不占用农用地,麻疯树成为了倍受欢迎的生物柴油原料.通过对云南省开发麻疯树生物柴油的SWOT分析得出,该省具有开发麻疯树生物柴油天然的优势,但从外部环境来看,机遇与威胁并存.为了促进云南生物柴油产业的健康发展,应在现有优势的基础上充分利用外部机遇并减少外部威胁.     

生物燃料的发展趋势

国际能源市场每年提供给人类的能源约有95%来自于传统能源。国际能源机构统计资料显示,非洲、亚洲和拉丁美洲的能源需求约占世界总能源需求的1/3,而世界80%—90%的赤贫国家集中在该区域。目前,生物燃料的消费总量相对较小,市场份额仅占总能源需求量的10%。发达国家对生物燃料的关注缘于价格上涨、世界能源产区政治不稳定的战略考虑以及全球气候变化等多方面的原因。目前人类已经探明的能源总量乐观估计仅能满足人类几百年的需求,世界能源价格上涨也反映出世界能源逐渐枯竭的趋势,因此全球气候变化成为发展生物燃料的主要动力。生物燃料的发…     

生物柴油技术或有新突破

<正>食物垃圾和烹饪废油均可提取生物柴油,使用生物柴油可减少有害气体排放。残羹冷炙居然可以做燃料?是的。一项新技术将剩饭残渣和烹饪废油转化成清洁燃料,垃圾变成了再生能源的理想原料。馅饼蛋糕都能炼油顾客们在快餐店吃剩的蛋糕、馅饼丢掉可惜。近日,英国绿能公司"变废为宝",从食物残渣中提取食用油,制成生物     

前沿动态

国际动态欧盟支持对粮食型生物燃料严格限制欧洲议会环境委员会近日投票,支持对粮食作物合成的传统型生物燃料进行更为严格的限制。根据当前欧盟立法规定,各成员国需确保2020年前,可再生能源在交通行业所消耗能源中的占比至少达到10%。欧洲议会环境委员会日前同意,粮食作物合成型生物燃料在交通行业所耗能源中的占比不应超过6%,低于去年各成员国认可的7%。气候变化严重损害农户据联合国最新报告,未来几十年     

基于灰色熵权法的生物燃料生产途径开发前景综合评价

通过建立生物燃料生产途径的多层次综合评价指标体系,构建基于灰色熵权法的生物燃料生产途径的综合评价模型,对9种生物燃料生产途径产业化的发展潜力进行了科学客观的评价,得出它们开发前景均不够理想,产业仍显脆弱,但基于地沟油生产生物柴油的途径处于相对优势的位置。结合产业现状,提出了加大国家政策扶持力度,制定各项政策的具体操作细则及政策间的相互衔接;采用现代系统生物技术,培育优质新品种,研制高效、耐逆、适合工业要求的生物质原料降解酶类,集成先进的工程技术,建立高效的复合生物炼制转化系统,提高能源转化率;扩大生产规模,降低成本等建议,以期为相关企业进行生产途径选择提供有价值的参考依据。     

国际资讯

美报告称地球大气中甲烷水平连续7年保持平稳；芬兰：生物燃料走上前台；全球环境变化与人类健康项目；荷兰将建首家生物甲醇制造厂；[编按]     

Anthropogenic effects on the biodiversity of riparian wetlands of a northern temperate landscape

Land uses such as forestry and agriculture are presumed to degrade the biodiversity of riparian wetlands in the northern temperate regions of the United States. In order to improve land use decision making in this landscape, floral and faunal communities of 15 riparian wetlands associated with low-order streams were related to their surrounding land cover to establish which organismal groups are affected by anthropogenic disturbance and whether these impacts are scale-specific. Study sites were chosen to represent a gradient of disturbance. Vascular plants of wet meadow and shrub carr communities, aquatic macro-invertebrates, amphibians, fish and birds were surveyed, and total abundance, species richness and Shannon diversity were calculated. For each site, anthropogenic disturbances were evaluated at local and landscape scales (500, 1000, 2500 and 5000 m from the site and the site catchment) from field surveys and a geographic information system (GIS). Land use data were grouped into six general land use types: urban, cultivated, rangeland, forest, wetland and water. Shrub carr vegetation, bird and fish diversity and richness generally decrease with increasing cultivation in the landscape. Amphibian abundance decreases and fish abundance increases as the proportions of open water and rangeland increases; bird diversity and richness increase with forest and wetland extent in the landscape. Wet meadow vegetation, aquatic macro-invertebrates, amphibians and fish respond to local disturbances or environmental conditions. Shrub carr vegetation, amphibians and birds are influenced by land use at relatively small landscape scales (500 and 1000 m), and fish respond to land use at larger landscape scales (2500, 5000 m and the catchment). Effective conservation planning for these riparian wetlands requires assessment of multiple organismal groups, different types of disturbance and several spatial scales.1998 Academic Press     

Evaluating cumulative effects of disturbance on the hydrologic function of bogs,fens, and mires

Few quantitative studies have been done on the hydrology of fens, bogs, and mires. Consequently predicting the cumulative impacts of disturbances on their hydrologic functions is extremely difficult. For example, few data are available on the role of bogs and fens with respect to flood desynchronization and shoreline anchoring. However, recent studies suggest that very small amounts of groundwater discharge are sufficient to radically modify mire surface-water chemistry, and consequently, vegetation communities and their associated surface-water hydrology. Bogs and fens are, in a sense, hydrobiologic systems, and any evaluation of cumulative impacts will have to (1) consider the complicated and little understood interactions among wetland hydrology, water chemistry, and biota, and (2) place the effect of individual wetland impacts within the context of the cumulative impacts contributed to the watershed from other geomorphic areas and land uses.It is difficult to evaluate the potential cumulative impacts on wetland hydrology because geologic settings of wetlands are often complex and the methods used to measure wetland streamflow, groundwater flow, and evapotranspiration are inexact (Winter 1988). This is especially so for bogs, fens, and mires underlain by thick organic soils. These wetlands, found in the circumboreal areas of North America, Europe, and Asia, are major physiographic features in eastern North America, northern Europe, and Siberia (Kivenen and Pakarinen 1981, Gore 1983, Glaser and Janssens 1986). Their very scale makes it difficult to quantify the hydrologic function accurately. The hydrology of small bogs and fens found elsewhere is just as poorly understood because of conflicting conceptual models of pertinent hydrologic processes.This article (1) reviews our current understanding of the hydrologic function of bogs, fens, and mires at different scales and in different physiographic settings and (2) presents hypotheses on potential cumulative impacts on the hydrologic function that might occur with multiple disturbances.     

Rehabilitation and Flood Management Planning in a Steep,Boulder-Bedded Stream

This study demonstrates the integration of rehabilitation and flood management planning in a steep, boulder-bedded stream in a coastal urban catchment on the South Island of New Zealand. The Water of Leith, the primary stream flowing through the city of Dunedin, is used as a case study. The catchment is steep, with a short time of concentration and rapid hydrologic response, and the lower stream reaches are highly channelized with floodplain encroachment, a high potential for debris flows, significant flood risks, and severely degraded aquatic habitat. Because the objectives for rehabilitation and flood management in urban catchments are often conflicting, a number of types of analyses at both the catchment and the reach scales and careful planning with stakeholder consultation were needed for successful rehabilitation efforts. This included modeling and analysis of catchment hydrology, fluvial geomorphologic assessment, analysis of water quality and aquatic ecology, hydraulic modeling and flood risk evaluation, detailed feasibility studies, and preliminary design to optimize multiple rehabilitation and flood management objectives. The study showed that all of these analyses were needed for integrated rehabilitation and flood management and that some incremental improvements in stream ecological health, aesthetics, and public recreational opportunities could be achieved in this challenging environment. These methods should be considered in a range of types of stream rehabilitation projects.     

Urban ecological systems: scientific foundations and a decade of progress

Urban ecological studies, including focus on cities, suburbs, and exurbs, while having deep roots in the early to mid 20th century, have burgeoned in the last several decades. We use the state factor approach to highlight the role of important aspects of climate, substrate, organisms, relief, and time in differentiating urban from non-urban areas, and for determining heterogeneity within spatially extensive metropolitan areas. In addition to reviewing key findings relevant to each state factor, we note the emergence of tentative "urban syndromes" concerning soils, streams, wildlife and plants, and homogenization of certain ecosystem functions, such as soil organic carbon dynamics. We note the utility of the ecosystem approach, the human ecosystem framework, and watersheds as integrative tools to tie information about multiple state factors together. The organismal component of urban complexes includes the social organization of the human population, and we review key modes by which human populations within urban areas are differentiated, and how such differentiation affects environmentally relevant actions. Emerging syntheses in land change science and ecological urban design are also summarized. The multifaceted frameworks and the growing urban knowledge base do however identify some pressing research needs.     

Animal Consciousness and Ethics in Asia and the Pacific

The interactions between humans, animals and the environment have shaped human values and ethics, not only the genes that we are made of. The animal rights movement challenges human beings to reconsider interactions between humans and other animals, and maybe connected to the environmental movement that begs us to recognize the fact that there are symbiotic relationships between humans and all other organisms. The first part of this paper looks at types of bioethics, the implications of autonomy and the value of being alive. Then the level of consciousness of these relationships are explored in survey results from Asia and the Pacific, especially in the 1993 International Bioethics Survey conducted in Australia, Hong Kong, India, Israel, Japan, New Zealand, The Philippines, Russia, Singapore and Thailand. Very few mentioned animal consciousness in the survey, but there were more biocentric comments in Australia and Japan; and more comments with the idea of harmony including humans in Thailand. Comparisons between questions and surveys will also be made, in an attempt to describe what people imagine animal consciousness to be, and whether this relates to human ethics of the relationships. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

高校党政办公室工作的创新与实践

党政办公室在高校的发展与建设中承担着组织、协调、服务、督办等重要的职能与作用.面对新形势、新任务、新要求,党政办公室要跟上时代的步伐,就必须不断开拓进取,建立一种新的、现代的、更加先进的工作理念、工作方式、工作机制,充分调动工作人员的创造性和积极性,提高高校党政办公室工作的效率,建设一流部门,争创一流业绩.     

基于产品生命周期的环境管理

原料从开采、加工、再加工等生产过程到形成最终产品,又经过贮运、销售、消费、使用等过程,直至报废、回收和最终处置等生命周期带来不少环境问题。通过基于产品生命周期的设计、生产、流通、服役、退役等不同阶段,分别采用绿色设计、环境友好生产、生态标志认证、减少流通环节、绿色采购与消费、延伸生产者责任、建立回收与处置体系等环境管理模式,以减少甚至避免环境污染,为企业、管理部门、公众对产品全过程的环境管理提供系统认识和综合管理。     

Assessing and Prioritizing Ecological Communities for Monitoring in a Regional Habitat Conservation Plan

In nature reserves and habitat conservation areas, monitoring is required to determine if reserves are meeting their goals for preserving species, ecological communities, and ecosystems. Increasingly, reserves are established to protect multiple species and communities, each with their own conservation goals and objectives. As resources are always inadequate to monitor all components, criteria must be applied to prioritize both species and communities for monitoring and management. While methods for prioritizing species based on endangerment or risk have been established, approaches to prioritizing ecological communities for monitoring are not well developed, despite a long-standing emphasis on communities as target elements in reserve design. We established guidelines based on four criteria derived from basic principles of conservation and landscape ecology--extent, representativeness, fragmentation, and endangerment--to prioritize communities in the San Diego Multiple Species Conservation Plan (MSCP). The MSCP was one of the first multiple-species habitat conservation areas established in California, USA, and it has a complex spatial configuration because of the patterns of surrounding land use, which are largely urbanized. In this case study, high priority communities for monitoring include coastal sage scrub (high endangerment, underrepresented within the reserve relative to the region, and moderately fragmented), freshwater wetlands, and coastal habitats (both have high fragmentation, moderate endangerment and representativeness, and low areal extent). This framework may be useful to other conservation planners and land managers for prioritizing the most significant and at-risk communities for monitoring.     

Ethical Opportunities in Global Agriculture, Fisheries, and Forestry: The Role for FAO

FAO has a unique and essential rolein addressing the ethical problems facinghumanity and in making these problems intoopportunities for practical resolution. A broadrange of ethical issues in agriculture,fisheries, and forestry were identified byanalysis of the literature and by interviewswith FAO staff. Issues include sharing accessto and preserving natural resources,introduction of new technology, conservatismover the use of genetic engineering, ethics inanimal agriculture, access to information, foodsecurity, sustainable rural development,ensuring participation of all people indecision making and in receiving benefits ofagriculture, reducing corruption, andinvolvement of private and public sectors indecision making. Rather than viewing theseissues as problems, they should be viewed asopportunities for debate, learning aboutothers' views, and resolution. The UnitedNations has an important role to play in howdecisions are made in the global ethical debatein food and agriculture. The ethical role ofFAO is to promote global food security,balanced conservation, management andutilization of natural resources, andsustainable rural development. FAO should fullyand publicly assume its ethicalresponsibilities, gathering and sharinginformation on ethics in its areas of mandate,acting as an interactive forum, and providingexpert guidance on policy options and choicesbased on practical ethical analysis.     

Local Responses to Inundation and De-Farming in the Reservoir Region of the Three Gorges Project (China)

Large-scale infrastructural developments in rural areas often impose significant direct and indirect impacts on environment and people. The Three Gorges Project to dam the Yangtze River in China will create a huge reservoir, inundate farmlands and villages, and incur large-scale resettlement. The concurrent de-farming program to reforest marginal farmlands on steep slopes imposes additional stresses on local people. This study evaluates the ecological and economic adjustments in rural areas affected by both projects, and explores villagers’ knowledge, attitudes, perceptions, and expectations vis-à-vis the drastic changes. Eleven villages in Yunyang County in Sichuan Province, stratified into three zones based on topography and agriculture, were assessed by field studies, questionnaire surveys, maps, satellite imagery, and census and government reports. Multiple regressions identified predictors for 17 dependent variables. Spatial variations in the difficult terrain imposed zone-differentiated agricultural constraints, ecological impacts, and human responses. The dominant farming population—mainly young adults working as migrant laborers in cities—has adopted some nonagricultural work to supplement incomes. Expected per-capita standardized farmland (SF) exceeded threshold SF, which surpasses existing SF. Motivations to reclaim more farmlands, de-farm marginal lands, and become migrant laborers were explained by different multiple-regression predictors. Reduction in farmland stock by inundation and de-farming, aggravated by unwillingness towards nonlocal resettlement, would impose ecological pressures and stimulate demands for nonfarming incomes. Common anticipation of better future income and occupation has been subdued by unfavorable feedbacks from early relocatees. Future environmental and landscape changes are hinged upon changing human responses. Government policies could be informed by research findings to match economic, ecological, and social realities.