Quantification of energy related industrial eco-efficiency of China

Improving eco-efficiency is propitious for saving resources and reducing emissions, and has become a popular route to sustainable development. We define two energy-related eco-efficiencies: energy efficiency (ENE) and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission-related eco-efficiency (GEE) using energy consumption and the associated GHG emissions as the environmental impacts. Using statistical data, we analyze China??s energy consumption and GHG emissions by industrial subsystem and sector, and estimate the ENE and GEE values for China in 2007 as 4.871×10⁷ US$/PJ and 4.26×10⁸ US$/TgCO₂eq, respectively. Industry is the primary contributing subsystem of China??s economy, contributing 45.2% to the total economic production, using 79.6% of the energy consumed, and generating 91.4% of the total GHG emissions. We distinguish the individual contributions of the 39 industrial sectors to the national economy, overall energy consumption, and GHG emissions, and estimate their energyrelated eco-efficiencies. The results show that although ferrous metal production contributes only 3.5% to the national industrial economy, it consumes the most industrial energy (20% of total), contributes 16% to the total industrial global warming potential (GWP), and ranks third in GHG emissions. The power and heat sector ranks first in GHG emissions and contributes one-third of the total industrial GWP, although it only consumes about 8% of total industrial energy and, like ferrous metal production, contributes 3.5% to the national economy. The ENE of the ferrous metal and power and heat sectors are only 8 and 2.1×10⁷ US$/PJ, while the GEE for these two sectors are 9 and 4×10⁴ US$/GgCO₂eq, respectively; these are nearly the lowest ENE and GEE values among all 39 industry sectors. Finally, we discuss the possibility of ecoefficiency improvement through a comparison with other countries.     

Estimation and testing for covariance-spectral spatial-temporal models

Environmental and Ecological Statistics - In this paper we explore a covariance-spectral modelling strategy for spatial-temporal processes which involves a spectral approach for time but a...     

中国工业部门生态效益分析

借鉴世界企业永续发展委员会（WBCSD）提出的生态效益指标体系,结合社会价值因子构建了中国工业部门生态效益指标体系,利用因子分析模型研究了中国2006年工业部门生态效益及其主要影响因子,并按照工业生态效益特征将39个工业部门划分为4个类型。结果表明：中国工业部门生态效益的影响因素可以归纳为能源消耗-污染因子、水资源消耗-污染因子、经济社会效益因子 中国工业部门生态效益差异显著,机械设备制造业、电子属于生态效益最优的工业部门,以矿产品采掘与加工为基础的工业部门整体表现出高能耗、高污染、低效益,造纸及纸制品业生态效益最差。因子分析法较全面的反映了中国工业部门的生态效益,提高工业部门生态效益的建议可为中国工业的可持续发展提供决策依据。     

我国发展产业集群的政策研究

发展产业集群通常被地方政府当作发展经济的重要手段．笔者通过讨论产业集群发展过程中政府的作用,从政府对集群的规划、公共要素的投入、发挥地方资源特点、企业主体地位等方面提出发展产业集群的政策建议．参7．     

宁夏人地系统的物质代谢和生态效率研究——基于能值分析理论

以能值分析理论为基础,对宁夏回族自治区1985-2005年人地系统的物质代谢和生态效率(即可持续性状态)进行了定量分析研究.结果表明:近21年来,宁夏地区的产出效率不断降低,经济发展水平较低;能值废弃率、环境负荷率均呈持续增长趋势;人口与环境的矛盾不断激化,可持续发展能力不断降低.最后,文章在定量分析评价的基础上对宁夏人地系统演变的趋势进行了简要预测及分析,并针对存在的问题,提出了相应的优化方向和措施.     

Air pollution and its control in China

The rapid growth of China’s economy has led to severe air pollution characterized by acid rain, severe pollution in cities, and regional air pollution. High concentrations are found for various pollutants such as sulfur dioxides (SO₂), nitrogen oxides (NO_x), and fine particulates. Great efforts have thus been undertaken for the control of air pollution in the country. This paper discusses the development and application of appropriate technologies for reducing the major pollutants produced by coal and vehicles, and investigates air quality modeling as an important support for policy-making.     

我国地面臭氧污染及其生态环境效应

地面臭氧是一种重要的二次大气污染物.由于工业化和城市化的迅速发展,我国臭氧前体物排放量不断增加,地面臭氧污染问题尤为突出.在高速发展的城市群区域,地面臭氧已经成为其主要的大气污染物之一.文章论述了我国地面臭氧的来源、特性、污染现状和发展趋势,着重介绍了地面臭氧污染所带来的生态环境效应及其可能的经济损失,包括人体健康危害、建筑材料腐蚀老化、农作物减产以及树木生长抑制等方面.此外,从研究对象与研究区域两方而分析了研究中存在的不足,指出当前我国地面臭氧污染研究的瓶颈是缺乏全国范围的臭氧监测网络.在此基础上对我国今后的研究进行了展望,以期为我国地而臭氧污染的生态环境效应研究起到一定促进作用.     

中国和西方国家产业生态学思想与实践的对比分析

产业生态学是最近兴起的一门很有前途的学问,它继承和发展了自然生态系统的理论,并运用它来指导面临危境的工业生产活动。它与我国目前提倡的生态农业有相似的地方,也有很大的不同。本文结合对中西方对产业生态学思想和实践的对比,分析了各自的优势,指出了不足     

Drivers and barriers to engage enterprises in environmental management initiatives in Suzhou Industrial Park, China

Small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) play an important role in sustainable development not only for their significant contribution to China’s economy, but also for their large share of total discharged pollutants. Therefore, this research takes the enterprises in Suzhou Industrial Park, China as the case study to investigate the environmental management practices of SMEs, and identify drivers and barriers to engaging businesses in environmental management initiatives. It is shown that, as in other countries, SMEs are less active in adopting environmental management initiatives than larger companies. Legislation remains the key driver to engage SMEs in environmental management initiatives. Based on the analysis, policy recommendations are also presented.     

中国北方土壤硝态氮的累积及其对环境的影响

运用统计资料和调查研究资料，揭示中国氮肥用量在地区之间和作物之间分配的不平衡现象，经济发达的东南部地区和城郊地区氮肥施用量远高于西北部地区，经济作物远高于粮食作物，氮肥短缺和过量施用并存。中国北方某些地区土壤剖面硝态氯的大量累积对水体环境构成了某种程度的威胁。由于大田作物获得较高产量的“平均适宜施氮量(N150—180kg／hm^2)”与氮素环境安全指标尚有一定距离，中国完全可以实现水体环境安全和农业高产优质的双重目标。氮肥对水体环境的影响主要是由不合理大量施用氮肥造成的。因此，中国应制定施肥技术标准和法规，鼓励农民降低氮肥用量。     

近25年山西植被指数时空变化特征分析

在遥感及地理信息系统技术支持下,利用1982-2006年8 km×8 km的NASA/GIMMs植被指数(NDVI)数据,采用多种方法分析了山西高原近25 a来植被指数的时空动态变化规律.结果表明:①25 a来,山西省年均NDVI基本在0.33上下呈波动中上升趋势,表明山西高原植被活动在增强;②从季节变化来看,山西省春季和秋季的植被都在增加,冬季上升趋势较弱,夏季变化很小,呈现极弱的递减趋势;③空间上,植被指数南部好于北部,山区好于平原;④从植被变化趋势图中也可以看出植被呈现总体变好趋势,其中北部变好趋势明显,其次是南部;⑤植被年际变化表现出较为一致的变化趋势以及较为明显中部和南北反相的局地变化特征.     

西部地区生态退耕的"效益问题"及其评价方法探讨

在剖析了西部地区退耕还林还草生态效益、经济效益和社会效益内涵的基础上．指出退耕还林还草项目首先追求的是较好的生态效益，并在此前提下要求尽量做到社会效益和经济效益的协调统一。目前评价退耕效益可采用以下两种思路：生态效益经济价值化法与综合评价法。生态效益经济价值化，可以从国民经济的角度考察退耕还林还草的投资成本和获得的情况，为国家制定宏观政策提供客观依据。按照综合评价法获得的结果，则能为退耕前选择退耕预案、退耕过程中及时发现问题和调整政策以及退耕后进行实施成效评价提供参考。     

西方国家工业污染场地管理经验及其对中国的借鉴

近年来,随着＂退二进三＂、＂退城进园＂和＂产业转移＂等政策的实施,中国几乎所有的大中城市正面临着重污染工业企业关闭和搬迁问题,城市出现大量工业遗留和遗弃场地。这些受污染的工业场地多存在较为严重的土壤、地表水和地下水污染;另外,工业污染场地的延迟再开发,会产生生活环境变差、就业机会减少、甚至社会不稳定因素增加等社会影响。所以,城市工业污染场地严重威胁着城市人居环境安全和公众健康,阻碍着城市建设和经济发展。面对工业污染场地目前存在的问题,国家及部分地方政府已针对污染场地的管理、修复及其再开发颁布了诸多文件和技术规范标准。然而,由于工业场地类型的多样性和环境管理学科的交叉性,中国城市工业污染场地的环境管理工作仍处于起步阶段,亟需完善。美国、英国和加拿大经过20~30年的发展已经在工业污染场地管理方面积累了丰富的经验,他们不仅在环境管理中体现了人体健康风险评估的理念,而且还立足本国实际出台了相关的法律法规,明确了污染场地的责任主体,实现了＂污染者付费＂的原则,同时还建立了各自的污染场地治理优先名录,实现了污染场地管理的信息化和网络化。本文鉴于对这些经验的比较分析,结合我国实际,就城市工业污染场地的环境管理提出了现阶段亟须解决的两大问题。首先,制定工业污染场地管理的专门法律,明确污染场地的责任主体。我国现有的与污染场地有关的国家法律法规,都比较笼统地提出了污染场地的利益相关方,缺乏具有可操作性的细则和威慑力的责任追究条款。对于我国这样地域辽阔、自然地理条件差异大、经济水平不均衡的国家来说,通过地方法律法规的建立明确污染场地的责任主体是一个重要的尝试。其次,构建污染场地健康风险评估系统。我国城市工业污染场地涉及诸多工业行业、污染类型繁多复杂。因此,在全国范围内对城市工业污染场地进行排查、建立优先污染场地名录是构建污染场地风险评估系统的重要内容。此外,我国现有的土壤质量标准和场地评估规范仍存在诸多缺陷,无法满足当前国家城市工业污染场地的管理需要。所以,完善场地评估的技术规范和相关标准将为污染场地风险评估系统的构建提供基础性保障。本文的论述和观点可为我国工业企业关停或搬迁遗留地的决策管理和污染场地管理体系的建立提供有意义的参考和借鉴。     

Ecological compensation mechanism for urban green land and its application in Shanghai, China

Urban green land compensation plays an important role in county development, ecological environment management and many other fields. The concept, methods and principles of urban green land are introduced in this paper. According to the pay fee method, the value and ecological function of various types of urban green land were analyzed. The cost-benefit analysis method (CBAM) was used to estimate different external diseconomy benefits caused by green land loss. The authors applied CBAM to estimate such benefits in the case of Shanghai, China, and calculated the actual compensation value for green land. Results indicated that in 2002, the compensation value for the green land of Shanghai was RMB 8.58 × 10⁵ Yuan/hm².     

基于环境学习曲线的中国省际COD排放及减排潜力分析

基于2008年COD排放量,对人均COD排放量和万元产值COD排放量的区域分布格局及其成因进行了定最分析;同时,基于1999-2008年cOD排放量和经济发展数据,建屯了31个省区万元产值COD排放堪随人均GDP变化的环境学习曲线,并以所建立的环境学习曲线为依据,分析了1999、2002、2005和2008年4个时段的减排潜力变化及COD减排潜力的空间分布.结果表明:经济发展水平越高的地区,万元产值COD排放的负荷越小,万元产值COD减排的潜力越小;反之,经济发展水平越低的地区,万元产值COD排放的负荷越大,万元产值COD减排的潜力越大.     

Industrial cooling water disposal in rivers and canals

The geometry of the warm layers of stratified streams is studied on the basis of the one‐dimensional model. Particularly, the derived equations of the dimensionless length and shape of the warm layers are expressed as function of easily measured flow and density parameters, as well as, function of the interfacial friction coefficient, f_i . These analytical models are also expressed in graphic forms, suitable for practical applications. Moreover, when f_i cannot be estimated, approximated forms of the analytical models are also presented graphically.     

Establishment of Markov successional model and its application for forest restoration reference in Southern China

Forest succession is the base of establishing restoration reference which plays an important role in forest restoration and restoration estimation. The study presented the establishment of a Markov successional model (MSM) and its application to restoration reference in lower subtropical forest in China. The compositions of successional system in MSM were divided into three species types: pioneering pine trees, heliophytic trees and mesophytic trees. The successional system was divided into three subsystems: early successional stage, mid-successional stage and late-successional stage. Based on the site survey on the changes in the species and their individuals in 25 years, the transition matrices in various subsystems were determined. The predicted results were used to establish the restoration reference of the vegetation restoration in lower subtropical China. According to the ecological restoration reference established in this study, it would take 150 years for the forest to change from pioneer to mature communities in the region. Successional change of tree composition was forecast by the model, and the scenario forecast by the model reflects the actual conditions observed through 52 years of long-term permanent site research. The restoration experience in the region matches the forecast results. The application of a restoration reference model indicates that forest restoration can be accelerated by taking measures which change forest structure. The above results imply that a restoration reference established on the rule of regional forest succession could be very useful not only in directing, but also in assessing and managing regional forest restoration. Previously, one “ideal reference ecosystem” was used as a restoration reference in all correlative studies. In this study, the restoration “process” was used as the restoration reference.     

Oasis land-use change and its effects on the oasis eco-environment in Keriya Oasis,China

Land-use change in oases of arid zones play a significant role in the sustainable development and stability of oases. This paper presents a typical case of successful efforts to mitigate land-use change, its drivers and effects on the oasis eco-environment at Keriya Oasis in the western arid zone of China using remotely-sensed data, official statistics, and data collected by field investigation. Mathematical models were developed to quantify important elements related to land-use change, including net change and total change. The results indicate that: (1) approximately 17% of land-use types of Keriya Oasis changed between 1991 and 2002; (2) socioeconomic development, climate change, and economic polices contributed to land-use change in the oasis; (3) inappropriate human activities were the main cause of land-use change and eco-environmental degradation in the oasis; and (4) the stability of the oasis is threatened by land-use change and unexpected eco-environmental changes in the oasis and oasis–desert ecotone. The study suggests irrational human activity in arid zones, and that caution should be exercised to maintain stability and sustainable development of oases.     

辽河流域高氟地区氟对人体健康的影响

研究了辽河流域高氟地区土壤、作物、饮用水中氟含量,并应用目前美国环保局推荐的健康风险评价模型对辽河流域高氟地区饮用水中氟所引起的健康风险进行初步评价。研究表明：研究区饮用水中氟质量浓度为0．70—4．51mg·L^-1;白菜根土中氟质量分数为182—484mg·kg^-1,萝卜根土质量分数为182～352mg·kg^-1,玉米根土中氟质量分数为209～1254mg·kg^-1;白菜可食部分氟质量分数为0．51～2．96mg·kg^-1,萝卜可食部分氟质量分数为0．34～0．50mg·kg^-1,玉米果实部分氟质量分数为0．88～1．04mg·kg^-1。通过饮用水、食物途径所致健康风险中,食人途径、饮用水途径非致癌物年健康风险分别为1．920×10^-9·a^-1,1．960×10^-8·a^-1,均低于国际辐射防护委员会（ICRP）推荐的通过饮水途径最大可接受风险水平（5×10^-5·a^-1）。     

热带增宽及其对中国东部亚热带森林植被的影响

全球气候变暖已是不争的事实,现今气候变暖的趋势已由每百年（1901--2000）增加0．6℃的记录升高为0．74℃（1906—2005）。其中高纬度地区增温特别显著,成为世界关注的热点。与之对比,热带地区的气候变化以及热带森林对它的反应报道甚少。事实上,自1970s中期以来,热带温度是每lO年升高0．26oC;同时气候模型预测到本世纪末热带地区温度将上升2．1-4．5℃。这些预测是有根据的,但究竟不是直接的证据。因此,本文综合了许多专家对热带地球物理学和大气层特性的多年观测、分析和研究的成果,其结论认为：至少自1979年以来许多热带大气层固有的特征发生变化并向地球极地推进和位移,这些根据是：（1）热带高空的哈德利环流增强并向极地扩展;（21位于热带边缘的亚热带射流向极地移动;（3）热带亚热带对流层顶高度和位置的变化;（4）热带高空平流层臭氧柱总量浓度的变化。据上述特征的变化证明数十年来热带向极地增宽纬度2°～5°（～8°）,一般确认为2．5°。由于热带增宽的驱动,广东50年的气温记录表明气候持续变暖,按增暖趋势推算,预估到2020年,现在的雷州半岛南部可能变成中热带;广东东南沿海将由目前的南亚热带变为北热带（占全省面积约1／3）;其余大部分地区为南亚热带;中亚热带基本上将退出广东（仅剩下东北角一偶）。此预测意味着南岭地区将成为南亚热带的边缘地。