腐殖酸影响酸性水体中As(Ⅲ)光氧化的研究

为了考察紫外光(λ_(max)=365 nm)照射下三价砷(As(Ⅲ))在含有腐殖酸的水体中光氧化过程,该文研究了初始pH、HA浓度、外加铁离子以及不同分子量范围的HA组分等环境因子对As(Ⅲ)光氧化的影响。利用ESR检测和自由基猝灭实验以及不同气氛实验,量化不同活性物种对As(Ⅲ)光氧化的贡献率。结果表明,pH值对As(Ⅲ)在HA体系中的光氧化影响极大,低pH有利于As(Ⅲ)的光氧化。当pH为2.6,As(Ⅲ)浓度为100.0μg/L时,HA的最佳投加量为10.0 mg/L。Fe(Ⅲ)-HA络合物表现出低光活性,外加低浓度铁离子抑制As(Ⅲ)的光氧化,高浓度则促进As(Ⅲ)的光氧化。不同分子量范围的HA组分对As(Ⅲ)的光氧化贡献不同。As(Ⅲ)的形态转化是由于三重态腐殖酸(~3HA~*)的直接作用以及羟基自由基(HO·)直接氧化共同作用的结果。其中85%的As(Ⅲ)氧化是HO·直接氧化导致,HO·主要来自HO_2·/O_2·~-;剩余15%依赖于~3HA~*对As(Ⅲ)的直接氧化。研究结果有助于了解As(Ⅲ)在含有溶解性有机质的酸性水体中光化学转化行为。     

δ-MnO2/水界面17β-雌二醇的氧化转化

采用化学合成的新生态水合δ-MnO2为氧化剂,研究其对17β-雌二醇(E2)氧化转化的反应动力学,考察相关因素(如pH、δ-MnO2投加量等)对氧化转化的影响,并通过气相色谱质谱联用仪(GC/MS)分析δ-MnO2氧化转化E2的产物,探讨氧化转化的反应机制.结果表明,E2对新生态水合δ-MnO2的氧化作用具有较强的反应感受性,且在pH值一定和δ-MnO2充分过量的条件下,E2氧化转化的反应动力学并不是简单的准一级反应动力学,而是遵循复合的反应动力学.E2的氧化转化速率与δ-MnO2的投加量呈正相关,在δ-MnO2投加量为c(E2)∶c(MnO2)=1∶100时,反应体系中的δ-MnO2已足够,E2浓度在8h内降低了90%以上.E2的氧化转化速率与pH值的增加呈负相关,pH为4.0时,E2在0.25h内去除率达到95%,而在pH为6.8和9.0时,E2在1h内只去除了80%和75%.另外,在反应过程中检测到了2个主要产物,分别为雌酮(E1)和2-羟雌二醇,并在此基础上结合相关文献提出了氧化转化流程.     

纳米零价铁基生物炭活化过硫酸盐降解土霉素

采用纳米零价铁基生物炭(nZVI-BC)耦合过二硫酸钠(PDS)或过硫酸氢钾(PMS)构建吸附-高级氧化复合体系开展水中土霉素(OTC)的高效降解。考察了在不同PDS/PMS浓度、nZVI-BC投量、OTC浓度及初始pH条件下OTC的去除规律,并对体系中活性物种进行探究。结果表明:在0.20 mmol/L PDS/PMS,0.01 g nZVI-BC,50 mg/L OTC,原始pH为5.0±0.1条件下,OTC去除率可达到80%以上;SO₄-·在nZVI-BC/PDS体系中对OTC降解占有绝对主导地位(贡献度为57.00%),nZVI-BC/PMS体系则主要依靠SO₄-·、O₂-·和1O₂。     

不同波段下黄海中二甲基硫光氧化动力学研究

采集黄海表层海水样品,在模拟太阳光照射条件下研究二甲基硫(DMS)在UVB(280、295和305nm)、UVA(320、345和395nm)和可见光(435和495nm)8个不同波段下的光化学氧化动力学行为,并探讨其对二甲亚砜(DMSO)生成的贡献率.研究结果表明,DMS光氧化过程均符合一级反应动力学方程,在UVB、UVA和可见光波段的光氧化速率常数分别为2.71~5.52、2.23~4.09和1.5~2.65d^-1.同一样品UVB波段下DMS的氧化速率明显大于UVA和可见光波段下的速率,且在280nm下最大.随着光照时间的增长,海水样品中DMS浓度与有色溶解有机物(CDOM)的光谱吸收系数(α(355))表现出明显的负相关性,表明CDOM吸光特性对DMS的光氧化过程有明显影响.此外,8个不同波段下DMS光氧化向DMSO的转化率在20.0%-31.9%范围之间,其中在280nm下达到最大值.     

水体系中十二烷基苯磺酸钠的光化学氧化动力学研究

系统研究了在天然日光和高压汞灯照射下十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)在蒸馏水、人工海水和天然海水中的光降解情况。结果发现,SDBS的光化学氧化的速率会受到溶液介质、光源、重金属离子、光敏剂以及pH的影响。SDBS的光化学氧化反应符合一级动力学规律,其一级反应速率常数为0.0184 min-1~0.0281 min-1。SDBS在蒸馏水中的光降解速率大于在人工海水和天然海水中的光降解速率,其主要原因是蒸馏水中溶解更多的氧。天然海水中重金属离子Zn2+和Cd2+能加快SDBS的光氧化速率,光敏剂的加入也会加快SDBS的光氧化速率。此外,酸性条件下有利于SDBS的光降解。     

UV体系中3种微量类固醇雌激素的竞争降解及同趋转化

采用UV体系(UV、UV/H2O2和UV/H2O2/TiO2)降解水中同时存在的3种微量类固醇雌激素雌酮(E1)、17-β雌二醇(E2)和17-α乙炔基雌二醇(EE2),结果表明,降解过程均符合一级反应动力学,通过不同UV系统对比发现,关键因素对混合污染降解的影响顺序为H2O2>光强>TiO2.E1光解特性良好,在混合基质中可优势降解;E2和EE2直接光解效果较差,优劣顺序受到光强的影响,光强升高EE2略占优势.H2O2和催化剂TiO2的投加可提高3种物质的降解效果及降解速率常数,但竞争条件下E2和EE2的去除率提高有限.E1,E2和EE2的光化学降解过程具有相似的转化趋势,均可生成与E1结构类似的副产物.     

苯酚液相臭氧氧化和复合氧化反应动力学

推导了苯酚液相臭氧氧化和复合氧化（O3/H2O2）反应动力学模型,研究了苯酚液相臭氧氧化和复合氧化过程的降解,得出了苯酚液相臭氧氧化和复合氧化在温度288～313K和pH3.2～9.8条件下的反应动力学,探讨了反应机理,认为：在酸性(pH3.2）及弱酸性（pH6.2～6.5）时,苯酚的臭氧化和复合氧化降解反应均为O3分子的直接氧化过程;在碱性（pH9.8）条件下,苯酚复合氧化降解机理以自由基反应为主。     

水体中N、Fe的存在形态对萘普生光解行为的影响

研究了水环境中不同形态的无机氮(NO_3~-、NO_2~-、NH_4~+)和铁(Fe~(3+)、Fe~(2+))对萘普生(NPX)紫外光降解的影响.结果表明,NO_3~-、NO_2~-、Fe~(3+)和Fe~(2+)均抑制NPX的紫外光降解,抑制率随添加浓度的增加而增大;NH_4~+对NPX的紫外光降解基本没有影响.同时,模拟在水体中不同p E值下,不同形态无机氮和铁体系分别对NPX紫外光降解的复合影响.研究发现,在无机氮体系,复合状态下对NPX的紫外光降解存在拮抗作用;在铁体系,复合状态下对NPX的紫外光降解存在协同作用.     

环境科学一般问题

X-1200703527光化学降解有机磷农药研究进展/喻龙(中国热带农科院环境与植物保护研究所)…∥安全与环境学报/北京理工大学.-2007,7(2).-36~40环图X-142光化学降解有机磷农药是一种高效、无二次污染的非生物转化过程,也是有机磷农药在环境中的主要降解途径.通过介绍光化学方法降解有机磷农药的基本原理、有机磷农药的主要光化学反应类型、光化学降解过程中光敏(猝灭)剂的作用及影响光化学反应的因素,分析了今后光化学降解有机磷农药研究中需关注的问题,提出将有机磷农药的光催化氧化技术与其他方法相结合,研发高效、经济的新技术是今后农药…     

不同pH溶液中四环素类抗生素与金属离子配合前后的光化学性质及毒性差异

水环境特别是金属复合污染水体中,可酸碱解离抗生素-金属配合物是普遍存在的新污染物,但其配合形态的光化学性质和毒性却少有报道.本文考察了四环素(TC)、土霉素(OTC)两种四环素类抗生素(TCs)与金属离子Fe(Ⅲ)、Cu(Ⅱ)、Al(Ⅲ)在不同pH条件下配合前后的典型光谱学性质变化,并通过发光细菌(Vibrio fischeri)评估了配合前后体系的毒性变化.结果表明,两种TCs均能在不同解离形态下与3种金属离子发生配合,配位位点为酮基基团上的碳氧双键.TCs在碱性条件下比中性和酸性条件下更易配合,并且对3种金属离子的配合能力大小依次为Fe(Ⅲ)>Cu(Ⅱ)>Al(Ⅲ).在pH=7.0时,TCs与金属离子的配合会导致紫外吸收峰减弱甚至消失,在多数情况下使得紫外吸收光谱出现不同程度红移.这种配合反应的发生也使得抗生素在短波长处的荧光强度增大,这是因为配位作用形成了氧桥型杂多核配合物,增加了平面的刚性结构.毒性实验表明,TC与Fe(Ⅲ)、Cu(Ⅱ)配合后对Vibrio fischeri的毒性增强,与Al(Ⅲ)配合后毒性减弱,而OTC与3种金属离子配合后毒性均表现为增强.以上结果...     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.