耐盐性毒死蜱降解混合菌的构建及其降解特性

为明确蜡状芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)混合菌株对毒死蜱的降解效果,采用正交实验的方法构建混合菌。以混合菌对毒死蜱的降解率和菌株的生长量为依据,利用单一因素实验考察了不同因素对混合菌降解毒死蜱的影响。结果表明:构建的混合菌中三菌株的体积比为1∶1∶3。在含80 mg/L毒死蜱的反应体系中,最适接菌量为8%(V/V),最适pH为7。在实验浓度下,混合菌对毒死蜱的降解符合一级动力学方程。混合菌对盐分有较高的耐受度,当反应液中氯化钠浓度在20～100 g/L之间时,混合菌对80 mg/L毒死蜱的降解率最高达61%。     

萘降解菌的分离鉴定、生长特性和降解途径探究

从天津大港油田附近污染土壤中分离出1株萘降解菌株DGN9,经形态学和16S rDNA测序鉴定,该菌株属于无色杆菌(Achromobacter sp.)。其最适生长温度为30℃,最适pH为7,最适萘初始质量浓度为1 000mg/L,在NaCl质量分数为1%、2%的条件下生长良好,具有一定的耐盐性。其对萘的可能降解途径为水杨酸降解途径。同时,该菌株对蒽、菲、芘、联苯、对苯二甲酸、邻苯二酚、苯酚、苯甲酸钠、水杨酸、邻苯二甲酸等底物也有降解作用,具有底物生长广谱性。     

1，4-二氯苯降解菌的分离及其降解特性研究

从某污水处理曝气池的活性污泥中分离出一株能够以1,4-二氯苯为唯一碳源和能源生长的菌株DEB-1,通过形态特征和生理生化试验初步鉴定为黄杆菌属（Flavobacterium sp.）。实验结果表明,该菌株最适降解温度为32℃、最适降解pH为7.8,24 h对100 mg/L的1,4-二氯苯的降解率达94.5%。菌株DEB-1的降解谱较广,对5种氯苯类物质具有较高的降解率。并进一步研究了DEB-1的1,4-二氯苯降解酶粗酶液的性质,其最适反应温度和pH分别为30℃和8.5。对处理含氯代芳香化合物的有机废水具有一定的意义。     

一株木材腐朽菌及其粗酶液对七氯的降解

Phlebia acanthocystis TMIC34875是一株具有七氯降解能力的木材腐朽菌。为利用微生物技术去除环境中的七氯残留提供理论依据,研究了该菌株及其粗酶液对七氯的降解性能及其动力学特性。结果表明,菌株在七氯的初始浓度为50μmol/L时具有最大降解速率,为0.3031μmol/（L·h）;而菌体接种量为15%时,降解速率达到最高,为0.2045μmol/（L·h）。降解酶定位研究表明,七氯的降解主要是胞内酶在起作用。七氯胞内酶降解的酶促反应最适温度是35℃,在30-40℃之间有较高的催化活性;最适pH值为5.0,在pH 4.5-6.0之间有较高的催化活性,最适条件下反应1 h后七氯的降解率为65%。胞内粗酶液降解七氯的米氏常数K m为5.42μmol/L,最大反应速率V max为4.55μmol/min。胞内酶处理体系的GC/MS图谱显示,主要降解产物为1-羟基六氯、1-羟基-2,3-环氧六氯和环氧七氯,表明胞内酶对七氯的初始代谢机理同菌株相似,均是通过环氧化和置换反应来完成的。     

一株DBP高效降解菌的分离、鉴定与降解性能

从镇江某垃圾站污染土壤中分离出1株能够以邻苯二甲酸二丁酯为唯一碳源和能源生长的细菌高效降解菌TM。经形态观察、生化鉴定、16S rRNA序列及系统发育分析,鉴定该菌株为变形假单胞菌(Pseudomonas plecoglossicida)。采用正交实验和单因素对照实验对这株菌株的降解条件进行优化,确定其最适生长条件为:温度30℃,pH=7.0。在最适降解条件下,其在72 h内对400 mg/L DBP降解率达到88.56%,为邻苯二甲酸二丁酯的高效降解菌。底物广谱性实验表明,该菌株邻苯二甲酸二辛脂(DOP)、邻苯二甲酸(2-乙基已基)酯(DEHP)都具有良好的降解能力,表明其具备良好的底物广谱性,说明该菌株在处理邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物的污染治理中有独特的应用潜力。     

一株耐铬不动杆菌对十二烷基硫酸钠的降解特性

研究醋酸钙不动杆菌H1的降解广谱性时,发现其能在高浓度十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)环境中生长。经过对菌株H1降解特性研究,结果表明,该菌利用SDS的最适温度为30℃,最适pH为7.0,最适接种量为2%,并适应低渗透压环境。当SDS浓度低于400 mg/L时,菌株H1对SDS的降解率在85%以上,且在SDS浓度为400 mg/L时,达到最大降解率94%。当K2Cr2O7为500 mg/L时,菌株H1对SDS的降解率仍达到50%左右。添加酵母浸出物可促进SDS的降解。     

麦芽糖假丝酵母降解苯酚和4-氯酚的特性

考察麦芽糖假丝酵母对单底物4-氯酚的降解特性,研究苯酚与4-氯酚在双底物降解体系中的相互作用,并对比分析该菌株对苯酚和4-氯酚的降解能力。研究发现,麦芽糖假丝酵母能以4-氯酚为唯一碳源和能源,可在93 h内降解350 mg/L 4-氯酚,其降解4-氯酚的能力低于苯酚。酶活分析表明,4-氯酚降解遵循邻位裂解途径。细胞生长动力学过程符合Haldane方程,动力学参数为:μmax=0.252 h-1,Ks=33.58 mg/L,Ki=147.44 mg/L,相关系数R2=0.99。在苯酚/4-氯酚双底物降解体系中,较低浓度苯酚(200~400 mg/L)可以促进4-氯酚的降解,而较高浓度苯酚会产生抑制作用,当苯酚初始浓度为300 mg/L时,4-氯酚降解速率最大;4-氯酚的存在会抑制苯酚的降解。采用Abuhamed等人提出的动力学方程可以准确描述苯酚/4-氯酚双底物降解体系中细胞生长过程,得到两物质之间的相互抑制参数: I1,2=1.71,I2,1=3.25,相关系数R2=0.93。     

副球菌BW001的生理特性及其对吡啶的降解

从武钢焦化厂废水处理系统的活性污泥中筛选出1株吡啶高效降解菌BW001,经菌株生理特性研究和16S rRNA序列测定,其属于副球菌(Paracoccus sp.).BW001为革兰氏阴性,具有固氮作用,对头孢、卡那霉素和利福平具有抗性.用SDS碱裂解法从该菌株中提取到1个小质粒和2个大质粒,其中2个大质粒可被限制性内切酶EcoR Ⅰ,BamH Ⅰ、Hind Ⅲ单酶切.以吡啶为唯一碳、氮源,在投菌量为0.03 g/L、吡啶初始质量浓度为493.4 mg/L、温度为30℃、pH为6.5的条件下,BW001可在33.0 h内将吡啶完全降解,降解速率为16.16 g/(L·h),吡啶中50%～60%的氮转化为NH4 ,高浓度吡啶对BW001产生一定抑制,但菌株在适应后,对吡啶的降解速率更高;降解吡啶最适温度为30～35℃,最适pH为8.0.     

苯胺降解菌的分离和降解特性研究

通过驯化富集培养,从白洋淀底泥中分离筛选出数株能够有效降解苯胺的菌株,经过反复筛选,得到一株能够以苯胺为唯一碳源、高效降解苯胺的菌株BA-1-3.其利用苯胺的最适pH值为7.0,最适温度为30℃,在苯胺浓度为1000 mg/L,180 r/min条件下振荡培养60 h,降解率达到80%以上.经鉴定,菌株BA-1-3属苍白杆菌属(Ochrobactrumsp.).     

甲醛降解菌的筛选及降解特性研究

从采集活性污泥中筛选得到1株具有高效降解甲醛能力的菌株并命名为JQ-1,根据其形态特征,初步判断菌株JQ-1属假单胞菌属。同时对菌株JQ-1的生长特性及降解特性进行了初步研究。实验结果表明,该菌株降解甲醛的最适条件为：甲醛废水浓度为50mg／L,pH值为6,培养温度为25℃,摇床转速为150r／min。在最适条件下,菌株JQ-1具有较强的降解甲醛能力,当甲醛废水浓度为50mg／L时,在24h内甲醛降解率可达87％以上。     

Sorption and desorption of Cu and Cd by macroalgae and microalgae

The sorption and desorption of Cu and Cd by two species of brown macroalgae and five species of microalgae were studied. The two brown macroalgae, Laminaria japonica and Sargassum kjellmanianum, were found to have high capacities at pHs between 4.0 and 5.0 while for microalgae, optimum pH lay at 6.7. The presence of other cations in solution was found to reduce the sorption of the target cation, suggesting a competition for sorption sites on organisms. Sorption isotherms obeyed the Freundlich equation, suggesting involvement of a multiplicity of mechanisms and sorption sites. For the microalgae tested, Spirulina platensis had the highest capacity for Cd, followed by Nannochloropsis oculata, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Platymonas cordifolia and Chaetoceros minutissimus. The reversibility of metal sorption by macroalgae was examined and the results show that both HCl and EDTA solutions were very effective in desorbing sorbed metal ions from macroalgae, with up to 99.5% of metals being recovered. The regenerated biomass showed undiminished sorption performance for the two metals studied, suggesting the potential of such material for use in water and wastewater treatment.     

Kinetic and structural relationships of transition monomeric and oligomeric carboxyl- and choline-esterases

The kinetic and structural relationships of eight electrophoretically pure mammalian serum and liver serine carboxylesterases (CE) and cholinesterases (ChE) have been studied. Eight CE's and ChE's, which were fully resolved but only partially purified, provided additional information. Five of the electrophoretically pure esterases were monomeric, and of these, four belonged to a new and widely distributed class. These four monomeric esterases hydrolyzed choline esters, but at widely differing rates. Thus two were termed monomeric butyrylcholinesterases, mBuChE I and II, and two were monomeric CE's (mCE). The rabbit liver mCE was not a subunit of the oligomeric CE (oCE), although the oCE also hydrolyzed choline esters at a very low rate. The complex kinetics of the mCE's, mBuChE's, oCE's, and of the oligomeric BuChE's of horse and human serum could be interpreted according to a single reaction scheme involving an allosteric site and the equation derived from it. Thus activation and inhibition at high substrate concentrations, together with sigmoidal activity versus substrate concentration plots, all of which characterize the reactions of these esterases, could be interpreted by a single scheme and equation. Structural and kinetic comparisons showed a progressive transition of properties from the oCE's through the mCE's to the oBuChE's. One of the purified mCE's was from horse serum, and it exhibited physical and kinetic properties unlike those of the liver mCE's or oCE's.     

Persistence and dissipation kinetics of trifloxystrobin and tebuconazole in onion and soil

The persistence and dissipation kinetics of trifloxystrobin and tebuconazole on onion were studied after application of their combination formulation at a standard and double dose of 75 + 150 and 150 + 300 g a.i. ha^?1. The fungicides were extracted with acetone, cleaned-up using activated charcoal (trifloxystrobin) and neutral alumina (tebuconazole). Analysis was carried out by gas chromatograph (GC) and confirmed by gas chromatograph mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The recovery was above 80% and limit of quantification (LOQ) 0.05 mg kg^?1 for both fungicides. Initial residue deposits of trifloxystrobin were 0.68 and 1.01 mg kg^?1 and tebuconazole 0.673 and 1.95 mg kg^?1 from standard and double dose treatments, respectively. Dissipation of the fungicides followed first-order kinetics and the half life of degradation was 6–6.6 days. Matured onion bulb (and field soil) harvested after 30 days was free from fungicide residues. These findings suggest recommended safe pre-harvest interval (PHI) of 14 and 25 days for spring onion consumption after treatment of Nativo 75 WG at the standard and double doses, respectively. Matured onion bulbs at harvest were free from fungicide residues.     

Sorption and Desorption Behavior of Chloroanilines and Chlorophenols on Montmorillonite and Kaolinite

The bioavailability of pollutants, pesticides and/or their degradation products in soil depends on the strength of their sorption by the different soil components, particularly by the clay minerals. This study reports the sorption-desorption behavior of the environmentally hazardous industrial pollutants and certain pesticides degradation products, 3-chloroaniline, 3,4-dichloroaniline, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline, 4-chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol on the reference clays kaolinite KGa-1 and Na-montmorillonite SWy-l. In batch studies, 2.0 g of clay were equilibrated with 100.0 mL solutions of each chemical at concentrations ranging from 10.0 to 200.0 mg/L. The uptake of the compounds was deduced from the results of HPLC-UV-Vis analysis. The lipophilic species were best retained by both clay materials. The most lipophilic chemical used in the study, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline, was also the most strongly retained, with sorption of up to 8 mg/g. In desorption experiments, which also relied on HPLC-UV-Vis technique, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline was the least desorbed from montmorillonite. However, on kaolinite all of the compounds under study were irreversibly retained. The experimental data have been modelled according to the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. A hypothesis is proposed concerning the sorption mechanism and potential applications of the findings in remediation strategies have been suggested.     

Sorption and desorption behavior of chloroanilines and chlorophenols on montmorillonite and kaolinite

The bioavailability of pollutants, pesticides and/or their degradation products in soil depends on the strength of their sorption by the different soil components, particularly by the clay minerals. This study reports the sorption-desorption behavior of the environmentally hazardous industrial pollutants and certain pesticides degradation products, 3-chloroaniline, 3,4-dichloroaniline, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline, 4-chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol on the reference clays kaolinite KGa-1 and Na-montmorillonite SWy-l. In batch studies, 2.0 g of clay were equilibrated with 100.0 mL solutions of each chemical at concentrations ranging from 10.0 to 200.0 mg/L. The uptake of the compounds was deduced from the results of HPLC-UV-Vis analysis. The lipophilic species were best retained by both clay materials. The most lipophilic chemical used in the study, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline, was also the most strongly retained, with sorption of up to 8 mg/g. In desorption experiments, which also relied on HPLC-UV-Vis technique, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline was the least desorbed from montmorillonite. However, on kaolinite all of the compounds under study were irreversibly retained. The experimental data have been modelled according to the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. A hypothesis is proposed concerning the sorption mechanism and potential applications of the findings in remediation strategies have been suggested.     

Bacterial and archaeal diversity in oil fields and reservoirs and their potential role in hydrocarbon recovery and bioprospecting

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Hydrocarbon is a primary source of energy in the current urbanized society. Considering the increasing demand, worldwide oil productions are declining...     

畜禽养殖业污染与循环经济

解决畜禽养殖业的污染问题要以充分利用资源为根本出发点，通过对污染全过程控制及废物综合利用，达到畜禽粪便的减量化、无害化、资源化，走循环经济的发展道路。     

Isocyanatocyclohexane and isothiocyanatocyclohexane levels in urban and industrial areas and possible emission-related activities

Isocyanatocyclohexane and isothiocyanatocyclohexane are becoming relevant compounds in urban and industrial air, as they are used in important amounts in automobile industry and building insulation, as well as in the manufacture of foams, rubber, paints and varnishes. Glass multi-sorbent tubes (Carbotrap, Carbopack, Carboxen) were connected to LCMA-UPC pump samplers for the retention of iso- and isothiocyanatocyclohexanes. The analysis was performed by automatic thermal desorption (ATD) coupled with capillary gas chromatography (GC)/mass spectrometry detector (MSD). TD-GC/MS was chosen as analytical method due to its versatility and the possibility of analysis of a wide range of volatility and polarity VOC in air samples. The method was satisfactory sensitive, selective and reproducible for the studied compounds. The concentrations of iso- and isothioisocyanatocyclohexanes were evaluated in different urban, residential and industrial locations from extensive VOC air quality and odour episode studies in several cities in the Northeastern edge of Spain. Around 200–300 VOC were determined qualitatively in each sample. Higher values of iso- and isothiocyanatocyclohexane were found in industrial areas than in urban or residential locations. The concentrations ranged between n.d.−246 and n.d.−29 μg m⁻³ for isocyanatocyclohexane and isothiocyanatocyclohexane, respectively, for industrial areas. On the other hand, urban and residential locations showed concentrations ranging between n.d.−164 and n.d.−29 μg m⁻³ for isocyanatocyclohexane and isothiocyanatocyclohexane, respectively. The site location (urban or industrial), the kind and nearness of possible iso- and isothiocyanatocyclohexane emission activities (industrial or building construction) and the changes of wind regimes throughout the year have been found the most important factors influencing the concentrations of these compounds in the different places.     

Degradation in soil and water and ecotoxicity of rimsulfuron and its metabolites.

The degradation and ecotoxicity of sulfonylurea herbicide rimsulfuron and its major metabolites were examined in batch samples of an alluvial sandy loam and in freshwater. An HPLC-DAD method was adapted to simultaneously identify and quantify rimsulfuron and its metabolites, which was successfully validated by GC-MS analysis. In aqueous solutions, pure rimsulfuron was rapidly hydrolyzed into metabolite 1 (N-(4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl)-N-(3-(ethylsulfonyl)-2-pyridinylurea)), which itself was transformed into the more stable metabolite 2 (N-((3-(ethylsulfonyl)-2-pyridinyl)-4,6-dimethoxy-2-pyrimidineamine)), with half-life (t(1/2)) values of 2 and 2.5 days, respectively. Hydrolysis was instantaneous under alkaline conditions (pH = 10). In aqueous suspensions of the alluvial soil (pH = 8), formulated rimsulfuron had a half-life of 7 days, whereas that of metabolite 1 was similar to that in water (about 3.5 days). The degradation of the two major metabolites was also studied in soil suspensions with the pure compounds at concentrations ranging from 1 to 10 mg l(-1). The half-life of metabolite 1 ranged from 3.9 to 5 days, close to the previous values. Metabolite 2 was more persistent and its degradation is strongly dependent on the initial concentration (C0): half-life values ranged from 8.1 to 55 days at 2-10 mg l(-1), respectively. These values are higher than those determined from the kinetics of metabolite 1 transformation into metabolite 2 (t(1/2) = 8-19 days). The ecotoxicity of the three chemicals was evaluated through their effect on Daphnia magna and Vibrio fischeri (Microtox bioassay). No effect was observed on D. magna with 24 and 48 h acute toxicity tests. Similarly, no toxic effect was observed with the Microtox test for the three chemicals in the range of concentrations tested that included the field application dose. Thus, being of low persistence and lacking acute toxicity, these chemicals present a low environmental risk. However, chronic effects should be studied in order to confirm the safety of rimsulfuron and its major metabolites.