副玫瑰苯胺无汞比色法测定空气中的甲醛

在甲醛法测定空气中二氧化硫的基础上,建立了一种测定空气中甲醛的新方法。该方法所用设备和材料与甲醛法测定空气中的二氧化硫相同,不使用含汞试剂,用亚硫酸钠固定标准溶液和吸收液中的甲醛,用氢氧化钠分解羟甲磺酸释放已被固定的甲醛,以副玫瑰苯胺和亚硫酸钠为显色剂绘制标准曲线进行定量。当采集空气30L时,检出限为0.01mgm3,最低检测浓度为0.03mgm3,适用于环境空气及室内空气中甲醛的测定。     

室内空气中甲醛测定比对试验的探讨

为了检验化学酚试剂比色法与便携式甲醛测定仪测定室内空气中甲醛方法间有无显著性差异,用2种方法做了比对试验,并对2种方法的相关性、精密性进行了分析。结果表明,2种分析方法无显著性差异。便携式甲醛分析仪具有操作简单、携带方便、直观性强等优点,有利于民用建筑室内环境中甲醛的测定。     

分光光度法测定化学需氧量

采用美国45600型COD反应器和DR2000型分光光度计测定COD:取200ml水样于已装300ml消解试剂(自配)的专用反应管内,混匀。将反应管插入已预热至150℃的反应器加热孔内,密闭回流消解2小时。消解结束,待反应管降至120℃以下时振摇反应管数次,冷至室温,打开光度计开关,调整波长至620nm,将反应管放入COD反应管承接器内,盖上遮光罩,试剂空白置零后,测吸光度或直读样品COD浓度值。n=6时变异系数06～13%,平均加标回收率101%(95%～105%),精密度、准确度符合定量分析要求。统计检验结果表明,本法自制的试剂消解样品与进口品的标准曲线有很好的吻合…     

氮氧化物标准曲线的斜率与显色温度的关系

在大气监测工作中，作为质量保证措施之一，要求标准曲线的斜率b控制在一定的范围，以检验标准溶液的准确度以及试剂的质量。《空气和废气监测分析方法》（以下简称《方法》）中用盐酸萘乙二胺分光光度法测定空气中氮氧化物时，仅指出在20℃时标准曲线b的范围为0．190±0．003吸光度／μgNO-2·5ml。但在实际样品分析中，显色温度不一定恰好是20℃，当温度变化时，标准曲线的斜率是如何变化的，通过实验对以上问题加以讨论。l实验部分1．1仪器与试剂所用试剂均按《方法》中盐酸察乙二胺分光光度法配制。721分光光度计（上海第三分析仪器厂…     

水杨酸钠-次氯酸钠法海水氨氮快速检测方法研究

对水杨酸钠-次氯酸钠法测量海水氨氮化学分析条件进行了研究。通过正交实验对水杨酸钠-次氯酸钠法试剂配比进行优化,并确定了最佳试剂配比。同时,用水杨酸钠-次氯酸钠法和靛酚蓝法测量24个海水水样,测量结果无显著差异。在反应温度为35℃,反应时间为10 min时,用改进后的方法分别测量60、120μg/L的氨氮标准溶液,相对标准偏差分别为4.0%、2.8%,回收率分别为99.8%、100.8%。该方法试剂无毒、环保,操作简单、快速,可满足营养盐自动分析仪现场快速测量的要求,提高仪器的环境友好性。     

乙酰丙酮分光光度法测定水中甲醛时影响空白值的因素

针对水质中甲醛测定时试剂水、pH值、乙酰丙酮试剂、加热温度和显色时间等影响因素进行了讨论,并提出了减小空白值的对策.     

反向流动注射化学发光测定微量甲醛

基于在甲醛存在下 ,高锰酸钾与Fe(Ⅱ )在酸性介质中发生化学发光反应 ,建立了反向流动注射化学发光测定微量的甲醛分析方法 ,该法测定甲醛的线性范围为 5 0× 10 - 7～ 1 5× 10 - 2 g ml,检出限为 3 0× 10 - 7g ml,相对标准偏差为2 5 % (1 5× 10 - 5g ml甲醛 ,n =11)。该法应用于测定空气中微量的甲醛 ,结果令人满意。     

大气二氧化硫两种分析方法对测定结果的影响

对甲醛缓冲溶液吸收－盐酸副玫瑰胺测定大气中ＳＯ２的两种分析方法进行了对比实验表明，由于实验条件和试剂浓度不同，造成测定结果有一定差异，（空气和废气监测分析方法）法略高于（环境监测技术规范）法。     

4-氨基安替比林的提纯试验——乙醇浸洗法

目前,对挥发酚的测定,国标选用蒸馏后4-氨基安替比林分光光度法。但此法有一个难于解决的问题,那就是4-氨基安替比林试剂易氧化变质,不能久贮,否则空白吸收值较高影响测定的准确性。 4-氨基安替比林在空气中易吸潮,氧化变质。其氧化产物产生的色度严重干扰酚测定。 因此对不合格试剂或氧化变质试剂的纯制,使降低空白值,提高分析准确度是迫切需要解决的问题。     

4-氨基安替比林-氯仿萃取比色法测定挥发酚的疑难问题

1.试剂空白高,波动大。 空白值的大小和重现性影响分析结果的精密度、准确度以及方法的检测限。分析方法要求,试剂空白以氯仿为参比的吸光度应在0.10以下,但测定中一般难以达到,且波动较大,使用相同的试剂,十天之内六天测定的空白吸光度极差为0.032,相对偏差为12.3％。这主要与4-氨基安替比林的纯度及其接触空气时间的长短有关,另外也受无酚水质量的影响。 4-氨基安替比林与空气接触,易被氧化为安替比林红,引起空白增高。用配制的同一溶液,先后连续测定三个标准系列,其空白吸光     

Topsoil and Housedust Metal Concentrations in the Vicinity of a Lead Battery Manufacturing Plant

The aim of the study was to determine the extent of heavy metal pollution in the vicinity of a lead battery manufacturing plant in the Czech Republic, both in the general environment and within homes. Topsoils (0–5 cm) were sampled from 100 sites along 4 transects which crossed the battery factory, the town centre and outlying rural areas. Housedust samples were collected from 15 plant-workers' homes and 15 non plant-workers' homes located at various distances from the factory. Samples were analysed for levels of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb, using ICP-AES. Soil concentrations of Pb, Cd, As and Sb peaked at the perimeter fence of the battery factory with Pb levels of up to 12 650 g g> ^-1. Concentrations of these metals decreased exponentially within 500 m of the plant. Whilst the battery factory does appear to be a source of all the metals with the exception of Zn, emissions do not appear to be transported to any great extent over distances of more than 0.5 km. Topsoil and housedust concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb in the general Mlada Boleslav area do not appear to be significantly different from those recorded in a large scale survey of urban soils in the United Kingdom. A comparison of housedust Pb concentrations in homes of plant workers and non-plant workers suggests that there may be a small input of Pb into the home environment by battery plant employees.     

An Overview of Contaminant-Related Issues Identified by Monitoring in San Francisco Bay

The San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances (RMP) began in 1993 and is sponsored by 74 local, state, and federal agencies and companies through their discharge or Bay use permits. The RMP monitors water, sediment, toxicity, and bivalve bioaccumulation at 25 sites in the Bay that are considered to represent "background" conditions. Several major environmental issues have been identified by the RMP. Polychlorinated biphenyls and mercury were often above water quality guidelines, and often occurred in fish tissues above U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) screening values. Concentrations do not appear to be decreasing, suggesting continuing inputs. Episodes of aquatic toxicity often occurred following runoff events that transport contaminants into the Bay from urbanized and agricultural portions of the watershed. Sediment toxicity occurred throughout the Bay, and has been correlated with concentrations of specific contaminants (chlordanes, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons) at some locations; mixtures of contaminants were probably also important. Since the RMP does not monitor all ecosystem components, assessments of the overall condition of the Bay cannot be made. However, in terms of contamination, the RMP samples suggest that the South Bay, and North Bay sites are moderately contaminated.     

Biomagnification factors (fish to Osprey eggs from Willamette River,Oregon, U.S.A.) for PCDDs,PCDFs, PCBs and OC pesticides

A migratory population of 78 pairs of Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) nesting along the Willamette River in westernOregon was studied in 1993. The study was designed to determinecontaminant concentrations in eggs, contaminant concentrationsin fish species predominant in the Ospreys diet, andBiomagnification Factors (BMFs) of contaminants from fish specieseaten to Osprey eggs. Ten Osprey eggs and 25 composite samplesof fish (3 species) were used to evaluate organochlorine (OC)pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinateddibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans(PCDFs). Mercury was also analyzed in fish. Geometric meanresidues in Osprey eggs were judged low, e.g., DDE 2.3 g g^-1 wet weight (ww), PCBs 0.69 g g^-1, 2,3,7,8-TCDD 2.3 ng kg^-1, and generally well below known threshold values for adverse effects on productivity, and the population was increasing. Osprey egg residue data presentedby River Mile (RM) are discussed, e.g., higher PCDDs were generally found immediately downstream of paper mills and eggsfrom the Willamette River had significantly elevated PCBs and PCDDs compared to reference eggs collected nearby in the CascadeMountains. Prey remains at nest sites indicated that the Largescale Sucker (Catostomus macrocheilus) and NorthernPikeminnow (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) accounted for an estimated 90.1% of the biomass in the Osprey diet, and composite samples of these two species were collected from different sampling sites throughout the study area for contaminant analyses. With the large percentage of the fishbiomass in the Osprey diet sampled for contaminants (and fisheaten by Ospreys similar in size to those chemically analyzed),and fish contaminant concentrations weighted by biomass intake, a mean BMF was estimated from fish to Osprey eggs for the largeseries of contaminants. BMFs ranged from no biomagnification(0.42) for 2,3,7,8-TCDF to 174 for OCDD. Our findings for themigratory Osprey were compared to BMFs for the resident HerringGull (Larus argentatus), and differences are discussed. Webelieve a BMF approach provides some basic understanding ofrelationships between contaminant burdens in prey species offish-eating birds and contaminants incorporated into their eggs,and may prove useful in understanding sources of contaminants inmigratory species although additional studies are needed.     

The Draft of the New German Guideline VDI 3782/8 to Model Automobile Exhaust Dispersion

The draft of the German guideline to calculate automobile exhaust dispersion is explained. It contains a two-stage-system: For first quick estimates the guideline contains the simple models MLuS and STREET. In case these models are not applicable or their results shows concentration levels close to the air quality standards, the more complex models PROKAS_V and MISKAM are recommended. PROKAS_V is a Gaussian plume model, MISKAM is a 3-dimensional microscale non hydrostatic flow model for built-up areas with an Eulerian dispersion model. The guideline comprises cases in rural areas without or with few adjacent buildings as well as urban areas with buildings near the roads. The contribution gives information about the models, typical results and some of the problems showing up presently.     

Hydrocarbon Utilization in Yeast Isolates Found to Grow in Association with Petroleum in a Polluted Ultisol of Midwestern Nigeria

The population counts of hydrocarbon-utilising yeasts weremonitored at six sampling stations in the Benin City municipalarea over a four-week period. Although the population countswere relatively constant in each locality, the highest countsoccurred in areas heavily polluted by domestic and industrialeffluents. A total of thirty-five hydrocarbon-degrading yeastswere isolated from soil at the sampling stations usingn-hexadecane as sole carbon source. The isolates were identifiedas belonging to the genera Candida (27 strains), Endomycopsis (4 strains). All the organisms grew on long-chainn-alkane, kerosene, diesel oil and crude oil but failed to growon short-chain n-alkane, aromatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons.Measurement of growth attributes of the isolates usingn-hexadecane, diesel oil and crude oil as substrates showed thatthe Candida species were better utilizers of hydrocarbonsubstrates relative to Endomycopsis and Schizosaccharomyces species.     

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定苏州开发区26种蔬菜中铜锌铁锰镍

用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定了苏州开发区26种蔬菜中的铜、锌、铁、锰和镍的含量。蔬菜样品用硝酸高氯酸混合酸进行消解。4次测定值的相对标准差<5%,加标回收率在92%～107%之间。26种蔬菜中铜、锌、铁、锰、镍的含量基本均在世贸组织规定的范围内。     

Using Multiple Taxonomic Groups to Index the Ecological Condition of Lakes

Biological indicators of communitiestypically reflect a common environmental signalreflecting the general condition of the ecosystem, as well asindividual signals by indicators differentiallysensitive to particular environmental conditions. Wedescribe here a method of integrating and interpretingsuch indicators from 19 New England lakes for fivetaxonomic groups (diatoms, benthos, zooplankton, fish,and birds). Our approach provides a systematicstandardized way to integrate multiple metrics fromdifferent taxonomic groups by addressing four elementscrucial to analyzing data from multiple indicators: covariate control, re-scaling of data, standardizing the sign of responses, and dimensional reduction. We evaluated the biologicalmetrics against individual environmental stressors andagainst multivariate physicochemical metricscharacterizing general anthropogenic stress among thelakes. The method detected a response to variationin the gross environmental condition of the lakes thatwas correlated across taxa and metrics. In addition,a differential response to near shore conditions wasdemonstrated for fish. The success of the approach inthis study lends support to its general application toecological monitoring involving complex data sets.     

Concentrations of Cadmium, Mercury and Selenium in Blood, Liver and Kidney of Common Eider Ducks from the Canadian Arctic

We determined concentrations of selected trace elements inlivers, kidneys and blood samples from common eiders (Somateria mollissima borealis) from the eastern Canadianarctic during 1997 and 1998. Concentrations of totalmercury and organic mercury were generally low in the liversof these birds (less than 6 and 4 g g^–1 dry wt,respectively). Selenium ranged between 11–47 g g^–1 inlivers. Renal cadmium concentrations were among the highestever published for this species (range: 47–281 g g^–1). The regressions of log-transformed concentrations ofthese trace elements in blood samples on those in liver orkidney were significant (all P-values < 0.05) andpositive. However, except for organic mercury (RM ² = 0.83), the co-efficients of determination were low tomoderate (range of R ²: 0.26–0.52), suggesting poorto moderate predictive capability. Furthermore, therelationships between total mercury in blood and liverchanged between 1997 and 1998, suggesting that it would notbe possible to predict consistently, concentrations ofmercury in blood from those in liver based on samples takenin one year. Blood samples can be used to determineconcentrations of these trace elements in common eiders (andprobably other sea duck species as well). The use of bloodsamples is especially warranted when it is undesirable tokill the animal such as when working with rare or endangeredsea duck species or when the objective is to relate traceelement exposure to annual survival rates. However, thepredictive equations developed here should not be used topredict expected concentrations in one type of tissue fromthose in the other.     

Impact of Pollution Caused by Uranium Production on Soil Macrofauna

Thirty years of mining and milling activities of the Priargunsky Mining-Chemical Production Company (South-Eastern Siberia, Russia) have resulted in an enrichment of uranium in adjacent steppe soils by a factor of up to 600. A number of attendant pollutants (thorium, arsenic and heavy metals) also have high concentrations in the soil. To estimate the effects of this pollution on soil-living macroinvertebrates, pitfall trapping and core sampling were applied. The element composition of four beetle species was analysed. Soil macroinvertebrates had 3–37 times lower abundance and biodiversity at the contaminated sites compared with the control. Ground beetle communities at the contaminated sites were reduced compared to the control site. The concentrations of uranium and arsenic in beetles collected at the contaminated sites were 2–41 and 2–26 times higher, respectively, than at the control site. There is strong evidence that the contamination caused by uranium production has severe negative biological effects on important groups of the soil food web.     

Eutrophication and Sedimentation Patterns in Complete Exploitation of Water Resources Scenarios: An Example from Northwestern Semi-arid Mexico

Water requirements to supply human needs lead water stakeholders to store more water during surplus periods to fulfil the demand during – not only – scarcity periods. At the reservoirs, mostly those in semi-arid regions, water level then fluctuates extremely between rises and downward during one single year. Besides of water management implications, changes on physical, chemical and biological dynamics of these drawdown and refilling are little known yet. This paper shows the results, throughout a year, on solids, nutrients (N and P), chlorophyll-a, and sedimentation changes on the dynamics, when the former policy was applied in a reservoir from the semi-arid Northwestern Mexico. Water level sinusoidal trend impinged changes on thermal stratification and mixing, modifying nutrient cycling and primary producer responses. According to nitrogen and phosphorus concentration as well as chlorophyll-a, reservoir was mesotrophic, becoming hypertrophic during drawdown. Nutrient concentrations were high (1.22 ± 0.70 and 0.14 ± 0.12 mg P l⁻¹), increasing phosphorus and lowering N:P significantly throughout the study period, although no intensive agricultural, no urban development, neither industrial activities take place in the watershed. This suggests nutrient recycling complex mechanisms, including nutrient release from the sediment–water interface as the main nutrient pathway when shallowness, at the same time as mineralization, increases. Outflows controlled nitrogen and phosphorus availability on the ecosystem while organic matter depended on river inflows. As on other subtropical aquatic ecosystems, nitrogen limited primary productivity (Spearman correlation R = 0.75) but chlorophyll-a seasonal pattern showed an irregular trend, prompting other no-nutrient related limitants. Shallowness induced a homogeneous temporal pattern on water quality. This observed temporal variability was mainly explained statistically by changes on solids (mineral and organic), chlorophyll-a and flows (62.3%). Annual sedimentation rates of total solids ranged from 11.73 to 16.29 kg m⁻² year⁻¹ with organic matter comprising around 30%. N:P ratio on sedimentation rates were as high as could be expected in a resuspension dominated ecosystem, and spatially inverse related with N:P ratio on bottom sediments. Distance from river inlet into the reservoir reveals a marked spatial heterogeneity on solid and nitrogen sedimentation, showing the system dependence on river inflows and supporting resuspension as the main phosphorus pathway. Accretion rates (2.19 ± 0.40 cm year⁻¹) were not related to hydrological variability but decreased with the distance to the river input. Total sediment accumulation (9,895 tons km⁻² year⁻¹) denotes siltation as other serious environmental problem in reservoirs but possibly not related with operational procedures.