岷、沱江流域水环境质量现状评价及分析

根据岷、沱江断面水质例行监测数据,采用单因子指数法评价岷、沱江流域干流及其支流水质现状,探讨了岷、沱江干流水质沿程变化和可能影响因子。结果表明:岷、沱江流域均以总磷超标为主,沱江流域水质污染重于岷江流域。岷、沱江流域水环境质量下降既有年均径流量减少导致生态基流减少自然因素的原因,也有点源污染源包括涉磷企业及城镇生活和面源污染源包括农村生活、畜禽养殖及农田径流等人为因素的原因。     

沱江干流内江段沉积物汞和铬污染状况研究

采集沱江干流内江段的6个位点的沉积物样品,测定其中有机质、汞和铬含量,分析此区段沉积物中的重金属污染状况。结果表明沱江干流内江段沉积物中有机质含量范围是在9.129～27.323 g/kg之间,总汞含量范围是在0.055～0.160 mg/kg之间,总铬含量范围是在87.4～146.8 mg/kg之间。将有机质、总汞和总铬含量和我国土壤环境标准对比,沱江干流内江段有机质含量大多处于四级,五级阶段;总汞含量处于一级、二级阶段;总铬含量处于二级阶段。根据地累积指数分析,该区段中游地区受到轻度污染;根据生态风险单项指数分析汞生态风险大多处于中低状态,只有白马镇地区汞生态风险较重,铬生态风险普遍处于低状态;由污染负荷指数分析,该区段重金属污染处于中度污染状态,并有加深污染的趋势。     

沱江流域农村径流污染因素分析及防治措施

本文分析了沱江流域农村径流的污染因素和农村径流对沱江的影响,并提出了防治径流污染的措施,通过两年逐月沱江监测数据表明,雨季沱江受到农村径流污染。根据分析,降雨冲刷时段集中、地形坡度加剧径流冲刷、农作物种植安排抗蚀能力差、农药化肥流失严重等是造成沱江流域农村径流污染的主要因素。在农村径流污染因素分析的基础上提出防治农村径流污染的措施。     

沱江流域上游水系沉积物重金属元素空间分布特征及环境质量评价

沱江流域上游储有丰富的磷矿资源,开发利用的同时会产生一系列的污染物,并通过表水冲刷等途径进入水体,最终富集于沉积物中,对沱江流域沿岸产生重要的影响。以沱江流域上游表层沉积物为研究对象,查明了沉积物中重金属元素的含量及空间分布特征,探讨重金属来源,对重金属元素进行潜在生态风险评价和地累积指数评价。RI值显示,流域整体属于中等潜在生态危害。5、15号点处于很强的潜在生态危害,6、9、11号点为强的潜在生态危害。地累积指数结果表明绵远河中Pb、Cd为轻微-中度污染。     

沱江水质污染特征及防治对策

本文以沱江水质监测资料为依据,揭示了沱江水质污染特征及其时空变化视律。针对沱江存在的水环境问题,从宏观上提出了防治水质污染的对策。     

沱江流域综合整治规划

本文首先在描述了沱江流域的水质问题，沱江干流的几个主要水质指标与１０年前相比呈继续恶化的趋势，于流的水污染仍未得到控制，工业点源污染和流域非点源是造成流域水污染的主要原因，沱江流域水环境潜在问题陆生生态恶化和水资源贫乏两大难题，文章提出了工业污染源控制，修建城市污水厂，增加枯水流量和提高森林覆盖率等综合防治措施。     

污染饮用水源 追究刑事责任

案例一：2004年四川沱江特大饮用水源污染事故案 2004年3月1日晚11时,简阳市一份关于沱江流域水质异常的紧急报告送至省环保局谷声文副局长手中：沱江河简阳段氨氮指标超标40～50倍,资阳段超标20倍,沱江沿岸出现大规模死鱼现象,自来水呈现异味。     

沱江水系污染与防治的初探

近十年来,随着工业的迅速发展,工业“三废”加剧了对沱江的污染,其影响和危害已受到各方的关注。本文根据近年来的调查及水质监测资料,试对沱江水系的污染状况及特点进行初步分析,并提出防治污染的几点粗浅看法,以供讨论。     

沱江氮污染物转化规律

本文研究沱江氮污染物转化规律及主要影响因素。通过实验室模拟试验野外现场水团追踪试验求得氨氮在沱江水体中的总消失速度常数KT,硝化速度常数KJ温度校正系数θ以及氨氮的耗氧系数。建立计算沱江氮污染容量的数学模式,从而可算沱江不同流量和不同水温条件下的氮污染物容量。     

沱江水中有机污染物的定性分析

本文通过对沱江河水有机污染物的富集,洗脱,用色一质联机定性检测出５６例有机物。结果表明：沱江水质的有机污染仍很严重,治理工作仍需加强。     

新疆干旱区流域生态需水问题研究

通过对新疆平原区荒漠和绿洲两种生态系统的分析,特别是对天然绿洲生态系统中人工绿洲水资源利用方式及过程的分析,尝试性提出生态需水量在流域规划和水资源管理中的定位、不同生态系统的保护方式和基本生态水量的确定方式,并简述了新疆奎屯河流域以生态退水作为恢复流域生态水量的实例。     

Conceptual Models as Hypotheses in Monitoring Urban Landscapes

Many problems and challenges of ecosystem management currently are driven by the rapid pace and spatial extent of landscape change. Parks and reserves within areas of high human population density are especially challenged to meet the recreational needs of local populations and to preserve valued environmental resources. The complex problem of managing multiple objectives and multiple resources requires an enormous quantity of information, and conceptual models have been proposed as tools for organizing and interpreting this information. Academics generally prefer a bottom-up approach to model construction that emphasizes ecologic theory and process, whereas managers often use a top-down approach that takes advantage of existing information to address more pragmatic objectives. The authors propose a formal process for developing, applying, and testing conceptual models to be used in landscape monitoring that reconciles these seemingly opposing perspectives. The four-step process embraces the role of hypothesis testing in the development of models and evaluation of their utility. An example application of the process to a network of national parks in and around Washington, DC illustrates the ability of the approach to systematically identify monitoring data that would both advance ecologic theory and inform management decisions.     

Assessment of the Water Quality and Ecosystem Health of the Great Barrier Reef (Australia): Conceptual Models

Run-off containing increased concentrations of sediment, nutrients, and pesticides from land-based anthropogenic activities is a significant influence on water quality and the ecologic conditions of nearshore areas of the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area, Australia. The potential and actual impacts of increased pollutant concentrations range from bioaccumulation of contaminants and decreased photosynthetic capacity to major shifts in community structure and health of mangrove, coral reef, and seagrass ecosystems. A detailed conceptual model underpins and illustrates the links between the main anthropogenic pressures or threats (dry-land cattle grazing and intensive sugar cane cropping) and the production of key contaminants or stressors of Great Barrier Reef water quality. The conceptual model also includes longer-term threats to Great Barrier Reef water quality and ecosystem health, such as global climate change, that will potentially confound direct model interrelationships. The model recognises that system-specific attributes, such as monsoonal wind direction, rainfall intensity, and flood plume residence times, will act as system filters to modify the effects of any water-quality system stressor. The model also summarises key ecosystem responses in ecosystem health that can be monitored through indicators at catchment, riverine, and marine scales. Selected indicators include riverine and marine water quality, inshore coral reef and seagrass status, and biota pollutant burdens. These indicators have been adopted as components of a long-term monitoring program to enable assessment of the effectiveness of change in catchment-management practices in improving Great Barrier Reef (and adjacent catchment) water quality under the Queensland and Australian Governments’ Reef Water Quality Protection Plan.     

The Impotence of Cumulative Effects Assessment in Canada: Ailments and Ideas for Redeployment

Cumulative effects assessment (CEA) in Canada is in dire straits. Despite a huge amount of talk and a flurry of developmental activity associated with CEA concepts, it has not lived up to its glowing promise of helping to achieve sustainability of diverse valued ecosystem components. This article aims to articulate that failure, to examine it in terms of six major problems with CEA, and to propose solutions. The six problem areas include (1) application of CEA in project-level environmental impact assessments (EIAs), (2) an EIA focus on project approval instead of environmental sustainability, (3) a general lack of understanding of ecologic impact thresholds, (4) separation of cumulative effects from project-specific impacts, (5) weak interpretations of cumulative effects by practitioners and analysts, and (6) inappropriate handling of potential future developments. We advocate improvements not only within the purview of project-specific EIAs, but also mainly in the domain of region-scale CEAs and regional environmental effects frameworks (or perhaps land use planning). Only then will the CEA begin to approach the promise of securing sustainability of valued ecosystem components.     

SENSITIVITY OF PHYTOPLANKTON SIMULATIONS TO VARIATIONS IN THE HALF SATURATION CONSTANTS1

ABSTRACT In many impoundment dynamic water quality models, the growth of two or more ecologic groups of phytoplankton may be simulated. These ecologic groups are differentiated by growth rates, temperature tolerances, settling rates, and the Michaelis-Menten half saturation constants for necessary nutrients. In this investigation, the effect of variations in the Michaelis-Menten half saturation constant for the limiting nutrient when two competing ecologic groups of algae are simulated is examined. In an idealized case, it is demonstrated that uncertainty in the half saturation constant for the limiting nutrient for one ecologic group of algae can significantly affect the simulation results and in some cases could lead to a poorly designed impoundment restoration program.     

成都龙潭地区水体污染现状及对2000年发展趋向的预测

环境污染和自然生态恶化,是成都市经济发展和腾飞所面临的严峻挑战。因此,对成都及其卫星城的环境质量超前工作,对成都建设的总体布局和环境综合治理、资源的保护和合理开发,具有重要的理论与实际意义。     

大邑县生态示范区的生态旅游开发与建设

生态旅游的开发是生态示范区建设中一个重要的模式之一。本文通过分析大邑县生态示范区的生态旅游发展对生态示范区的影响，以及生态旅游优势，提出了生态示范区建设中生态旅游开发应遵循的原则和战略措施。     

浅论微生物技术控藻

富营养化水体会引起藻类增殖，影响人类的生存环境。阐述了利用病毒、原生动物、细菌等微生物技术控制富营养化藻类的研究进展，并对病毒控藻技术应用时的两个问题进行了讨论，认为利用微生物技术控藻需要对生态系统进行更加深入的认识和掌握。     

在乌鲁木齐城市绿地资源的基础上创建生态城市

以乌鲁木齐市绿地资源为对象,从城市绿地的空间布局、类型、结构及其生态功能入手, 结合乌鲁木齐市绿地的发展现状,提出其绿地资源的合理规划方案及建议,为乌鲁木齐市建设生态城市提供其决策依据.     

综合利用农业副产物资源建立饲-能-环生态工程

我国人口增加、耕地减少的矛盾日益突出,而极为丰富的农业副产物资源又未很好利用。建立饲料-能源-环保生态工程,是综合利用农业副产物资源的巨大潜力、缓解人口土地矛盾的有效途径。饲-能-环生态工程是利用厌氧微生物降解、转化有机废弃物的特殊功能,通过人工瘤胃发酵技术、沼气技术和处理工业有机废水的环境工程技术综合利用农业副产物资源,产生饲料、能源和治理污染,达到经济效益、生态效益和社会效益的统一。