二氧化碳储存技术的研究现状和展望

为了减少因温室效应造成的危害,必须大量减少CO2的人为排放.将化石燃料燃烧产生的CO2进行储存(尤其是地下储存)能够长期、有效地阻止大气中CO2浓度的增加.通过对CO2储存技术研究现状的介绍,对中国今后开展CO2地下储存技术提出了建议和研究方向.     

从空气中捕集CO_2的研究现状

从空气中捕集CO2是一项有前途的新CO2减排技术,具有传统CO2减排技术所没有的多项优势。文中首先介绍了从空气中捕集CO2的意义、可行性、吸收剂选择和捕集器设计原则;然后介绍了最新的原型设计及成本预计;最后讨论了该技术的现存问题和对其他技术的启发。     

多循环CCRs法在分离燃煤锅炉尾部烟气中CO2方面的应用

随着温室效应和全球变暖的加剧,煤燃烧所排出的CO2作为引起温室效应的主要气体而引起人们的密切关注.由于燃煤锅炉所排放的尾气中所含的CO2的体积份额低、排放量大,而且处于微负压状态,因此目前控制和分离吸收CO2的方法,包括各类吸收法、吸附法、膜分离法和O2/CO2燃烧技术等,能够经济可行地适用于电力工业燃煤锅炉尾部烟气中CO2分离的方法非常少.与上述各类方法相比,钙基吸收剂CCRs(calcination/carbonation reactions)法是一种新兴的经济可行的分离燃煤锅炉尾部烟气中CO2的方法.对采用该法时,吸收剂的选择、吸收剂在多次CCRs过程中结构特点的变化、提高吸收剂对CO2的吸收容量以及防止吸收剂反应性的衰减等方面进行了详细的阐述.     

多循环CCRs法在分离燃煤锅炉尾部烟气中CO2方面的应用

随着温室效应和全球变暖的加剧，煤燃烧所排出的CO2作为引起温室效应的主要气体而引起人们的密切关注。由于燃煤锅炉所排放的尾气中所含的CO2的体积份额低、排放量大，而且处于微负压状态，因此目前控制和分离吸收CO2的方法，包括各类吸收法、吸附法、膜分离法和O2／CO2燃烧技术等，能够经济可行地适用于电力工业燃煤锅炉尾部烟气中CO2分离的方法非常少。与上述各类方法相比，钙基吸收剂CCRs（calcination／carbonation reactions）法是一种新兴的经济可行的分离燃煤锅炉尾部烟气中CO2的方法。对采用该法时，吸收剂的选择、吸收剂在多次CCRs过程中结构特点的变化、提高吸收剂对CO2的吸收容量以及防止吸收剂反应性的衰减等方面进行了详细的阐述。     

中国合成氨工业CO2排放现状及点源分布特征分析

控制CO2的排放已成为当前人类面临的重大问题,而对合成氨工业实施节能减排是实现中国CO2减排目标的重要手段之一.在对中国合成氨企业的产能、产量数据进行调研的基础上,对合成氨工业的CO2排放现状和点源分布进行了分析,并对中国合成氨工业CO2封存与捕获的前景进行了探讨.     

TG-FTIR研究生物质成型燃料热解与燃烧特性

利用热重-红外联用分析仪(TG-FTIR)研究了生物质成型燃料(玉米秸杆)的热解和燃烧特性。结果表明,热解和燃烧反应过程均可分为3个阶段:干燥脱气(100~200℃)、挥发分反应(200~400℃)与碳化反应(400~1 000℃)。热解和燃烧主要失重阶段(200~400℃),燃烧反应速率总体上大于热解反应速率。利用Coats-Redfern方法对玉米秸杆的主要失重阶段进行动力学分析发现,热解和燃烧的反应过程符合一级反应模型;在主要失重阶段(200~400℃),热解和燃烧所需的活化能相差不大。FTIR分析表明,热解的气相产物主要分为轻质类气体(H2O、CO2、CO、CH4、HCl、NH3和HCN)和焦油类(酸类和酚类)物质,而燃烧的气相产物主要以CO2和H2O析出为主。     

流化床中煤与稻秆混烧污染物排放特性

在自主设计的流化床上开展煤与稻秆混烧的实验。通过对燃烧过程中烟气成分及飞灰含碳量的分析,研究了质量掺混比、燃烧温度、流化风速及二次风率对混烧的影响。实验结果表明,掺混稻秆有效改善了煤的燃烧特性,随着质量掺混比的增加,NO_x、SO_2及CO的排放浓度降低,飞灰含碳量降低。当掺混比由0%增加至30%、温度为850℃时,NO_x排放浓度由506.25 mg·m-3降低至404.33 mg·m~(-3),SO_2排放浓度由762.86 mg·m~(-3)降低至522.86 mg·m~(-3)。随着燃烧温度的增加,NO_x与SO_2排放浓度增加,而CO排放浓度和飞灰含碳量降低。随着流化速度的增加,NO_x与SO_2排放浓度增加,CO排放浓度和飞灰含碳量先降低后增加,并分别在流化速度0.234 m·s~(-1)和0.26 m·s~(-1)时达到最低。随着二次风率的增加,SO_2排放浓度与飞灰含碳量降低,NO_x排放浓度与CO排放浓度先减小后增加,均在20%二次风率时达到最低。     

CO2捕集回收技术研究

主要介绍了常用的胺化合物吸收法、钙基吸收剂法、金属氧化物法等CO2捕集回收技术的最新研究进展及存在的问题,综合对比了各种方法的优缺点:胺化合物吸收法吸收速率快,但再生能耗较高,因此开发"高效低耗"的复合吸收剂成为研究的重点;钙基吸收剂法在高温环境下对CO2的吸收有较好的效果,但吸收剂的碳酸化转化率及热稳定性是有待解决的关键问题;金属氧化物法具有高的CO2吸收效率,但成本较高.在此基础上,探索了CO2捕集回收技术改进工艺,提出改善吸收剂性能、开发高效低耗的CO2选择性吸收剂将成为今后CO2捕集回收技术的研究方向.     

循环流化床锅炉燃烧城市生活垃圾的研究进展

城市生活垃圾(MSW)产量的与日俱增及环保要求的不断提高,使循环流化床(CFB)燃烧技术逐渐在MSW的回收和利用方面扮演越来越重要的角色.简要分析了国内外采用分类回收及综合利用、卫生填埋、堆肥和一般焚烧方法处理MSW的不足之处以及采用CFB燃烧技术的优越性,重点介绍了国内外采用CFB燃烧装置焚烧MSW的研究和应用现状,指出了目前存在的问题及努力的方向.采用CFB燃烧装置焚烧MSW关于SO2、NOx、CO排放的实验研究和运行结果令人满意,但对HCl、二恶英及重金属排放还需要进一步研究.试验及实际运行结果都表明,采用CFB燃烧装置对MSW进行焚烧处理是切实可行的,它将是未来解决MSW问题的重要手段.     

生物质能利用技术控制污染物排放的作用

化石燃料燃烧利用过程中排放的大量毒害气体和CO2对生态环境造成重大危害,由此产生的环境问题越来越引起世界各国的关注,相应的控制排放技术不断发展,其中生物质能利用由于其CO2零排放成为最有发展潜力的技术之一.采用LCA方法,选择生物质气化联合循环发电、生物质热裂解发电、生物质与煤混烧发电3种方案与燃煤发电进行了对比,分析生物质利用过程减排温室气体CO2、毒性气体(SOX、NOX)的作用.结果表明,在生产1 kW*h电能的生命周期中,3种生物质发电方案的CO2排放量远远小于燃煤发电,特别是生物质气化联合循环发电和生物质热裂解发电两种方案减排CO2达到了87%～94%.由于生物质低硫和低氮特性,该两种方案中NOX和SOX的减排量也非常显著,即使是生物质与煤按1∶9(质量比)混燃都可以达到25.2%和8.9%的减排效果.综合而言,生物质能的利用,不论是气化、热解或者共燃都是减排CO2、NOX和SOX有效措施.     

Sorption and desorption of Cu and Cd by macroalgae and microalgae

The sorption and desorption of Cu and Cd by two species of brown macroalgae and five species of microalgae were studied. The two brown macroalgae, Laminaria japonica and Sargassum kjellmanianum, were found to have high capacities at pHs between 4.0 and 5.0 while for microalgae, optimum pH lay at 6.7. The presence of other cations in solution was found to reduce the sorption of the target cation, suggesting a competition for sorption sites on organisms. Sorption isotherms obeyed the Freundlich equation, suggesting involvement of a multiplicity of mechanisms and sorption sites. For the microalgae tested, Spirulina platensis had the highest capacity for Cd, followed by Nannochloropsis oculata, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Platymonas cordifolia and Chaetoceros minutissimus. The reversibility of metal sorption by macroalgae was examined and the results show that both HCl and EDTA solutions were very effective in desorbing sorbed metal ions from macroalgae, with up to 99.5% of metals being recovered. The regenerated biomass showed undiminished sorption performance for the two metals studied, suggesting the potential of such material for use in water and wastewater treatment.     

Kinetic and structural relationships of transition monomeric and oligomeric carboxyl- and choline-esterases

The kinetic and structural relationships of eight electrophoretically pure mammalian serum and liver serine carboxylesterases (CE) and cholinesterases (ChE) have been studied. Eight CE's and ChE's, which were fully resolved but only partially purified, provided additional information. Five of the electrophoretically pure esterases were monomeric, and of these, four belonged to a new and widely distributed class. These four monomeric esterases hydrolyzed choline esters, but at widely differing rates. Thus two were termed monomeric butyrylcholinesterases, mBuChE I and II, and two were monomeric CE's (mCE). The rabbit liver mCE was not a subunit of the oligomeric CE (oCE), although the oCE also hydrolyzed choline esters at a very low rate. The complex kinetics of the mCE's, mBuChE's, oCE's, and of the oligomeric BuChE's of horse and human serum could be interpreted according to a single reaction scheme involving an allosteric site and the equation derived from it. Thus activation and inhibition at high substrate concentrations, together with sigmoidal activity versus substrate concentration plots, all of which characterize the reactions of these esterases, could be interpreted by a single scheme and equation. Structural and kinetic comparisons showed a progressive transition of properties from the oCE's through the mCE's to the oBuChE's. One of the purified mCE's was from horse serum, and it exhibited physical and kinetic properties unlike those of the liver mCE's or oCE's.     

Persistence and dissipation kinetics of trifloxystrobin and tebuconazole in onion and soil

The persistence and dissipation kinetics of trifloxystrobin and tebuconazole on onion were studied after application of their combination formulation at a standard and double dose of 75 + 150 and 150 + 300 g a.i. ha^?1. The fungicides were extracted with acetone, cleaned-up using activated charcoal (trifloxystrobin) and neutral alumina (tebuconazole). Analysis was carried out by gas chromatograph (GC) and confirmed by gas chromatograph mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The recovery was above 80% and limit of quantification (LOQ) 0.05 mg kg^?1 for both fungicides. Initial residue deposits of trifloxystrobin were 0.68 and 1.01 mg kg^?1 and tebuconazole 0.673 and 1.95 mg kg^?1 from standard and double dose treatments, respectively. Dissipation of the fungicides followed first-order kinetics and the half life of degradation was 6–6.6 days. Matured onion bulb (and field soil) harvested after 30 days was free from fungicide residues. These findings suggest recommended safe pre-harvest interval (PHI) of 14 and 25 days for spring onion consumption after treatment of Nativo 75 WG at the standard and double doses, respectively. Matured onion bulbs at harvest were free from fungicide residues.     

Sorption and Desorption Behavior of Chloroanilines and Chlorophenols on Montmorillonite and Kaolinite

The bioavailability of pollutants, pesticides and/or their degradation products in soil depends on the strength of their sorption by the different soil components, particularly by the clay minerals. This study reports the sorption-desorption behavior of the environmentally hazardous industrial pollutants and certain pesticides degradation products, 3-chloroaniline, 3,4-dichloroaniline, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline, 4-chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol on the reference clays kaolinite KGa-1 and Na-montmorillonite SWy-l. In batch studies, 2.0 g of clay were equilibrated with 100.0 mL solutions of each chemical at concentrations ranging from 10.0 to 200.0 mg/L. The uptake of the compounds was deduced from the results of HPLC-UV-Vis analysis. The lipophilic species were best retained by both clay materials. The most lipophilic chemical used in the study, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline, was also the most strongly retained, with sorption of up to 8 mg/g. In desorption experiments, which also relied on HPLC-UV-Vis technique, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline was the least desorbed from montmorillonite. However, on kaolinite all of the compounds under study were irreversibly retained. The experimental data have been modelled according to the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. A hypothesis is proposed concerning the sorption mechanism and potential applications of the findings in remediation strategies have been suggested.     

Sorption and desorption behavior of chloroanilines and chlorophenols on montmorillonite and kaolinite

The bioavailability of pollutants, pesticides and/or their degradation products in soil depends on the strength of their sorption by the different soil components, particularly by the clay minerals. This study reports the sorption-desorption behavior of the environmentally hazardous industrial pollutants and certain pesticides degradation products, 3-chloroaniline, 3,4-dichloroaniline, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline, 4-chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol on the reference clays kaolinite KGa-1 and Na-montmorillonite SWy-l. In batch studies, 2.0 g of clay were equilibrated with 100.0 mL solutions of each chemical at concentrations ranging from 10.0 to 200.0 mg/L. The uptake of the compounds was deduced from the results of HPLC-UV-Vis analysis. The lipophilic species were best retained by both clay materials. The most lipophilic chemical used in the study, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline, was also the most strongly retained, with sorption of up to 8 mg/g. In desorption experiments, which also relied on HPLC-UV-Vis technique, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline was the least desorbed from montmorillonite. However, on kaolinite all of the compounds under study were irreversibly retained. The experimental data have been modelled according to the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. A hypothesis is proposed concerning the sorption mechanism and potential applications of the findings in remediation strategies have been suggested.     

Bacterial and archaeal diversity in oil fields and reservoirs and their potential role in hydrocarbon recovery and bioprospecting

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Hydrocarbon is a primary source of energy in the current urbanized society. Considering the increasing demand, worldwide oil productions are declining...     

畜禽养殖业污染与循环经济

解决畜禽养殖业的污染问题要以充分利用资源为根本出发点，通过对污染全过程控制及废物综合利用，达到畜禽粪便的减量化、无害化、资源化，走循环经济的发展道路。     

Isocyanatocyclohexane and isothiocyanatocyclohexane levels in urban and industrial areas and possible emission-related activities

Isocyanatocyclohexane and isothiocyanatocyclohexane are becoming relevant compounds in urban and industrial air, as they are used in important amounts in automobile industry and building insulation, as well as in the manufacture of foams, rubber, paints and varnishes. Glass multi-sorbent tubes (Carbotrap, Carbopack, Carboxen) were connected to LCMA-UPC pump samplers for the retention of iso- and isothiocyanatocyclohexanes. The analysis was performed by automatic thermal desorption (ATD) coupled with capillary gas chromatography (GC)/mass spectrometry detector (MSD). TD-GC/MS was chosen as analytical method due to its versatility and the possibility of analysis of a wide range of volatility and polarity VOC in air samples. The method was satisfactory sensitive, selective and reproducible for the studied compounds. The concentrations of iso- and isothioisocyanatocyclohexanes were evaluated in different urban, residential and industrial locations from extensive VOC air quality and odour episode studies in several cities in the Northeastern edge of Spain. Around 200–300 VOC were determined qualitatively in each sample. Higher values of iso- and isothiocyanatocyclohexane were found in industrial areas than in urban or residential locations. The concentrations ranged between n.d.−246 and n.d.−29 μg m⁻³ for isocyanatocyclohexane and isothiocyanatocyclohexane, respectively, for industrial areas. On the other hand, urban and residential locations showed concentrations ranging between n.d.−164 and n.d.−29 μg m⁻³ for isocyanatocyclohexane and isothiocyanatocyclohexane, respectively. The site location (urban or industrial), the kind and nearness of possible iso- and isothiocyanatocyclohexane emission activities (industrial or building construction) and the changes of wind regimes throughout the year have been found the most important factors influencing the concentrations of these compounds in the different places.     

Degradation in soil and water and ecotoxicity of rimsulfuron and its metabolites.

The degradation and ecotoxicity of sulfonylurea herbicide rimsulfuron and its major metabolites were examined in batch samples of an alluvial sandy loam and in freshwater. An HPLC-DAD method was adapted to simultaneously identify and quantify rimsulfuron and its metabolites, which was successfully validated by GC-MS analysis. In aqueous solutions, pure rimsulfuron was rapidly hydrolyzed into metabolite 1 (N-(4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl)-N-(3-(ethylsulfonyl)-2-pyridinylurea)), which itself was transformed into the more stable metabolite 2 (N-((3-(ethylsulfonyl)-2-pyridinyl)-4,6-dimethoxy-2-pyrimidineamine)), with half-life (t(1/2)) values of 2 and 2.5 days, respectively. Hydrolysis was instantaneous under alkaline conditions (pH = 10). In aqueous suspensions of the alluvial soil (pH = 8), formulated rimsulfuron had a half-life of 7 days, whereas that of metabolite 1 was similar to that in water (about 3.5 days). The degradation of the two major metabolites was also studied in soil suspensions with the pure compounds at concentrations ranging from 1 to 10 mg l(-1). The half-life of metabolite 1 ranged from 3.9 to 5 days, close to the previous values. Metabolite 2 was more persistent and its degradation is strongly dependent on the initial concentration (C0): half-life values ranged from 8.1 to 55 days at 2-10 mg l(-1), respectively. These values are higher than those determined from the kinetics of metabolite 1 transformation into metabolite 2 (t(1/2) = 8-19 days). The ecotoxicity of the three chemicals was evaluated through their effect on Daphnia magna and Vibrio fischeri (Microtox bioassay). No effect was observed on D. magna with 24 and 48 h acute toxicity tests. Similarly, no toxic effect was observed with the Microtox test for the three chemicals in the range of concentrations tested that included the field application dose. Thus, being of low persistence and lacking acute toxicity, these chemicals present a low environmental risk. However, chronic effects should be studied in order to confirm the safety of rimsulfuron and its major metabolites.