海底地形填图的新方法

<正> 最近拉蒙特-多尔蒂地质研究所的 W.F.Haxby等提出了一种海底地形填图的新方法。Haxby 用研究卫星 SEASAT 收集的资料,应用均衡模型,根据SEASAT 得到的重力异常来预测海洋的深度。他发现,海底山脉的重力吸引,可以使水高出山脉,使水     

陆相火山岩区填图方法培训和野外现场交流会会议纪要

<正>中国东部以大面积出露中生代陆相火山岩为最显著的区域地质特征,因而陆相火山岩区地质填图技术方法,以及大火山岩省成因与成矿作用研究是中国东部区域地质调查的关注焦点。目前,中国地质调查局也正在推进区域地质调查技术方法的改革。自上世纪末以来,陆相火山岩区逐步形成了以"火山构造+火山岩相+火山岩性"三位一体的"火山岩相构造学"调查思路和填图方法,并初步得到了推广和应用,取得了一系     

“岩组—层序”填图方法探讨与实践

本文介绍了宣风图组 1:5万区调为将层序地层研究成果用于填图而形成的以岩石、年代、层序为主的多重地层划分研究及“岩组—层序”填图方法。实践证明这种方法比单纯的岩石地层单位填图具有一定的优越性 ,表现在研究程度和制图水平显著提高 ,地质图具有岩石、层序双重含义 ,为海平面升降、全球对比、盆地充填等重大地质基础问题及地质找矿和成矿预测提供了更多更广的地质信息     

傍河型水源井氨氮阻断与去除工程设计案例分析

针对沈阳市傍河型水源地的氨氮(NH+4-N)污染问题,通过野外研究区的水文地质调查,在查明研究区NH+4-N污染特征的基础上,结合室内批试验、柱实验和数值模拟,筛选出最佳的NH+4-N去除方案,提出了研究区渗透反应格栅(PRB)构建方案,并成功构建了示范工程尺度的PRB,用以去除地下水中的NH+4-N污染.室内批实验和柱实验表明,利用微生物硝化作用结合沸石的吸附作用去除地下水中NH+4-N是可行的.通过对研究区水质数值模拟,发现构建有一定弧度的PRB能最大限度的保护水源井.在PRB的构建过程中,利用高压旋喷技术和旋挖技术解决了大深度(30 m)PRB的构建问题,且PRB建成运行监测表明,示范工程尺度的PRB能有效阻断和去除地下水中NH+4-N.     

浅覆盖城市经济区立体填图最新进展——浙江1∶5万鸣鹤镇、澥浦镇、慈城镇、鄞江镇、姜山镇幅区调项目成果

本文结合浙江1∶5万鸣鹤镇、澥浦镇、慈城镇、鄞江镇、姜山镇幅区调项目实际材料,系统论述了浅覆盖城市经济区立体填图的内容、方法、手段和工作程序,总结了慈城测区区域地质调查项目组浅覆盖区立体填图的方法与经验,论述了浅覆盖城市经济区立体填图最新进展,可供城市经济区地质调查和浅覆盖区三维立体填图借鉴。     

关于华南前震旦纪浅变质岩区地质填图中某些问题的思考

华南前震旦纪浅变质岩是一种岩性单调、变形强烈，既不同于中深变质岩又有别于沉积岩的特殊岩类。这种岩类区的填图单位与构造样式的确立不能彼此独立，而是互为前提、互相依存的。因此，选择什么样的填图方法已成为建全区域地层序列、构造格架的关键。由于对这种特殊性缺乏充分的认识，在利用常规填图方法完成的多比例尺地质图编制1：25万地质图时应予以慎重对待。实践证明，华南前震旦纪至少存在2－3个世代的叠加褶皱，这是现今区调中应当引起注意的问题。本文对“构造岩带”、“韧性剪切带”、“非史密斯”以及有关前震旦纪基础地质问题的研究思路进行了探讨。     

零价铁PRB技术在地下水原位修复中的研究进展

PRB(可渗透反应墙)是地下水治理中新型的原位修复技术,具有成本低、处理效果好、对环境干扰小等优点,已逐渐应用到实际. 原位修复技术中PRB根据结构的不同可分为单处理系统PRB和多单元处理系统PRB,单处理系统PRB适用于单一污染物、污染浓度较低、污染羽规模较小的场地,多单元系统用于污染场地较复杂、污染种类较多的场地. 零价铁PRB去除地下水中无机污染物及有机组分的反应机理主要是氧化还原反应和还原性脱卤反应. 实际场地PRB的运行中存在的主要问题是零价铁钝化及PRB堵塞,现阶段的解决方法主要包括超声、电化学等,但为了提高PRB技术的实用性,铁材料的解钝化技术、实际场地PRB的设计与安装、PRB体系的长期运行及服务期满后的处置均需进一步的研究探索.      

把握矿产远景调查项目的实践定位

在战略性矿产资源远景调查项目的实施过程中,正确把握项目的工作内容、工作方法和工作程度,做好与其他相关地质工作的合理衔接,是工作实践的难点。笔者认为:矿产远景调查是与区域地质调查有着不同目的、不同调查内容、不同研究内容的矿产地质工作;与地质科研的区别,是要采用矿产勘查的工作方法,注重野外实地测量,依照地质工作的相关规范和标准,形成服务于国家目标的公共地质资料产品;作为矿产勘查的前期基础,要为预查提交找矿靶区和新的矿产地。     

数值模拟减压集流式可渗透反应墙技术修复地下水

使用可渗透反应墙（PRB）技术修复受污染地下水,当地下水污染羽宽度和深度过大时,PRB的开挖、填料与安装成本较高.为打破PRB技术这一局限性,开发了减压集流式可渗透反应墙技术,通过集流井、输水管道和布水廊道的共同作用缩小污染羽范围并将受污染地下水输送至PRB,通过非完整井减压吸水方式捕获较深的受污染地下水.首先采用地下水井流公式计算减压集流井的关键初始参数,随后进行数值模拟优化参数并确定其它重要参数.在MODFLOW中通过改变减压集流井的井径、井数量、井间距及井与PRB的距离等参数,探究不同参数变化对减压集流效果的影响规律.模拟结果表明在合理的减压集流参数设置下,该设施可有效调控PRB上游的地下水流场,缩小污染羽的范围,在设定条件下受污染地下水断面减小了约50%.该技术显著降低了PRB的规模,拓宽了PRB的应用范围,使其可以处理污染羽范围较大、污染深度大的地下水.     

PRB技术处理地下水污染物的长效性研究进展

在简述PRB(permeable reactive barriers)技术发展的基础上,从结构、处理系统和主要反应机理等方面对PRB类型进行了分类,并根据PRB介质材料的修复机理对其进行了划分;此外,还分别从PRB类型的选择、介质材料的选择及失活处理、PRB装置的淤堵及解堵措施和PRB的长效性预测4个方面,综述了PRB技术处理地下水中污染物的长效性研究进展,指出了PRB技术长效性研究的不足及未来的主要研究方向,为PRB长效性研究及地下水处理提供参考依据。     

Cypress terpenes in sawfly larva of Susana cupressi (Hymenoptera: Symphyta: Tenthredinoidea)

The Science of Nature -     

Solubility of major species in precipitation: Factors of variation

The soluble and insoluble fractions of Cl, S, K, Ca, Zn, Al and Fe have been analyzed in six and 29 precipitation events collected in two rural sites in France, in Brittany and in the Vosges, respectively. The results are compatible with those of previous studies: Cl and S are soluble to the extent of more than 97%; K, Ca and Zn are more variable, with insoluble fractions up to 13%; Al and Fe are present in insoluble forms to the extent of about 80%.Large solubility variations are found for K, Zn and Al, with significant correlation with the pH for the latter. In the same way, the soluble percentages of K and Al are greater in the Vosges for precipitation events associated with air masses originating from the north and east sectors with high anthropogenic activities and high acidities.Finally, for a sequentially collected snow event, it is shown that although the pH is stable, the soluble and insoluble Al forms evolve differently, indicating differentiated enrichments and/or scavenging phenomena.     

SERS detection of arsenic in water: A review

Arsenic (As) is one of the most toxic contaminants found in the environment. Development of novel detection methods for As species in water with the potential for field use has been an urgent need in recent years. In past decades, surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) has gained a reputation as one of the most sensitive spectroscopic methods for chemical and biomolecular sensing. The SERS technique has emerged as an extremely promising solution for in-situ detection of arsenic species in the field, particularly when coupled with portable/handheld Raman spectrometers. In this article, the recent advances in SERS analysis of arsenic species in water media are reviewed, and the potential of this technique for fast screening and field testing of arsenic-contaminated environmental water samples is discussed. The problems that remain in the field are also discussed and an outlook for the future is featured at the end of the article.     

Haze formation in China: Importance of secondary aerosol

Air pollution is the world's largest single environmental hazard that causes more than a few million premature deaths in 2012 (World Health Organization, 2014), particularly in developing countries with rapid industrialization and urbanization. Rapid economic growth of China in the last three decades has resulted in serious air pollution problems on both local and regional scales. Megacities in China such as Beijing and Shanghai have suffered from haze episodes frequently with the daily mass concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5, fine particulates with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm) over the Chinese air pollution standard of 75 μg/m3 (China National Environmental Monitoring Centre, 2013), which is three times higher than the air quality guideline of 25 μg/m3 recommended by the World Health Organization, highlighting the urgency of urban PM mitigation in China.     

Partitioning of resources in production: an empirical analysis

Industrial economies ingest materials, energy and information to produce goods and services and excrete wastes and emissions. Wastes can be minimized and the relative amounts of resources, which go into goods and services, as opposed to waste, are essential to clean production and to the sustainability of the production system. A regression model based on empirical data is presented that provides a partition coefficient expressing the ratio of energy (or material) resources invested in goods to energy going to waste. Partition coefficients are developed for five countries and are shown to be related to GDP, energy and material consumption and energy and waste intensities. Higher partition coefficients mean higher productivity and lower energy, waste and material intensities. In addition, energy use/capita and pollution/capita is lower. The price of energy to the industrial sector is related to the partition coefficient. The policy implications are that partitioning of resources to goods should be maximized and waste minimized for economic as well as environmental reasons.     

Paternal inheritance in mealybugs (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae)

Mealybugs have a haplodiploid reproduction system, with paternal genome elimination (PGE); the males are diploid soon after fertilization, but during embryogenesis, the male paternal set of chromosomes becomes heterochromatic (HC) and therefore inactive. Previous studies have suggested that paternal genes can be passed on from mealybug males to their sons, but not necessarily by any son, to the next generation. We employed crosses between two mealybug species—Planococcus ficus (Signoret) and Planococcus citri (Risso)—and between two populations of P. ficus, which differ in their mode of pheromone attraction, in order to demonstrate paternal inheritance from males to F2 through F1 male hybrids. Two traits were monitored through three generations: mode of male pheromone attraction (pherotype) and sequences of the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) gene segment (genotype). Our results demonstrate that paternal inheritance in mealybugs can occur from males to their F2 offspring, through F1 males (paternal line). F2 backcrossed hybrid males expressed paternal pherotypes and ITS2 genotypes although their mother originated through a maternal population. Further results revealed other, hitherto unknown, aspects of inheritance in mealybugs, such as that hybridization between the two species caused absence of paternal traits in F2 hybrid females produced by F1 hybrid females. Furthermore, hybridization between the two species raised the question of whether unattracted males have any role in the interactions between P. ficus and P. citri.