沸石-陶粒BAF处理微污染水源水的影响因素研究

探讨沸石-陶粒BAF工艺对微污染水源水中CODMn、氨氮、UV254、浊度等污染物质的去除效果.通过模型试验,研究了填料高度、水力负荷、气水比等因素对沸石-陶粒曝气生物滤池(BAF)工艺处理效果的影响.结果表明,在水力负荷为1.2～4.8 m3/(m2·h)、气水比为1时,CODMn、氨氮、UV254和浊度的去除率随填料层高度的增加而增加,其中CODMn、UV254、浊度的去除在最初的440 mm内最为显著,而氨氮的去除在220～440 mm范围内较明显; 在气水比为1,水力负荷分别为1.2 m3/(m2·h)、2.4 m3/(m2·h)和4.8 m3/(m2·h)时,CODMn的总去除率分别为38.62%、32.23%和25.37%,较合适的水力负荷为1.2 m3/(m2·h); 在水力负荷为1.2 m3/(m2·h)、气水比由0.5增为1时,CODMn的平均去除率由26.34%增为36.31%,氨氮的平均去除率由78.15%增为94.4%,当气水比增大为2时,CODMn、氨氮的去除率增加很少,合适的气水比为1.研究表明,沸石-陶粒BAF工艺处理微污染水源水的效果良好,且所需的填料高度小,气水比低.     

高温等离子体炬处理甲苯的研究

采用高温等离子体炬对含甲苯废气进行了处理研究,实验结果表明:甲苯平均去除率随着其初始质量浓度以及气体流量的增加都基本呈现下降趋势。在气体流量为2.2 m~3/h,处理电流在23 A时,甲苯的去除效果最好。这种条件下,初始质量浓度为0~400,400~800,800~1 200,1 200~1 600 mg/m~3甲苯的去除率可以分别达到98.29%,96.52%,94.06%,93.05%。     

车用动力电池单体自动化拆解线有害气体控制实验研究

以动力电池单体自动化拆解线的混合废气为研究对象,通过实验考查了碱液吸收、活性炭吸附及碱液吸收+活性炭组合工艺对拆解线混合废气的处理效果,结果显示,混合废气先经碱液吸收,再经活性炭吸附之后,出口浓度比国家排放标准限值低;当质量分数为10%的碱溶液吸收时间为2~3 s、煤质柱状活性炭接触时间为1~2 s时,恶臭物质去除率达95.0%,氟化物去除率达91.8%;整个废气处理系统具有很好的实际应用前景,经测算,装机功率小于1 k W/1 000 m3,运行成本小于1元/1 000 m3。     

两相厌氧工艺处理赖氨酸废水的试验研究

采用两相厌氧工艺(两级 UASB,Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Bed)处理模拟赖氨酸废水,实现产酸相与产气相的分离,并将硫酸盐还原作用控制在产酸阶段完成,达到去除SO42-和COD的双重目的.结果表明,一级UASB在水力停留时间(HRT)为9 h,水力负荷为0.7m3/(m2·h)时,COD及SO42-负荷分别达25.4 kg COD/(m3· d)和8.0kg SO42-/(m3·d),相应的去除率分别为47%和87%;二级UASB在HRT为10 h时,COD及SO42-的最大去除率分别为96%和95%;两相厌氧工艺总COD和SO42-去除率分别为97.2%和96.3%.     

低浓度氨气对生物滴滤塔处理硫化氢的影响研究

通过在生物滴滤塔中接种脱硫杆菌,以H2S和NH3为研究对象,选用合适的循环液喷淋量、循环液pH值以及进气中目标污染物的质量浓度,考察NH3的存在对系统净化H2S效果的影响.结果表明:当循环液喷淋量为120～ 160 mL/h,pH值为6～7.5,停留时间为34s,进气中NH3的质量浓度小于80 mg/m3,H2S的质量浓度在800～1 500 mg/m3时,进气中H2S和NH3的去除效率为99％和70％以上.说明该系统对H2S具有较好的处理能力,同时低质量浓度NH3的存在不影响生物滴滤塔对H2S的净化效果.在该生物净化装置中,H2S通过生物降解作用主要转化为SO42-,NH3则主要以(NH4 )2SO4的形式被去除.低质量浓度NH3存在时,系统无需对pH值进行调节.     

高效厌氧反应器处理啤酒废水的试验研究

在(35±1)℃条件下,采用高效厌氧反应器对青岛啤酒股份有限公司的生产废水进行处理,研究了厌氧反应器的启动和运行情况,分析了回流比、温度和上升流速等因素对反应器的影响.结果表明,厌氧反应器的容积负荷可达21 kg COD/(m3·d),COD去除率稳定在80%以上,出水挥发酸质量浓度低于350 mg/L,平均每去除1 kgCOD产生0.26 m3沼气.启动结束后,颗粒污泥的平均沉降速度由40.3 m/h提高到73.4 m/h,污泥密度由0.78 g/cm3升高至1.02 g/cm3,0.5～1.5 mm粒径的颗粒污泥占66%.同时,在25℃的运行条件下反应器的容积负荷降至9 kg COD/( m3·d),温度升高后反应器的运行可以较快得到恢复.     

典型三床RTO设备燃爆危险性数值模拟研究*

为研究苯、甲苯、二甲苯混合废气在三床蓄热式废气焚烧炉内部的燃烧过程,基于FLUENT软件建立典型的三床蓄热式废气焚烧炉的物理模型和数值模型,重点分析进气风量和混合可燃气体-空气摩尔占比对其内部压力变化规律的影响,以期可为其安全设计提供借鉴。研究结果表明:燃烧室内的温度变化与燃烧速度变化保持一致,可通过监测RTO燃烧室内的温度来定性评估气体燃烧速度,随着进气风量的增加,混合废气燃烧速度先升高后下降后再升高;从能源损耗和安全生产2个方面综合考虑,得出RTO运行的最佳进气风量为15 000 m3/h到30 000 m3/h,最佳的混合可燃气体-空气摩尔占比为0.15~0.2,这与RTO实际工况相符合,解释RTO装置内废气积聚导致爆炸事故的原因,燃烧过程中压力出现2次峰值超压,实际生产中需在2个时间节点多加防范。     

UASB反应器中温启动研究

对UASB反应器中温启动进行了研究,结果表明:在水浴加热(35 ℃)时,采用未经驯化的城市生活污水厂消化池的剩余污泥接种,通过控制适当的pH值(6.8～7.2)、碱度(＞1 000 mg/L),可以在65 d的时间里完成UASB反应器内污泥颗粒化启动,粒径1～3 mm.CODcr的去除率高达92.8%,其容积负荷达到12.8 kgCOD/(m3·d),沼气产量高达每去除1 kg COD产气0.8 m3.     

MSBR法处理焦化废水

焦化废水成分复杂,是一种较难处理的工业废水.试验采用MSBR法对其进行处理,考察了5组水力停留时问(66h,39h,28 h,20 h,17 h)下不同反应阶段(厌氧池、缺氧池、好氧池、SBR出水)对水样的处理效果.结果显示,HRT总为66h条件下.CODCr去除率为82%,效果相对最好,并且每组HRT下焦化废水中的CODCr均是在 MSBR系统前置的厌/缺氧池(A2)已得到大幅度去除.但硝化作用受到抑制,NH3-N的去除效果并不明显.     

人工湿地脱氮技术研究

对2个不同人工湿地系统进行研究,结果表明:石菖蒲人工湿地和白鹤芋人工湿地对氨氮都有较好的去除效果,其去除率保持在90%左右,而对TN的去除率则较差,只有32%-63%左右.C/N比值是影响人工湿地去除氮的主要因素,实验以7:1-8:1为最佳值;水力负荷是影响人工湿地除氮效果的另外1个关键因素,实验在0.15-0.20 m3/(m2.d)之间时获得较好的处理效果.     

油浸变压器排油注氮装置在500kV变电站的设计与应用

在分析500kV变电站主变压器消防系统的现状,比较3类消防系统优缺点的基础上,详细论述了主变排油注氮装置的结构组成、工作原理、参数计算、控制系统设计以及需要注意的事项等,为下一步排油注氮装置的推广应用打下基础.     

HAZOP结合What-if方法在某延迟焦化装置除焦中的应用

为克服传统危险与可操作性（HAZOP）定性分析方法在复杂操作、间歇作业等过程中使用的局限性,提出在传统HAZOP定性分析方法的基础上结合What-if（故障假设）方法,对人的不安全行为和操作规程不完备所导致的风险后果分析作出补充。详细说明其技术原理、工作流程等使用细节,系统阐述该方法与传统HAZOP定性分析方法的区别,并在某延迟焦化装置的除焦操作的风险分析中应用。经分析,识别出在“给水-泡焦”节点,有“操作规程错误”场景2项,“操作规程不具体”场景1项,不存在“操作人员未按操作规程执行”场景。研究结果表明:本文方法有效且具有较好效果,可以广泛应用于操作规程/作业指导书审查、作业过程隐患排查等方面,帮助企业开展操作层面的风险识别与管理,提升企业的生产安全水平。     

Nighttime pedestrian fatalities: A comprehensive examination of infrastructure,user, vehicle,and situational factors

Introduction: Pedestrian fatalities in the United States increased 45.5% between 2009 and 2017. More than 85% of those additional pedestrian fatalities occurred at night. Method: We examine Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data for fatal pedestrian crashes that occurred in the dark between 2002 and 2017. Within-variable and before/after examinations of crashes in terms of infrastructure, user, vehicle, and situational characteristics are performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-sample t-tests. We model changes in crash characteristic proportions between 2002–2009 and 2010–2017 using linear regressions and test for autocorrelation with Breusch-Godfrey tests. Results: The increase in fatal nighttime pedestrian crashes is most strongly correlated with infrastructure factors: non-intersection unmarked locations (saw 80.8% of additional fatalities); 40–45 mph roads (54.6%); five-lane roads (40.7%); urban (99.7%); and arterials (81.1%). In addition, SUVs were involved in 39.7% of additional fatalities, overrepresenting their share of the fleet. Increased pedestrian alcohol and drug involvement warrant further investigation. The age of pedestrians killed increased more (18.1%) than the national average (3.2%). Conclusions: By identifying factors related to the increase in nighttime pedestrian fatalities, this work constitutes a vital first step in making our streets safer for pedestrians. Practical Applications: More research is needed to understand the efficacy of different solutions, but this paper provides guidance for such future research. Engineering solutions such as road diets or traffic calming may be used to improve identified infrastructure issues by reducing vehicle speeds and road widths. Rethinking vehicle design, especially high front profiles, may improve vehicle issues. However, the problems giving rise to these pedestrian fatalities are likely a result of not only engineering issues but also interrelated social and political factors. Solutions may be correspondingly comprehensive, employing non-linear, systems-based approaches such as Safe Systems.     

潞安矿区煤层渗透率的各向异性特征实验研究

为了研究原位煤体渗透性的各向异性特征,以山西潞安常村矿3号煤层圆柱试样为对象,利用TCQT-Ⅲ型低渗煤层气相驱替增产试验装置,对煤样进行加载,并以氮气注入压力2.0 MPa的条件下,分析垂直层理和平行层理2个方向的煤体变形和渗透率变化特征。实验结果表明:煤样在加载过程中,平行和垂直层理煤样渗透率均随着有效应力的增大而减小,平行层理方向的渗透率始终大于垂直层理方向,应力加载初期渗透率急剧下降,最后逐渐趋于平缓;径向应变的增加量与渗透率呈正相关性,且平行层理相关性大于垂直层理;沿平行层理方向的裂隙度大于沿垂直层理方向,沿垂直层理方向的应变量大于沿平行层理方向;应变增加量均随有效应力的增加而逐渐减小。研究结果可为煤层井网布置及优化提供参考。     

森林地表火蔓延模拟方法及其计算机实现

进行了森林火蔓延的研究,对传统的经验公式和模型进行改进,明显发现改进的模型有更好的结果,用计算机巧妙准确地实现了模拟模型,在风力不是特别大,地形变化不是特别剧烈时,该模型有较高精度;并结合火蔓延的主要因素（气象因子、气候、地形等）,进行系统分析,写出算地,编制实现地表火蔓延的预测预报计算机系统软件。这对于有效的组织扑救、减少火灾损失、计算森林火灾的损失评估有重要意义。     

Footedness and Mounting—Short Review and Two Case Studies

Footedness is a personal quality like handedness. Footedness may be associated with moving ability during mounting, dismounting, and jumping movements. Occupational accidents have occurred during movement at different working levels, during the use of access and exit systems, and during the mounting of vehicles. Aging can also affect accident risk and body laterality. For example, falling accidents on stairs are common among the elderly. One reason for accidents may be that the structure of the access system or stair system is unsuitable for individual moving patterns depending partly on body laterality. Footedness and the way the feet are used may be contradictory to the demands of the moving situation, especially during uncommon or rapid situations. This contradiction may trigger disturbance during moving. The aims of this pilot study were (a) to review the literature briefly and (b) to describe the use of the dominant and nondominant foot by farmers and the elderly when mounting a tractor and stairs, respectively. The study also gives ideas for future studies based on both (a) and (b).     

AHP与GA-SVM耦合模型在滑坡预警中的应用*

为了减少滑坡造成的损失,提高滑坡预测的准确性,通过搭建灾害模拟平台获得滑坡的实验数据,在获得多组模拟实验数据后,分析各变量的特性。首先,通过层次分析(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)算法,对滑坡进行危险度划分;然后,通过支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)建立模型,遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)再优化SVM参数,提出1种层次分析法与GA-SVM相耦合的模型。研究结果表明:AHP方法划分后的数据,通过GA与SVM结合建立的模型精度较好,实验预测结果与实际结果较为吻合,与单一SVM相比,精度更高,结果更好,更加适用于多变量的复杂非线性滑坡预警。     

Debunking the false dichotomy of leadership idealism and pragmatism: Critical evaluation and support of newer genre leadership theories

Leadership theories have shifted over the last few decades from a focus on managerial functions and economic leader–follower exchanges toward greater focus on the interpersonal dynamics occurring within the leadership process. Theories such as transformational, ethical, authentic, and other “newer genre” theories were created to address neglected topics such as leader vision and inspirational messages, transparency, emotional effects, morality, individualized attention, and intellectual stimulation. Critiques of these theories, however, have been raised. In this paper, we address five of those critiques and argue for the validity and practical effectiveness of the new genre theories. Further, we describe how newer genre leadership research should be viewed as a performative epistemology, entailing a process of co‐creation involving scholars and practitioners. Finally, from this view, we provide general ideas for leader development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Occupational Safety and Health in Finland

In Finland, occupational safety is the responsibility of the employer, while the occupational safety and health laws are enforced by the Labour Inspection Service, an organization of the state. The Labour Inspection is divided in 11 administrative districts, and it employs 360 professionals. They are mandated to carry out site visits without prearranged appointments to inspect safe work situations, working hours, construction safety, or any aspect of accident risks. The inspectors are also mandated to verify the existence of sufficient occupational health services as prescribed by the Occupational Health Services Act for all employees. The occupational health services are typically provided by enterprise-owned medical departments, by mutually owned health care centers, by private practitioners, or by municipal health care centers. The latter are required by law to provide all services as prescribed by the legislation to anyone who comes to the facility. This situation is prevalent in the countryside, where there are very few private caregiving centers. Declaring occupational accidents and disease cases is mandatory, and the Inspection districts examine all accidents to establish causes and consequences, and to initiate prosecution in case of criminal negligence. Labour Inspection Districts are also notified of the new occupational disease cases as they are declared to insurance companies. Insurance for occupational disease, accidents, and death is an obligation of the employer, although they can choose the insurance company. The medical confidentiality between the workers and their occupational health care providers is very strict. Official statistics are maintained by the state Statistics Finland organization, and they may be used, for example, for research purposes by scientific institutes like the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Construction industry accounts for 25% of all fatal accidents (120 cases per 1 million working hours), followed by mechanical, wood, metal, machinery, and pulp and paper industry (10% each of fatal accidents) with rates ranging from 100–160 cases per 1 million working hours. There are some 5,000 occupational disease cases per year (rate 22/10,000 employed). The major disease categories include repetitive strain injuries (1,300 cases), respiratory allergies (600 cases), occupational skin diseases (1,000 cases), and 900 cases of noise-caused hearing loss. In 1998, 589 cases of asbestos-related diseases were reported.     

公路隧道火灾逃生疏散研究

以苍岭隧道为背景,首先采用经验计算理论和计算软件building EXODUS相结合的方式,从被困人员的安全疏散时间、高温烟气的影响、隧道横通道的利用率以及人员的疏散行为特性进行了研究。结果表明:中小规模火灾情况下的安全疏散时间控制在8 min之内,高温烟气影响不大,但横通道的利用率不平均,且人员疏散路线相对集中。然后对存在的逃生疏散问题提出针对性建议以及其他相关建议,旨在为更大程度降低事故的严重性和经济财产损失。