重庆渝北地区土壤重金属形态特征及其有效性评价

结合渝北地区土壤重金属全量及形态分析,对区内主要土壤类型(紫色土、石灰土、黄壤、水稻土)中的As、Cd、Cr、Pb形态构成特征、影响因素及有效性进行研究. 结果表明:不同土壤类型重金属形态构成差异明显,Cr、Pb在各土壤类型中均以残渣态为主;Cd在黄壤、紫色土中以离子态、残渣态为主,其中离子态平均构成在2类土中分别高达37.44%、29.97%. w(可利用态As)和w(可利用态Cr)在紫色土中的平均值分别为0.04和0.96mg/kg,w(可利用态Cd)在水稻土和紫色土中的平均值分别为0.13和0.09mg/kg,w(可利用态Pb)在黄壤中的平均值为1.94mg/kg,表现出较高生物有效性;石灰土中各重金属可利用态总体较低. w(可利用态As)、w(可利用态Cd)分别与As全量(以w计,下同)、Cd全量呈显著正相关;w(可利用态Cd)和w(可利用态Pb)与pH,w(可利用态Cr)与w(有机质)均呈显著负相关. 紫色土中w(可利用态Cd)、w(可利用态Cr)和w(可利用态Pb)与各重金属全量、pH和w(有机质)三者显著服从多元非线性对数回归,通过该回归可对研究区紫色土这3个元素的可利用态含量进行预测.      

重庆渝北地区土壤重金属形态特征及其有效性评价

结合渝北地区土壤重金属全量及形态分析,对区内主要土壤类型(紫色土、石灰土、黄壤、水稻土)中的As、Cd、Cr、Pb形态构成特征、影响因素及有效性进行研究.结果表明:不同土壤类型重金属形态构成差异明显,Cr、Pb在各土壤类型中均以残渣态为主;Cd在黄壤、紫色土中以离子态、残渣态为主,其中离子态平均构成在2类土中分别高达37.44%、29.97%.w(可利用态As)和w(可利用态Cr)在紫色土中的平均值分别为0.04和0.96 mg/kg,w(可利用态Cd)在水稻土和紫色土中的平均值分别为0.13和0.09 mg/kg,w(可利用态Pb)在黄壤中的平均值为1.94 mg/kg,表现出较高生物有效性;石灰土中各重金属可利用态总体较低.w(可利用态As)、w(可利用态Cd)分别与As全量(以w计,下同)、Cd全量呈显著正相关;w(可利用态Cd)和w(可利用态Pb)与pH,w(可利用态Cr)与w(有机质)均呈显著负相关.紫色土中w(可利用态Cd)、w(可利用态Cr)和w(可利用态Pb)与各重金属全量、pH和w(有机质)三者显著服从多元非线性对数回归,通过该回归可对研究区紫色土这3个元素的可利用态含量进行预测.     

秸秆腐解滤出液对淹水土壤镉形态变化的影响

该文选取镉(Cd)污染水稻土为研究对象,通过室内培养试验,研究淹水条件下外源添加不同比例的油菜秸秆腐解滤出物对镉形态变化的影响。结果表明,随着淹水培养时间的延长(0～60 d),0.5%、1.0%、2.0%滤出液(分别相当于半量、全量和2倍量秸秆还田)添加下交换态Cd含量呈现先下降后上升的趋势;碳酸盐结合态Cd含量变化规律不明显;铁锰氧化物结合态Cd和有机结合态Cd含量先上升后降低;培养结束后,交换态Cd和碳酸盐结合态Cd分别较对照上升了126.15%～216.37%、26.37%～95.5%,铁锰氧化物结合态Cd和有机结合态Cd分别较对照下降了26.37%～95.5%与4.84%～33.89%,残渣态Cd较对照下降了23.93%～47.22%。秸秆腐解滤出液提升土壤交换态Cd含量的效果随滤液添加量增加而不断增大,但其提升作用主要体现在培养20～60 d间。有效态Cd(交换态Cd和碳酸盐结合态Cd)含量在培养结束后较对照显著上升,不可利用态Cd(残渣态Cd)含量在整个培养期内变化较小,有效态Cd与潜在有效态Cd(铁锰氧化物结合态Cd和有机结合态Cd)之间的相互转化主要体现在交换态与铁锰氧化物结合态、有机结合态之间,有机结合态Cd与交换态Cd含量呈极显著负相关关系。     

油茶果壳改性生物炭吸附性能及其耦合淹水对土壤Cd形态影响

研究选取湖南典型农业废弃物油茶果壳为原材料,尝试采用Na₂SiO₃溶液浸泡油茶果壳粉末方法,制备改性生物炭（MBC）,并开展不同生物炭材料对溶液中镉（Cd）的吸附与其耦合淹水对土壤中Cd的活性阻控性能研究.用扫描电镜（SEM）、比表面积测试（BET）和傅里叶红外光谱（FTIR）等表征手段对生物炭的物理化学性质进行分析.结果显示,MBC相比未改性生物炭（BC）拥有更大的比表面积与更加丰富的官能团种类,且对溶液中Cd²⁺具有更强的吸附能力.土壤淹水实验结果表明,淹水可使土壤pH值升高,同时降低酸可溶态Cd组分含量,且随着淹水时间的延长,土壤酸可溶态Cd含量呈逐渐向残渣态转化趋势,而生物炭添加耦合淹水比淹水对照处理能明显进一步促进可溶态Cd向残渣态转化,降低酸可溶态Cd含量.酸可溶态Cd组分含量与生物炭的添加量呈显著负相关关系,淹水60 d时,5.0%添加量的MBC实验组土壤酸可溶态Cd含量约为0.33 mg·kg^-1,相比仅淹水的对照处理降幅约为45.0%.综上可知,硅酸钠溶液改性油茶果壳生物炭是一种Cd污染水土和土壤治理的新型有效材料,研究结果同时为油茶果壳的资源化途径提供了方法参考.     

农用地土壤Cd有效态含量的安全阈值研究

为科学评估利用累积概率分布曲线研究土壤有效态Cd含量安全阈值的可行性,该研究参考物种敏感性分布法(SSD)的方法原理,以江西省上饶市Cd污染农田为研究对象,在统计分析区域农田土壤重金属总量、有效态含量和水稻籽粒中重金属含量的基础上,采用土壤总Cd含量-土壤有效态Cd含量线性回归方程以及基于Logistic函数分布模型的累积概率分布曲线模拟计算,分别推导土壤中有效态Cd的安全阈值并对比分析. 结果表明:研究区农用地土壤存在较大范围的Pb、Cd超标现象,点位超标率分别为54.70%和68.38%,土壤有效态Cd含量较高,平均值为0.22 mg/kg;研究区有34.98%的点位存在糙米Cd含量超标,Cd是研究区农用地土壤和糙米中的主要污染物. 通过线性回归方程和《土壤环境质量 农用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)》(GB 15618—2018)中的土壤筛选值,反推计算研究区农用地土壤中有效态Cd含量的阈值为0.149~0.183 mg/kg. 利用Logistic函数分布模型拟合基于有效态Cd含量的累积概率分布曲线,保护当地95%的糙米不超标的土壤有效态Cd含量的安全阈值为0.160 mg/kg. 研究显示,基于累积概率分布曲线法推定重金属有效态含量安全阈值较为科学,建议用作当地重金属污染农用地土壤钝化修复目标值,并对其他Cd污染农用地土壤的修复治理具有参考意义.      

三峡库区淹没区土壤重金属形态分布及其对水质影响

结合三峡水库调度模式,在汛期及汛后对库区淹没区土壤中重金属Cu,Pb,Cd,Cr的存在形态、迁移转化特征及其对水体水质的影响进行研究.结果表明:不同重金属在库区土壤中存在形态不同,Cu和Cr主要以残渣态存在,w(残渣态Cu)和w(残渣态Cr)平均值为87.41%和96.04%,而w(可提取态Pb)和w(可提取态Cd)较高,平均值为41.95%和88.14%,生态风险相对高于Cu和Cr.在汛期三峡水库低水位运行,水体重金属含量较高,汛期水体ρ(Pb)和ρ(Cd)分布特征与土壤w(Pb)和w(Cd)分布呈显著相关性,而汛后水库首次172 m高水位蓄水,由于水环境因素的改变,水体中重金属含量显著降低,汛后淹没土壤重金属形态含量变化细微,土壤淹没对库区水体水质影响小,不构成汛期、汛后水体重金属含量波动的主因.      

长株潭典型污染区稻田剖面土壤重金属的累积及形态特征

为探究长株潭地区不同污染源影响下稻田土壤中重金属的分布特征,对该区有机肥施用区、沼液灌溉区、铅锌矿污染区以及工业污染区剖面土壤中重金属的总量和形态进行分析,采用单项污染指数和综合污染指数进行风险评价,并利用已知污染源区的土壤重金属形态特征对未知污染源区的土壤进行污染源解析. 结果表明:①研究区表层(0~10 cm)土壤中Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn、Cr和Ni的平均含量分别为0.8、54.5、43.6、158.6、106.2和23.3 mg/kg. 相对于长株潭地区土壤背景值,表层土壤中Cd、Pb和Zn均有累积,且Cd平均含量超过《土壤环境质量 农用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)》(GB 15618—2018)中农用地土壤污染风险筛选值;随着土壤深度增加,Cd、Pb、Zn和Cr在次表层(10~20 cm)土壤也有累积,其平均含量分别比当地背景值高出6.9%、19.8%、101.4%和67.0%;在深层(80~100 cm)土壤中,Zn和Cr的平均含量仍分别比当地背景值高出30.4%和48.4%. ② Cd、Pb的单项污染指数高值集中在表层土壤,部分采样点呈轻微或轻度累积,少数采样点呈中度累积;Zn以轻微累积和中度累积为主,极少数采样点为重度累积,个别采样点存在污染风险;综合污染指数显示,研究区内表层土壤为重度或中度累积. ③有机肥施用区TOC含量与可氧化态Cu、Zn含量呈显著或极显著相关;沼液灌溉区TOC含量则与可氧化态Cu、Zn含量均呈极显著相关;铅锌矿污染区可交换态Pb含量与可交换态Cd、Zn含量均呈极显著相关;而工业污染区则只有可交换态Pb含量与可交换态Cd含量呈极显著相关. 研究显示,污染源的不同造成长株潭地区稻田土壤中不同重金属的累积程度及其主要赋存形态间的相关性存在明显差异,因此,可以借助土壤中重金属的累积程度、主要赋存形态及其相关性对土壤中重金属的主要来源进行初步识别,为源头防治污染土壤提供理论依据.      

半固态培养条件下烟曲霉去除土壤中镉

选用了1株高耐镉(Cd)的烟曲霉,提出了利用烟曲霉在半固态培养体系表面生长并去除Cd的方法,研究了菌体对不同模拟Cd污染水平土壤中Cd的去除效果,测定了菌体吸附和富集Cd的变化.结果表明,烟曲霉在半固态培养体系中能够实现一定的Cd去除效果,Cd含量为10 mg·kg~(-1)时,对土壤Cd的综合去除率可达31%.同时通过研究不同Cd含量下烟曲霉干重和体系pH随时间变化情况,发现随着培养时间和Cd含量的增加,烟曲霉干重逐渐下降,最大下降幅度可达64%,pH为5.6~6.0时去除效果较好.培养过程中土壤Cd形态变化表明,烟曲霉在该体系下主要去除土壤中弱酸溶态和可还原态的Cd,可氧化态Cd含量在培养前后基本保持不变.这种方法的提出为微生物去除土壤重金属污染提供了新的思路.     

施用生物炭对土壤Cd形态转化及烤烟吸收Cd的影响

采用盆栽试验模拟Cd污染土壤,研究施用烟秆炭(0、10、20 g·kg~(-1))对土壤pH、有机质含量、土壤Cd形态分布及烤烟Cd含量和Cd累积量的影响.结果表明:随着生育期的延长,土壤pH和有机质含量均呈现升高的趋势.在同一Cd污染水平下,土壤pH和有机质含量均随生物炭施用量的增加而升高.随生物炭施用量的增加,土壤有效态Cd和可交换态Cd含量显著降低,土壤碳酸盐结合态Cd、铁锰氧化物结合态Cd、有机结合态Cd和残渣态Cd含量升高.移栽后30 d,处理G2T2和G2T1的土壤有效态Cd含量的降幅分别达到45.59%和24.56%.外源添加Cd的土壤中,土壤pH和有机质含量均与土壤有效态Cd和可交换态Cd含量呈显著负相关关系(p0.01),与土壤碳酸盐结合态Cd、铁锰氧化物结合态Cd和有机结合态Cd含量呈显著正相关关系(p0.01).在Cd污染土壤上,施用生物炭能明显降低烟株各部位Cd含量,烟株各部位干物质积累量随生物炭施用量的增加显著升高,烟株各部位Cd累积量和总Cd累积量随生物炭施用量的增加呈降低的趋势.由此说明,在Cd污染的土壤上施用生物炭能够使土壤中可被植物吸收利用的有效态Cd转化为潜在的无效态Cd,从而达到修复土壤并减轻作物受Cd毒害的目的.     

纳米氢氧化镁对不同类型土壤镉形态的影响

采用28 d室内连续培养实验,以纳米氢氧化镁和普通氢氧化镁(100、 200和300 mg·kg^-1)为镉污染土壤钝化剂,研究了纳米氢氧化镁和普通氢氧化镁对不同类型镉污染土壤(1、 5、 10和15 mg·kg^-1)中镉形态的影响.结果表明,在中性土壤上, 1、 5、 10和15 mg·kg^-1镉处理中土壤交换态Cd(EX-Cd)形态分布比例FDC为66.7%～81.8%,为土壤镉主要形态.土壤镉含量大小顺序为EX-Cd>碳酸盐结合态Cd(CAB-Cd)>残渣态Cd(RES-Cd)>铁锰氧化态Cd(FeMn-Cd)>有机结合态Cd(OM-Cd).培养第14d时,土壤EX-Cd FDC达到最低值.培养0～28 d期间,在1、 5、 10和15 mg·kg^-1镉处理下,纳米氢氧化镁和普通氢氧化镁处理的土壤EX-Cd FDC较对照(CK)分别降低了11.4%～67.7%、 7.8%～37.2%、 7.7%～36.4%、 5.0%～28.8%(纳米氢氧化镁)和0.5%～49.5%、 ...     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.