从苯酐生产废水中提取富马酸

对苯酐生产过程中产生的尾气一般采用水吸收的方法进行处理 ,处理后会产生含有大量顺丁烯二酸等有机物的废水。若将该废水直接排放 ,则会严重污染环境 ;若将废水中所含的顺丁烯二酸转位成用途广泛的化工原料———反顺丁烯二酸 (富马酸 )加以回收 ,不仅可降低苯酐生产的成本 ,而且可使苯酐生产废水得到初步净化 ,有利于废水的后续处理。1　试验原理　　以硫脲为催化剂 ,使苯酐生产废水中的顺丁烯二酸在沸腾状态下进行异构转位 ,生成富马酸。其化学反应式如下 :　　　ＨＣＣＯＯＨＣＨＣＯＯＨ 　硫脲　(回流 ) ＨＣ- ＣＯＯＨＣＨＨＯＯＣ2…     

海洋油污处理新技术

日本核燃料循环开发机构开发成功将流入海洋中的难以燃烧的重油转换成ＣＯ２和Ｈ２Ｏ的新技术。该技术是采用有光催化剂的二氧化钛和催化剂间接电解法分两阶段将这部分重油分解处理成ＣＯ２和Ｈ２Ｏ。采用该技术处理流入海洋中的重油,没有二次污染,同时,处理过程中使用的二氧化钛和电解催化剂能进行多次回收再利用。海洋油污处理新技术@洪蔚     

炭黑工业烟气余热的回收及利用

对油炉法炭黑生产过程烟气的来源，组成，发生量，特性作了介绍，着重研究了炭黑烟气余热的加收及利用。结果表明，采用余热锅炉串联多级空气预热器，是目前我国炭黑烟气余热回收及利用的最佳方法，采用这种方法，不仅可将高温炭黑烟气的余热量最大限度地回收及利用，同时可满足炭黑收集及烟气净化系统设备对炭黑烟气温度的要求，采用该法，炭黑烟气余热利用率可提高２０％以上，经济效益十分可观。     

国外动态

炭黑尾气中多环烃及痕量元素的含量 Environ.Sci.＆Technol.,14[3],(1980). 油炉法炭黑生产污染大气,主要是产生大量炭黑粉尘、CO、烃类及硫化物等污染物造成的。但是,由于油炉法炭黑生产过程系天然气燃烧和重质芳香烃高温裂解过程,因而也是向大气排放多环烃和痕量元素的潜在性的污染源。表1炭黑     

含氯废气的治理和综合利用

简介利用氯苯和漂白粉生产过程中产生的含氯废气为原料生产ＫＣｌＯ３，ＫＣｌＯ４和ＢａＣｌ２·２Ｈ２Ｏ的原理，工艺流程，最佳工艺条件以及改革生产工艺，改进生产设备的情况。采用该工艺综合利用含氯废气，不但可以大大减轻环境污染，耐用可以获得可观的经济效益。     

利用燃料电池浓缩CO_2

日本横浜国立大学的元平直文和石川岛播磨重工业公司共同开发出一种利用燃料电池将温室气体ＣＯ２有效浓缩的新技术。该技术的构思是不将燃料电池用于发电,而是利用其内部的化学反应使ＣＯ２浓缩。该技术可将大气中浓度００３％左右的ＣＯ２浓缩至６６％。这种用燃料电池浓缩ＣＯ２的装置,除了可安装于火力发电厂烟囱而有效地回收ＣＯ２外,也能用于净化室内空气。利用燃料电池浓缩CO_2@洪蔚     

炭黑尾气和废水的综合治理技术

采用综合治理技术,同时处理炭黑生产尾气和废水,即利用焚烧尾气时产生的高温来焚解废水,使废水中的油和酚等物质分解为二氧化碳和水,并用余热锅炉对烟气的热量加以回收利用,达到以废治废和节能的目的。综合治理设施的总投资160万元人民币,运转一年左右即可收回。该技术可在化工、石油、冶金等工业生产中推广应用。     

用燃料电池浓缩CO_2

日本横浜国立大学的元直文助教和石川岛播磨重工业公司共同开发出一种应用燃料电池浓缩ＣＯ２的装置。该装置利用燃料电池内部的化学反应可把大气中质量分数０．０３％左右的ＣＯ２浓缩至６６％。该装置除在火力发电厂烟囱上安装用来回收ＣＯ２外,还可用来净化室内空气。用燃料电池浓缩CO_2@张济宇     

利用电石渣中和酸性废水应注意的问题

利用电石渣中和酸性废水应注意的问题１前言电石渣是乙炔生产过程中排出的废物，其主要成分为Ｃａ（ＯＨ）＿２，含量达９０％以上，碱度为３０００ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ左右。电石渣作为一种高钙中和剂，在酸性废水的中和处理中得到了广泛的应用，同时Ｃａ（ＯＨ）＿２对废水中的...     

增压流化床燃烧联合循环的环保特性

增压流化床燃烧联合循环是一种新型燃烧热力发电技术，它具有高效低污染的突出优点。本文分析了增压流化床燃烧联合循环中ＮＯＸ，ＳＯＸ，ＣＯ，ＣＯ２的形成过程，介绍了控制增压流化床燃烧联合循环的ＮＯＸ，ＳＯＸ，ＣＯ，ＣＯ２和粉尘排放的最新研究成果。     

从炭黑废水中提取导电炭黑

从炭黑废水中提取的炭黑，经干燥，其质量可符合导电炭黑的要求。重点介绍了提取导电炭黑过程中物料的传递及干燥工艺，并对试车中出现的问题进行了分析。     

重油气化炭黑废水的处理

采用气浮－离心组合工艺处理炭黑废水，出水炭黑含量为５０ｍｇ／Ｌ，达到国家排放标准，离心后所得炭黑滤饼的含水量为９０－９２％。整个处理过程中不产生二次污染。     

废塑料的回收利用

介绍了国外废塑料再生利用、热分散回收低分子化合物和焚烧回收热能的技术与方法。     

Continuous in-line gasification/vitrification process for thermal waste treatment: process technology and current status of projects

The Thermoselect High Temperature Recycling process has been developed in order to make available a thermal waste treatment technology avoiding major problems as known from traditional techniques like landfills or ashes, filter dust and emission producing processes. It combines slow degassing with fixed bed oxygen blown gasification and mineral and metal residue melting in a closed loop system. Municipal, industrial and other kinds of waste are compacted to less than one fifth of their original volume by means of an armored hydraulic press, and then periodically pushed into an indirectly heated degasification channel. As the waste plugs are pushed down the channel in an oxygen-free environment, waste humidity is evaporated and the organic components in the refuse are partially degasified and to a certain extent converted into a carbon-like product as the temperature increases. This flaky product and the enclosed inorganic components such as metals and minerals are continuously fed into a high-temperature reactor (HTR). Pure oxygen is added in controlled quantities and reacts with the material following exothermic oxidisation reactions. Due to overall under-stoichiometric conditions, gasification products form a combustible synthesis gas. The heat of reaction leading to temperatures up to about 2000°C in the core of the lower HTR section acts to also smelt the metal and mineral components of the waste. Chlorinated hydrocarbons such as dioxins and furans are reliably destroyed along with other organic compounds in the gaseous and the liquid phase. Material conversion equilibria are assured due to high temperatures and sufficient residence times. The synthesis gas is purified before use as combustible or primary material. After long term operation of the industrial scale demonstration plant in northern Italy, recent orders of differently sized Thermoselect plants can be announced and are illustrated on the basis of three cases out of five [with Herten 225,000 Mg/a and Berlin 300,000 Mg/a] in Germany: (1) Karlsruhe plant, 3 lines, 225,000 Mg/a, under construction; (2) Ansbach plant, 1 line, 75,000 Mg/a, completely purchased in July 1997; (3) Hanau plant, 2 lines, 90,000 Mg/a, partially purchased in October 1997. The technical concepts of these projects are illustrated with special emphasis on the flexibility of tailor-made energy recovery solutions.     

Co-combustion performance of poultry wastes and natural gas in the advanced Swirling Fluidized Bed Combustor (SFBC)

Co-combustion of poultry wastes with natural gas in an advanced Swirling Fluidized Bed Combustor (SFBC) has been carried out to investigate the performance of poultry wastes combustion. Wastes burnt were poultry litter, poultry manure and sawdust. This paper presents the effect of three different wastes, excess air ratio, and secondary/total air ratio on the combustion characteristics. These characteristics include temperature distributions, carbon combustion efficiency, major gaseous pollutants emissions and heat recovery efficiency. The results indicate that, with the given moisture and ash contents in wastes, the excess air and the secondary air play important roles in achieving stable combustion. The carbon combustion efficiency could increase by 8-10% when the excess air is increased to 25% with the secondary air being at 20% and having a low injection height. However, the carbon combustion efficiency for the sawdust, which is 92% on average, is much higher than that of the poultry litter and manure, which is 81% and 76% on average, respectively. Differences regarding temperature distribution and pollutants emission were also observed with different combinations of the excess air, the secondary air and the secondary air injection height. The NO(x) emission was very low even though the materials contain high levels of nitrogen. In addition, the heat recovery efficiency aiming at the commercial use of the SFBC system for the farm industries was also evaluated.     

Characterization of char derived from various types of solid wastes from the standpoint of fuel recovery and pretreatment before landfilling

Carbonization is a kind of pyrolysis process to produce char from organic materials under an inert atmosphere. In this work, chars derived from various solid wastes were characterized from the standpoint of fuel recovery and pretreatment of waste before landfilling. Sixteen kinds of municipal and industrial solid wastes such as residential combustible wastes, non-combustible wastes, bulky wastes, construction and demolition wastes, auto shredder residue, and sludges were carbonized at 500 degrees C for 1h under nitrogen atmosphere. In order to evaluate the quality of char as fuel, proximate analysis and heating value were examined. The composition of raw waste had a significant influence on the quality of produced char. The higher the ratio of woody biomass in waste, the higher heating value of char produced. Moreover, an equation to estimate heating value of char was developed by using the weight fraction of fixed carbon and volatile matter in char. De-ashing and chlorine removal were performed to improve the quality of char. The pulverization and sieving method seems to be effective for separation of incombustibles such as metal rather than ash. Most char met a 0.5 wt% chlorine criterion for utilization as fuel in a shaft blast furnace after it was subjected to repeated water-washing. Carbonization could remove a considerable amount of organic matter from raw waste. In addition, the leaching of heavy metals such as chrome, cadmium, and lead appears to be significantly suppressed by carbonization regardless of the type of raw waste. From these results, carbonization could be considered as a pretreatment method for waste before landfilling, as well as for fuel recovery.     

我国废塑料回收利用技术的发展

从我国废塑料回收利用的现状出发，分析了今后我国废塑料回收利用技术的发展趋势和应采取的措施，指出了废塑料回收利用的重要性。     

Thermodynamic analysis of the energy recovery from the aerobic bioconversion of solid urban waste organic fraction

Waste management is of the utmost importance for many countries and especially for highly developed ones due to its implications on society. In particular, proper treatment before disposal of the solid urban waste organic fraction is one of the main issues that is addressed in waste management. In fact, the organic fraction is particularly reactive and if disposed in sanitary landfills without previous adequate treatment, a large amount of dangerous and polluting gaseous, liquid and solid substances can be produced. Some waste treatment processes can also present an opportunity to produce other by-products like energy, recycled materials and other products with both economic and environmental benefits. In this paper, the aerobic treatment of the organic fraction of solid urban waste, performed in a biocell plant with the possibility of recovering heat for civil or industrial needs, was examined from the thermodynamic point of view. A theoretical model was proposed both for the biological process of the organic fraction, as well as for the heat recovery system. The most significant results are represented and discussed.     

Recycling of waste tire by pyrolysis to recover carbon black: an alternative reinforcing filler

Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - Thermal pyrolysis of waste tires is an industrially beneficial method for material and energy recovery. Pyrolytic carbon black (CBp) is considered...     

污泥余热干化技术及其经济性分析

我国污水处理厂每年都会产生大量的污泥,其复杂的成分及高含水率制约污泥的有效利用,如何降低污泥的含水率是其资源化利用的关键.首先调研了污泥产生及成分,从污泥干化的典型工艺及设备、干化过程的环境污染与控制、污泥干化过程的尾气处理和污泥干化经济性分析4个方面对污泥干化技术进行阐述,指出污泥余热干化是污泥实现节能、经济及环保的有效处置方式.