沙河流域水环境综合管理技术支撑平台构建研究

沙河流域水环境综合管理技术支撑平台结合水环境精细化治理的需求,综合考虑源头控制、过程管理和末端治理,以决策支持系统的结构为理论框架,借助地理信息系统、数据库、模型等工具,集成水环境多元数据采集传输及动态展示技术,构建包括数据管理平台、专业服务平台和综合决策平台的综合管理系统,具有一定通用性、可复制性和可扩展性.该系统可...     

城市河段污染控制灰色动态规划的应用

本文探讨了含灰数的城市河段污染控制的灰色动态规划的理论与方法。通过分析城市河段污染控制系统的广义不确定性，将灰数表征这些不确定性，建立了描述城市河段水污染控制的灰色动态规划中广义不确定性的灰数运算、灰数大小的比较及灰动态规划的初步理论和求解方法，通过对淮河蚌埠河段有机污染控制实例研究，说明了水污染控制灰色动态规划问题研究意义和求解方法的实用性。     

TMDL计划在河湖环境容量管理中的应用方法

环境容量管理(ECM)已在世界范围内应用于管理地表水质量和控制污染,最大日污染负荷(TMDL)方案已被应用于ECM系统中.在调研相关文献的基础上,对TMDL在水环境容量管理中的研究现状进行了分析,探讨不同模型的特点、应用方向及优缺点,认为水动力和水质模型可构建流域内基于水环境容量的水动态调控机制,将水质监测与污染负荷总...     

太湖站湖泊生态系统动态监测数据库的建立与管理

太湖站是研究湖泊生态系统的一个生太研究网络站,它观测 和记录了长期大量的第一手资料。由于缺乏数据的有效管理,数据长期以来没得到充分整理和应用。根据中国生态研究网络（CERN）关于建立统一的动态监测数据库的要求,太湖站建立了湖泊生态系统动态监数据库,以便有效地管理数据。本文主要就动态监测数据库的建立和数据的管理做一介绍。     

Li江上游纳污最适总量及水质变化规律研究

为确保2000－2010年桂林淳江上游进入城区水质能保持国家Ⅱ类水质标准进行纳污总量控制及其水质变化规律研究。采用系数法对200－2010年陆源排污总量进行科学预测，按河流功能划要求，首次利用动态数学模型计算河流在不同流量，不同纳污总量条件下保持Ⅱ类水质的最适纳污值，探讨了Li江水质变化规律。为环境管理打下基础。     

漓江上游纳污最适总量及水质变化规律研究

为确保 2 0 0 0 - 2 0 10年桂林漓江上游进入城区水质能保持国家II类水质标准进行纳污总量控制及其水质变化规律研究。采用系数法对 2 0 0 0 - 2 0 10年陆源排污总量进行科学预测 ,按河流功能区划要求 ,首次利用动态数学模型计算河流在不同流量、不同纳污总量条件下保持II类水质的最适纳污值 ,探讨了漓江水质变化规律。为环境管理打下基础     

森林生态系统土壤可溶性有机质(碳)影响因素研究进展

土壤活性有机质在土壤碳、氮、磷等养分元素的牛物地球化学循环方面起着十分重要的作用.森林土壤活性有机碳(SAOC)库是极易变动的,其组分动态与周转速率主要受森林植被类型、演替过程以及由此造成的凋落物输人类型、数量、质量和季节与温湿度、pH等变化的控制.尽管在过去几十年中,关于土壤可溶性有机碳(DOC)已开展了大量的研究,但关于其形成、转移与转化速率,以及对环境变化的反应等结论仍然零散,甚至相互矛盾,因此,研究土壤DOC动态及持续管理,必需从探讨其影响因子出发,找出其关键限制凶子进行调控.在将来的研究中,主要应集中在:(i)各种可溶性有机质(DOM)源和汇的大小与DOC定量变化关系,如何进行调控?(ii)在高度人为化管理的森林生态系统中,土壤DOC如何改变?(iii)DOC动态及周转速率的现代研究方法探索等.参110     

区域建设项目的污染物排放总量控制方法框架

针对目前还缺乏可操作的建设项目环境管理实施污染物排放总量控制(以下简称总量控制)的方法,基于郑州市环境保护局在建设项目环境管理实施总量控制方面的多年实践与经验,探讨了对总量已超出区域环境容量的地区如何对建设项目实施总量控制,如何确定区域污染减排和综合整治总量控制目标的确定,如何构建新、老污染源之间良性互动机制以及制定建设项目实施总量控制的政策、制度和管理措施保障,为区域建设项目环境管理实施总量控制提供了理论和方法框架。     

水管理和工业:匈牙利的实例

匈牙利复杂的水资源问题涉及严重污染的地表水和危险性不断增加的地下水。因此在匈牙利及其邻国,有效的节水和污染控制方法至关重要。为节水和污染控制服务的活动最有效的是工业管理,包括厂内管理。在过去二十年中,这一活动已得到了发展。 由于认识到工业水管理的重要性,国家水主管部门已建立了一个覆盖法律和经济方面以及技术法规的体制框架,并引入了教育和培训课程。环境和水管理部的设立,以及此前不协调的水管理和环境保护职能的一体化,将为水资源管理、污染控制、工业水管理、废物管理和空气污染控制领域之间的合作提供新的机会。     

现代农业快速发展背景下的农业生产废弃物管理对策探析——政府与农户的动态博弈

随着农业集约化、规模化发展,农业生产废弃物的管理问题凸显。循环农业、低碳农业的发展,在一定程度上激励了农户对农业生产废弃物资源化管理,取得了一定的成绩,但是也存在一定的问题,严重制约了农业生产废弃物资源化管理。文章通过构建政府与农户的动态博弈模型,分析补贴政策对农户提高农业生产废弃物资源化管理效率的作用,并基于政府与农户的动态博弈分析提出了促进农业生产废弃物管理效率提升及其可持续发展的建议,即：（1）根据不同的资源化管理方式的差异制定并实施差别补贴政策;（2）实行区域差别补贴标准;（3）延长补贴期限,实行分年度对农户进行不同数量的补贴;（4）培养农户管理意识,加强农户技能培训。     

植物区系学中特有现象的研究进展(Ⅱ)--中国植物区系、研究方法与任务

植物区系学中的特有现象是其研究的重点内容,对特有现象的概念、类型、起源及其研究意义作了详细的论述;其次,总结了中国植物区系的基本情况、生活型、分布区学、水平分布、垂直分布与起源等研究成果;第三,介绍了研究特有现象的形态-地理学方法、细胞地理学方法和等位酶分析方法;第四,指出了中国植物区系中特有现象研究所面临的困境,认为应该集中力量重点研究滇黔桂、横断山脉以及华中等3个地区的植物区系基本特征、组成、起源、演化与扩散等内容.     

Acidification of groundwater in water-filled gravel pits -- a new environmental and geomedical threat

Swimmers and users of motor boats frequenting old, water-filled gravel pits in Kiiminki, Northern Finland, found in August 1993 that they were suffering from painful irritation of the eyes and that their boats had developed a finely polished surface on their aluminium hulls, evidently due to the corrosive action of the water. Subsequent measurements carried out by the water authority showed that the pH of the water in some of the pits was extremely low, reaching a value of 3.4 at its lowest. To find out the causes of the abnormally low pH values, the present authors began systematic measurements of the pH and determination of the chemical composition (Si, Al, Ca, Mg, K, Na, Fe, Mn, Cu, Pb, Ni, Cd, Cl^-, NO₃ ^-, SO₄ ^2-) of the water in 23 gravel pits. In addition, a series of laboratory experiments was carried out to examine the interaction of water with samples of the soil and bedrock of the area to evaluate the role of this process as a possible cause of the acidification. The results show that the reaction of water with the moderately to intensively weathered sulphide and jarosite-bearing black schists, typical of the bedrock of the area, can bring about aqueous solutions similar in pH and sulphate--nitrate ratios to those found naturally in the gravel pits. The contribution of other possible mechanisms, e.g. acidic precipitation as such or combined with enhanced evaporation, the possible use of the pits as dumping sites for acidic waste or the flow or seepage of acidic peat-bog waters into the pits from the surrounding wetlands, cannot be ruled out entirely, but their contribution seems to be of minor importance. Since the concentrations of several heavy metals (notably Pb, Cd, Ni, Fe and Mn) and of sulphate and aluminium has increased in the pit water as a result of the acidification process and exceed the norms laid down in the EU Drinking Water Directive, acidification of water in gravel pits due to the oxidation of sulphides must be regarded as a new, serious environmental and geomedical threat which has so far remained poorly known or unrecognised.     

The challenge of implementing the European network of protected areas Natura 2000

Established under the European Union (EU) Birds and Habitats Directives, Natura 2000 is one of the largest international networks of protected areas. With the spatial designation of sites by the EU member states almost finalized, the biggest challenge still lying ahead is the appropriate management of the sites. To evaluate the cross‐scale functioning of Natura 2000 implementation, we analyzed 242 questionnaires completed by conservation scientists involved in the implementation of Natura 2000 in 24 EU member states. Respondents identified 7 key drivers of the quality of Natura 2000 implementation. Ordered in decreasing evaluation score, these drivers included: network design, use of external resources, legal frame, scientific input, procedural frame, social input, and national or local policy. Overall, conservation scientists were moderately satisfied with the implementation of Natura 2000. Tree modeling revealed that poor application of results of environmental impact assessments (EIA) was considered a major constraint. The main strengths of the network included the substantial increase of scientific knowledge of the sites, the contribution of nongovernmental organizations, the adequate network design in terms of area and representativeness, and the adequacy of the EU legal frame. The main weaknesses of Natura 2000 were the lack of political will from local and national governments toward effective implementation; the negative attitude of local stakeholders; the lack of background knowledge of local stakeholders, which prevented well‐informed policy decisions; and the understaffing of Natura 2000 management authorities. Top suggestions to improve Natura 2000 implementation were increase public awareness, provide environmental education to local communities, involve high‐quality conservation experts, strengthen quality control of EIA studies, and establish a specific Natura 2000 fund. El Reto de Implementar la Red Europea de Áreas Protegidas Natura 2000     

有机磷农药草甘膦异丙胺盐对球形棕囊藻的刺激效应

设置0、0．001、0．01、0．1、l和10mg·L-16个质量浓度梯度,测定了草甘膦异丙胺盐（Glyphosate—isopropylammonium）农药对球形棕囊藻（Phaeocystis globosa）生长、叶绿素a含量、SOD和CAT活性的影响,探讨了有机磷农药对球形棕囊藻的毒物刺激效应。结果表明,低浓度的草甘膦异丙胺盐对球形棕囊藻的生长呈现出刺激效应。在实验所设定的6个质量浓度梯度范围内,0．001mg·L0和0．01mg·L-1质量浓度处理下的刺激效应最为显著。该两个质量浓度处理下,球形棕囊藻的平均相对增长率比对照分别提高了1．27％和0．45％,叶绿素a含量分别比对照提高了9．2％和2．5％,SOD活性提高了5．9％和7．2％,CAT活性提高了93％和155％;而当草甘膦异丙胺盐质量浓度在0．1mg·L-1以上时,球形棕囊藻的生长率、叶绿素a含量、SOD活性均显著低于对照。草甘膦异丙胺盐在0．001mg·L-1和0．01mg·L-1范围内对球形棕囊藻均呈现刺激效应,而高于0．1mg·L-1时球形棕囊藻各生理指标表现出显著抑制效应。研究结果为了解有机磷农药对海洋微藻生长的影响特征,揭示有机磷农药对微藻产生低促高抑的规律和为深入探索赤潮暴发的成因提供依据。     

江西生态城市建设及其效益

从工农业生产水平、财政收入、社会发展水平、城乡居民收入水平、森林覆盖率等指标评估宜春市实施生态市建设所取得的实际效益,通过比较现有发展水平与规划指标得出,生态市建设实施十五年以来,宜春市基本达到了规划的经济发展、教育、科技、文化、人口发展控制目标、人民生活提高目标和生态环境控制目标,分析了生态市试点建设中存在的问题,提出了今后生态城市建设的建议。     

Relationship between heavy metal concentrations of herbaceous plants and soils at four Pb-Zn mining sites in Yunnan, China

This paper studied the relationship between heavy metal concentrations of herbaceous plants and soils at four Pb-Zn mining sites in Yunnan, China. 50 herbaceous plant samples of 9 plant species from 4 families and 50 soil samples were collected and then ana1yzed for the tota1 concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Zn. The results showed that the average concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Zn in soil samples were 3772.83, 168.81, and 5385.65 mg/kg, respectively. The average concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Zn were 395.68, 28.14, and 1664.20 mg/kg in the shoots, and 924.12, 57.25, and 1778.75 mg/kg in the roots, respectively. Heterospecific plants at the same site and conspecific plants at various sites had different average levels of Pb, Cd, and Zn, both in the shoots and the roots. Enrichment coefficients of Pb, Cd, and Zn were greater than 1 in 2, 3, and 9 herbaceous plant samples, respectively. Translocation factors of Pb, Cd, and Zn were greater than 1 in 10, 17, and 25 herbaceous plant samples, respectively. In all 50 samples, the concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Zn between the shoots and the roots, the shoots, and the soils, and the roots and the soils had significant positive relationships.     

德国高等职业教育的特点

基于了解德国“双元制”职业教育基础上，介绍了德国职业教育体系，研究了高等职业教育模式、入学条件、培养目标、培养模式、学制、文凭以及人才培养途径，分析了高等职业教育的师资培养措施与过程、经费保障以及法律保障，阐述了高等职业教育改革的基本目标、基本原则、改革重点、发展趋势以及基本理念．     

Agent-based framework for modeling and simulation of resources in self-sustainable human settlements: a case study on water management in an eco-village community in Croatia

A newly developed agent-based framework for modeling, simulation, and evaluation of resource management in self-sustainable human settlements is presented, along with the ability of the framework to prolong the self-sustainability of the observed human settlement system in the simulation environment. In this study the focus is on the analysis of a conducted water management simulation based on observations of an existing eco-village in Croatia, in the context of producing, storing, and consuming water as a resource. The conducted research shows that the developed framework was able to prolong the self-sustainability of localized water production, storage, and consumption dynamics when managing the water allocation with the use of self-sustainability mechanisms, in comparison to water management without using such mechanisms, under the same initial conditions. The work is placed within the context of sustainable development, Internet of Things, as well as Environmental Internet of Things areas of research, analyzing the ambiguous relationship between the terms ‘sustainable development’ and ‘self-sustainability’.     

Effects of manganese waste on growth,nodulation, proline levels,and enzymatic activities in Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.

Phytoremediation studies were carried out on the waste of Kalakhunta manganese (Mn) mines located in Banswara, Rajasthan, which is rich in Mn and iron. Various treatments, including the addition of soil, farmyard manure, sawdust, and biogas slurry, as well as differing quantities of NPK and capping with 10% soil were undertaken to ameliorate the effects of inhospitable waste. The effect of unamended and variously treated amended waste was studied on the growth, nodulation, yield, leaf area, and enzymatic activity of the test plants to ascertain the degree of toxicosis that plants may encounter during the process of phytostabilization. The levels of proline and activities of polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase, acid phosphatase, and nitrate reductase were affected by the treatments applied. Data showed that addition of 10% soil + 3 NPK is the most suitable treatment for the purpose of revegetation of Mn-mine waste, as the plants displayed the highest growth under this treatment condition.     

野生及养殖背角无齿蚌中元素的生物积累特征

作为建立渔业生态环境“淡水贝类观察”体系的基础研究之一,以宜兴养殖水域（N=7）和太湖三山岛自然水域（N=7）采集的背角无齿蚌（Anodonta woodiana）为对象,运用电感耦合等离子质谱仪测定了背角无齿蚌软组织中元素Na、K、Ca、Mg、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Se、Cu、Cr、Cd的质量分数范围,并对各种元素积累水平的差异进行比较研究。结果表明,两水域中背角无齿蚌对元素的积累高低顺序具有相似的趋势。其中Ca质量分数最高,Co、Cr的质量分数最低,其它元素界于其间。养殖蚌样中的常量元素Na、K、Ca、Mg和微量元素Mn、Co的积累质量分数高于或接近自然水域蚌样中的相应元素,但后者中的重金属元素Cr、Cu、Cd、Ni质量分数显著地高于前者。养殖水域蚌样中的Mg-K、Mg-Ca、Mg-Ni、Mg-Mn、K-Ca、K—Co、K．Mn、Ca—Co、Ca—Ni、Ca．Mn、Ni—Mn、Cr-Co、Cu-Cd以及自然水域蚌样中的Mg—K、Ca-Cr、Ca—Mn、Ca-Ni、Ca-Cd、Cr—Mn、Cr-Ni、Cr-Cd质量分数之间呈现显著的相关性。