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1.
This paper studies the effect on optimal growth of the possibility that at some moment in the future a technology is discovered that eliminates pollution. We formalize this possibility as a probability p per unit of time of discovering such a technology. We focus on steady-state behavior and show that the optimal rate of growth increases with the hope of eliminating pollution. For an economy where there is no growth in the steady state of the optimal trajectory when p = 0, a positive p may imply positive growth. The higher the value of the probability, the larger the endogenous rate of growth. 相似文献
2.
Sustainable development is an important strategy promoted by the United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) and governments of many destinations. However, the seeming contradiction about the environment vis‐à‐vis business interests may result in noncompliant responses to the environmental policies and regulations and hinder implementation of strategies for improved sustainability. Using resource‐based theory, we empirically test the influence of environmental competitiveness on tourism growth. Using a biennial dataset from 130 destinations between 2009 and 2017, the current work applies the fixed effect (FE) and threshold models to identify a strong link for developed destinations but a weak link for less developed regions. Several indicators of environmental competitiveness significantly affect tourism demand for destinations with high GDP per capita; the effects are not significant, however, for low GDP per capita destinations. These findings demonstrate that environmental factors are important influencers of destination competitiveness and are positively linked to economic performance of developed destinations. The connection between environmental competitiveness and tourism growth in less developed destinations seems weak and insignificant. A possible reason could be that such destinations lack the capital guarantee to translate environmental competitiveness into tourism demand. This article extends the resource‐based theory from the corporate level into the destination level and theoretically contributes to the sustainable tourism literature. Our findings provide the UNWTO and destination governments with empirical evidence to support their sustainable strategies and with suggestions concerning how to strengthen the environment‐performance link for less developed destinations. 相似文献
3.
近年来,挥发性环甲基硅氧烷(cVMS)在生产和生活过程中的广泛使用导致其环境和人体暴露风险日益增加,由于其具有持久性、潜在的生物积累性和毒性而被受关注。目前,人们对cVMS在全球各种环境介质中的赋存、行为及效应有一定的了解。排入环境中的cVMS大部分进入大气,在水体、沉积物、土壤和生物体中也有一定的含量。研究表明,希腊室内空气降尘中总的环硅氧烷含量中位数最高(1 380 ng·g-1),其次为中国(362 ng·g-1);中国污水处理厂总的硅氧烷年人均通量(10 g·y-1)低于英国(D4~D6 48.3 g·y-1)和美国(D4~D6 93.5 g·y-1),其中大连市一家采用CWSBR工艺的污水处理厂进水中cVMS的总浓度(1.05 μg·L-1)普遍低于希腊(5.14 μg·L-1)、西班牙(9.2 μg·L-1)、加拿大(44 μg·L-1)和一些北欧国家(17 μg·L-1);我国大部分废水处理厂污泥中甲基硅氧烷的含量(0.1~l μg·g-1 dw)比一些北欧国家(26 μg·g-1 dw)、希腊(20 μg·g-1 dw)和加拿大(64 μg·g-1 dw)等要低得多。中国普通居民吸入+摄食D4~D6的PELs中位数(173 ng·d-1)远低于中国普通人群的皮肤暴露(中位数18.5 μg·d-1),更低于英国成人日暴露量(1.875 mg·d-1)和美国妇女对总硅氧烷的日暴露量(307 mg·d-1)。环境中cVMS的行为和效应取决于其理化性质和具体的环境条件。进入大气的cVMS会与·NO3、O3和·OH反应,而与·OH反应脱去甲基生成硅醇是其主要的消除机制。污水处理过程中,大部分cVMS被污泥吸附固定,D6吸附污泥的能力最强,其次为D5和D4。挥发、吸附和非生物降解是cVMS在土壤中主要的环境行为。D4和D5可能存在生物放大作用。评估cVMS的TMF (trophic magnification factor)研究结果相互矛盾,且与BCF、BMF和BSAF的评估结果相反。总之,国内外对污水处理过程中cVMS的赋存状态和迁移、转化行为的研究比较多,且以进、出水和剩余污泥为主,而对整个工艺流程中具体变化的细化研究很少,对其生物积累特征、降解机制和降解产物更缺乏深入研究。因此,今后需要补充对其他环境介质、尤其是和人们居住、工作密切相关环境中cVMS分布规律的研究,深入探索其在实际环境中的降解过程,包括其降解产物或中间产物的环境行为,进一步评估其生态环境效应和人类健康风险。 相似文献
4.
近年来,挥发性环甲基硅氧烷(cVMS)在生产和生活过程中的广泛使用导致其环境和人体暴露风险日益增加,由于其具有持久性、潜在的生物积累性和毒性而被受关注。目前,人们对cVMS在全球各种环境介质中的赋存、行为及效应有一定的了解。排入环境中的cVMS大部分进入大气,在水体、沉积物、土壤和生物体中也有一定的含量。研究表明,希腊室内空气降尘中总的环硅氧烷含量中位数最高(1 380 ng?g-1),其次为中国(362 ng?g-1);中国污水处理厂总的硅氧烷年人均通量(10 g?y-1)低于英国(D4~D6 48.3 g?y-1)和美国(D4~D6 93.5 g?y-1),其中大连市一家采用CWSBR工艺的污水处理厂进水中cVMS的总浓度(1.05 μg?L-1)普遍低于希腊(5.14 μg?L-1)、西班牙(9.2 μg?L-1)、加拿大(44 μg?L-1)和一些北欧国家(17 μg?L-1);我国大部分废水处理厂污泥中甲基硅氧烷的含量(0.1~l μg?g-1 dw)比一些北欧国家(26 μg?g-1 dw)、希腊(20 μg?g-1 dw)和加拿大(64 μg?g-1 dw)等要低得多。中国普通居民吸入+摄食D4~D6的PELs中位数(173 ng?d-1)远低于中国普通人群的皮肤暴露(中位数18.5 μg?d-1),更低于英国成人日暴露量(1.875 mg?d-1)和美国妇女对总硅氧烷的日暴露量(307 mg?d-1)。环境中cVMS的行为和效应取决于其理化性质和具体的环境条件。进入大气的cVMS会与?NO3、O3和?OH反应,而与?OH反应脱去甲基生成硅醇是其主要的消除机制。污水处理过程中,大部分cVMS被污泥吸附固定,D6吸附污泥的能力最强,其次为D5和D4。挥发、吸附和非生物降解是cVMS在土壤中主要的环境行为。D4和D5可能存在生物放大作用。评估cVMS的TMF(trophic magnification factor)研究结果相互矛盾,且与BCF、BMF和BSAF的评估结果相反。总之,国内外对污水处理过程中cVMS的赋存状态和迁移、转化行为的研究比较多,且以进、出水和剩余污泥为主,而对整个工艺流程中具体变化的细化研究很少,对其生物积累特征、降解机制和降解产物更缺乏深入研究。因此,今后需要补充对其他环境介质、尤其是和人们居住、工作密切相关环境中cVMS分布规律的研究,深入探索其在实际环境中的降解过程,包括其降解产物或中间产物的环境行为,进一步评估其生态环境效应和人类健康风险。 相似文献
5.
Investment in environmental protection, in connection with all productive investments in industrial processes and plants, is obligatory and routine in industrialized and high‐income countries. The quality of the environmental regulatory system, including regulatory stringency, has been found to have a connection with national wealth. In this study, the relationships between environmental performance, the cost of environmental protection and the wealth of nations are examined by using international statistics on industry, economics and the environment. Environmental performance is studied using data on emissions of organic water pollutants resulting from industrial activities as well as the investments and current expenditure on wastewater management in selected countries. Variations in environmental performance discovered among countries are both absolute and relative with respect to the level of expected BOD intensity based on the wealth of these countries. The costs of wastewater management to Finnish industry are presented. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment. 相似文献
6.
As a sustainable urban design, innovative city pilots offer a way for developing countries to achieve carbon reduction goals. To date, a total of 78 innovative cities have been established in China. In this context, this study examines whether innovative city construction can contribute to meet carbon mitigation targets. On the basis of expounding the mechanism of innovative city pilots on carbon emissions, the multiperiod difference in differences method is applied to investigate the average treatment effect and the mediating effect model is used to validate the transmission mechanism. The results show that innovative city pilots significantly reduce carbon emissions. Compared to nonpilot areas, the pilot areas reduce carbon emissions by 15%. Specifically, technological innovation is the primary channels for innovative city pilots to influence carbon emissions but industrial structure effect does not work. Furthermore, the superimposed effect analysis indicates that the carbon reduction effect of the city as both innovative city pilot and other pilot (low-carbon pilot, broadband China pilot, intellectual property pilot) is greater than that of a single pilot. Results of heterogeneity analysis indicate that carbon mitigation efforts are more effective in central and western cities, nonmega cities, resource-based cities and cities with high human capital and financial development. In addition, the pilot policy has a positive spatial spillover effects on carbon reduction in cities with geographical proximity and economic ties. These results can contribute to precisely assess the environment benefits of promoting innovative city pilot projects and provide a decision making reference for fighting climate change in the era of knowledge economy. 相似文献
7.
金顶铅锌矿区铅锌氧化矿石中镉的风化淋滤实验 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
云南金顶铅锌矿是中国较为典型的高镉铅锌矿区之一。通过模拟常温条件下天然雨水的自然淋滤过程,对矿区两个典型的富镉氧化矿石样品进行了长时淋滤实验研究。初步结果表明:随着淋滤时间的延长,滤液中pH值(pH=7.2~8.5)和SO42-浓度无显著变化。滤液中Cl-离子浓度随时间呈显著增大趋势。溶解态镉和其它主要元素铅、锌、铜和锰质量浓度变化随时间呈降低趋势。铅锌氧化矿石易淋出而释放出镉等有害元素,滤出元素可以迅速发生沉淀或被沉淀物包裹,其能力表现为Zn>Pb>Cd。两个不同矿石镉的淋失量有所差别,矿石中菱锌矿质量分数是影响镉淋失的主要因素。矿区富镉岩石和矿物的自然风化对矿区流域水生态环境造成潜在危害。 相似文献
8.
Qiang Wang;Jiaqi Guo;Rongrong Li; 《Sustainable Development》2024,32(1):542-554
While the main task of electricity development in other countries of the world is to expand the production of electricity or to improve the way it is generated, the problems faced by sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) countries are more immediate and urgent - here less than half of the population has access to electricity. This study aims to examine whether aid projects can alleviate energy poverty. Since the assisted power facilities will affect neighbouring countries across borders, this study constructs a dynamic spatial Durbin model to take spatial spillover effects into account. The results of the spatial correlation test indicate that the spatial distribution of aid projects is random, which is an important finding that evenly distributed aid policies lead to disorderly aid. Further analysis shows that the mismatch effect of aid resources hinders the development of electricity in recipient countries. Urbanisation and technical assistance are the key factors to accelerate the development of electric power and improve the benefit of assistance. This paper suggests that aid policies should be implemented on a long-term and stable basis, with a focus on those recipient countries that are highly urbanised to take advantage of their unique advantages. 相似文献
9.
环境雌激素对水生动物的影响研究进展 总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12
水环境是环境雌激素的最大储存库。环境雌激素通过食物的传递进入动物体内,类似于雌激素的功能。环境雌激素可导致水生动物性别特征丧失和后代不能繁殖;可引起水蚤性别比例失调,蜕皮率下降,导致软体动物性畸形和超雌性化现象;导致鲤鱼等生殖器畸形,引起鱼类种群生存力和资源量下降。壬酚(NP)、双酚A(BPA)和E2在河水、水生附着生物和底栖生物之间的生物积累与放大倍数在18~1200倍之间,环境激素通过食物链的生物放大作用比通过水体的传递对鱼类等水生生物的危害更大,并且在河流等的枯水期对水生动物的影响更大。文章讨论了环境雌激素的降解与研究前景。 相似文献
10.
Zhongju Liao;Ping Liu;Ping Bao; 《Sustainable Development》2024,32(1):425-437
Environmental innovation not only promotes the harmonious development of the economy and the environment, but also has an influence on firms' growth. Based on institutional theory and reputation theory, this study constructs a model of the relationship among environmental information disclosure, environmental innovation, and firms' growth performances along the path of institution — behavior — performance. By selecting the panel data of 200 heavily polluting firms listed on the Shanghai and Shenzhen A-share markets from 2014 to 2018 as the research sample, this study examines the role of environmental information disclosure in firms' environmental innovation and growth performances, as well as the moderating role of media attention. The results revealed that environmental information disclosure had a positive effect on firms' growth performances, and that eco-product and eco-process innovations played mediating roles in the relationship between environmental information disclosure and firms' growth performances. In addition, media attention positively moderated the influence of environmental information disclosure on firms' eco-product innovations. This study contributes to the research on the antecedents of environmental innovation, and provides guidance for improving the environmental information disclosure system and for enhancing the level of firms' performance. 相似文献
11.
北京市环境政策评价研究 总被引:28,自引:0,他引:28
选取北京市 1985— 1999年环境经济数据 ,建立北京市经济增长与环境污染水平计量模型 ,为评价北京市环境政策提供依据。此实证研究得出两个重要结论 :北京市环境指标与人均GDP演替轨迹呈现显著的环境库兹涅茨曲线特征 ;但比发达国家较早实现了其环境库兹涅茨曲线转折点 相似文献
12.
Global warming and other significant climatic changes arising from the accumulation of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases have placed great policy puzzles on whether to slow or not to slow gross domestic product (GDP) growth. This paper presents and estimates empirical models of growth using standard tools of growth empirics for 23 OECD countries over the period 1990–2017. The main objective is to examine the role of green energy consumption and investment on economic growth. Using the Method of Moments Quantile Regression (MMQR) with fixed effects, empirical results suggest that green energy consumption and investment—in the sense of renewable energy consumption and expenditure in renewable energy research and development (R&D)—have small, although positive effects on economic growth. These effects are heterogeneous, leading to asymmetric patterns over the conditional quantile distribution of per-capita GDP with stronger effects found in the lower quantiles. The implication of our findings is that capacity utilization in green energy consumption and investment has not been developed to a viable level that will mitigate greenhouse effects and spur sustainable development in the long run. 相似文献
13.
近年来,有关船舶防污杀生剂在水环境中的分布及生态影响已经引起了人们的广泛关注。本文对2005—2020年间全球水环境中6种典型船舶防污杀生剂(三丁基锡、Irgarol 1051、DCOIT、敌草隆、百菌清、苯氟磺胺)研究工作进行了调研和梳理,总结了典型船舶防污杀生剂的基本性质、非靶标水生生物的毒性效应、以及在水体环境中的分布特征。毒性作用结果显示,三丁基锡(TBT)是一种毒性很强的内分泌干扰化合物,会影响所有营养级的水生生物,并可能通过饮食摄入受污染的海产品进而对人体健康产生影响。Irgarol 1051、敌草隆、百菌清和DCOIT仅对生产者具有较强的毒性,而苯氟磺胺对水生生物的毒性则相对较小。对水生生物毒性的敏感性可归纳为TBT > Irgarol 1051 > DCOIT > 敌草隆 > 百菌清 > 苯氟磺胺。水环境中主要的船舶防污杀生剂为TBT、Irgarol 1051和敌草隆。亚洲和南美洲沿海地区的污染最为严重,并主要集中在港口、造船厂、渔港和码头等船舶活动频繁地区。尽管TBT已经禁止使用了10多年,但在韩国造船厂附近的沉积物中浓度高达2304 ng·g−1。在水环境中和选定的海洋生物中检测到较高的船舶防污杀生剂证明了这些化合物在航运系统的广泛应用,并对海洋生态系统造成威胁。因此,未来的工作中需要对船舶防污杀生剂进行持续的调查并结合各地区水生生物毒性特性,进行系统的生态风险评价,为制定切实可行的海洋生态环境保护措施提供科学依据。 相似文献
14.
高尔夫球场建设对生态系统影响分析及环境管理对策 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
通过对高尔夫球场建设过程、特点及主要生态环境影响因子分析,指出高尔夫球场建设需占用大量土地,尤其是农业生态区域,对地表形态、农业生产、水土流失、水环境等均有不同程度的不利影响,对落后地区社会经济具有带动作用。在以安徽元一高尔夫球场为例进行分析基础上,提出了高尔夫球场建设与运营管理的生态环境管理对策。 相似文献
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16.
房地产建设项目环境影响评价大都没有考虑周边环境对房地产的影响、环境对人体健康的影响以及房地产项目本身的小环境对人体健康的影响.坚持“以人为本”的理念,在系统分析和阐述房地产建设项目环境影响的基础上,提出了具体的环境保护对策,为环保部门提供决策依据,避免产生新的环境污染. 相似文献
17.
The current study attempts to understand the relationships among Environmental Quality (EQ), Human Development (HD) and political and governance regimes in a cross‐country framework through secondary data analysis. The underlying hypothesis is that in addition to income, as reflected from the literature on the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis, several other factors, including socioeconomic (e.g. human development and corruption) and sociopolitical (e.g. ability to exercise democratic rights) factors, may influence environmental policy‐making, and thereby environmental sustainability, in a country. The EQ (i.e. environmental sustainability) of the countries in the current study is denoted by their Environmental Performance Index (2008). Human development is represented by Human Development Index (2007). Democracy Index (2008) and Corruption Perceptions Index (2008) are considered as proxies for political transparency in a country and its susceptibility to rent‐seeking activities, respectively. The cross‐country empirical findings confirm the closer association between the socioeconomic and sociopolitical factors and sustainable development. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment. 相似文献
18.
后金融危机时代,不管是金融市场,还是全球经济格局都发生了巨大变化。我国环保投融资存在着投资总量不足、投融资主体环保执行力不足,环保效果不佳等问题;为应对国际金融危机带来的深刻影响,有效化解后危机时代的发展困境,需要针对国家金融调控、信贷政策带来的变化,加倍关注资本市场体系发展的变化、融资渠道和融资工具的创新运用,通过制定更加具有灵活性和针对性的政府建设项目投融资规划和发展战略规划,以实现环保投融资平台的健康、可持续发展。在剖析存在问题原因的基础上提出了我国环保投融资策略,包括拓宽投融资渠道,构建多元投资主体,壮大环保投融资规模;加强管理,强化各投融资主体的环保执行力,提高环保投融资效益;创新环保投融资机制,建立多层次的环保投融资风险责任分担机制。 相似文献
19.
美国的环保政策及对环保产业发展的影响 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
美国的环保政策是一种经济发展政策 ,强调在提高美国工业竞争力和维护社会经济繁荣的基础上加强环境保护 ,强调通过环保技术的开发和应用实现具体的环保目标 ;措施上它强调灵活性、创新性、多样性和公众的自觉参与 ,创造了环保产业宽松和不断创新的环境。 相似文献
20.
Yuewei Wang;Lidan An;Hang Chen; 《Sustainable Development》2024,32(6):6201-6214
Tourism often brings about negative environmental impacts. Tourism eco-efficiency (TEE) and its spatial coordination are of great significance for sustainable tourism development and environmental protection in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD). TEE index system was established and applied in this study. The inter-city TEE spatial correlation network is established by the modified gravity model and analyzed by social network analysis (SNA). Spatial Durbin model (SDM) was used to analyze the spatial spillover effects of the two centrality indicators of the network. Based on fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis, we analyzed TEE enhancement configuration. The results show that: TEE in 26 cities in the study area has improved overall; the phenomenon of unbalanced development within the region still exists. In addition, the TEE of each city in the spatial correlation network of TEE in the YRD urban agglomeration is connected with each other, and there is a significant negative spillover effect. TEE is mainly affected by the level of economic development, industrial status of the tourism industry, tourism industry concentration, tourism investment level, tourism resource endowment, urban landscaping, and information development level. The combination of these factors and TEE can form five configuration patterns for TEE enhancement. This study combines SNA and SDM for the first time, and the conclusions obtained can more deeply describe the spatial correlation between different urban eco-efficiency in the YRD. Aiming at the sustainable development of regional tourism, this study provides help for strengthening the protection of tourism ecological environment in the YRD. 相似文献