太湖底泥营养要素动态释放模拟和模型计算

采用太湖湖区底泥,根据环型水槽实验总结了各种扰动强度下太湖底泥的起动、悬浮和营养盐释放规律.环型水槽内水体流速均匀且能够通过控制水槽的转速精确控制水槽的水体流速.通过考察水槽中水体TN、TP浓度的变化,建立起了底泥TN、TP释放率(y)与水体流速大小(x)的定量化关系.根据实验确定的各种参数,采用ECOMSED模型计算模拟,并和太湖实测资料进行了对比,结果较为合理.由于目前太湖的野外监测资料存在较明显的时空不一致性,模型参数率定的精度受到了较大影响,通过室内实验模拟底泥的内源释放对太湖的富营养化治理具有重要意义.     

海河干流底泥中六氯苯残留及其释放规律

为调查海河干流底泥中六氯苯的污染程度及底泥悬浮后六氯苯的释放规律,利用Malven Mastersizer激光粒度分布仪测定海河干流5个断面底泥的粒径分布.结果表明:底泥粒径<125μm的占总质量50%左右,而>500μm只占10%左右,得出海河底泥的粒径较细,为淤泥质底泥;海河干流5断面底泥总有机碳含量在0.64%～3.40%之间;底泥中残留六氯苯浓度范围为6.8～16.7μg/kg,平均值为长江南京段底泥中六氯苯含量的2.9倍,远低于淮河底泥中六氯苯含量.考察了温度、总有机碳含量、底泥粒径以及吸附时间对六氯苯释放的影响,结果表明各因素对六氯苯的释放均有显著影响.快、慢2段一级动力学模型较好地拟合了六氯苯释放的实验数据,并得出了释放动力学参数:快速和慢速释放部分所占的质量分率F_rap,F_slow分别为37.6%和62.4%;快速和慢速释放速率常数k_rap,k_slow分别为0.066 9h^-1和0.000 5h^-1.     

湖流作用下太湖底泥再悬浮和NH4-N释放规律研究

在矩形水槽中模拟了太湖底泥起动再悬浮规律,分析了湖流流速对太湖底泥再悬浮及NH4-N释放的作用规律.结果显示:当流速小于20 cm/s时,底泥并未发生大量悬浮,水体中浊度及NH4-N浓度变化不大;当流速大于40cm/s时,底泥发生大规模悬浮,水体中浊度和NH4-N浓度显著提高.试验以少量动作为底泥起动的标准,得出太湖底...     

近地面大气颗粒物粒度与粒形特征

选择大气颗粒物污染代表性城市石家庄市,利用挂片法采集采暖期与非采暖期大气颗粒物样品,在CIS-50粒度粒形仪上进行视频通道测试,并利用扫描电镜对颗粒表面形态进行观察,得出颗粒物粒度分布、粒形参数及形貌特征.结果显示,大气颗粒物粒度分布为连续多峰曲线形态,粒径范围为0.8～120 μm,集中于10 μm以下,粒度均值变化为4.086 0～7.622 7 μm,标准差随粒度均值增大而增大;粒形参数中形状因子均值变化为0.718 3～0.899 3,分维度均值变化为1.041 1～1.072 0.上述数据均呈现在非采暖期间小于采暖期间的特征.扫描电镜观察表明大气颗粒物多为表面粗糙的块状形貌,粒度较大;团聚状次之,并呈粗、细2种团聚形态;球体颗粒粒度最小.分析认为,石家庄市近地面大气颗粒物粒度粒形变化受地面排放影响强烈,采暖期新增颗粒物粒度为5～8 μm,粒形为近圆形及圆形,呈聚合体形态;PM₅数量比与近方形及正方形颗粒数量比呈较好正相关,r 为0.945 8,与近圆形及圆形颗粒数量比呈负相关,r 为-0.972 6,PM₅在大气颗粒物粒度粒形变化中可能有重要影响.     

PM10切割器捕集效率评价装置及方法研究

PM₁₀切割器是对大气颗粒物粒径进行分离的重要部件,会影响PM₁₀监测结果的准确性.本研究通过搭建基于静态箱法的切割器捕集效率评价系统,对进口和国产的两款旋风式PM₁₀切割器的捕集效率进行了评价,通过使用标准规定的8种粒径单分散聚苯乙烯微球,测量并拟合了PM₁₀切割器的捕集效率曲线,最终获取D_a50（PM₁₀切割器的捕集效率为50%时对应的空气动力学粒径）及几何标准偏差.评价结果表明,该装置能满足PM₁₀切割器的评价需求,所评价的两个PM₁₀切割器的D_a50分别为10.43 μm和10.44 μm,性能指标均符合标准规定,且进气流量增大时,PM₁₀切割器的D_a50呈减小趋势.该研究结果对于进一步规范切割器的制造及使用具有科学意义.     

内陆水体后向散射系数模拟研究

在利用半分析方法结合光学闭合原理模拟水体后向散射系数的过程中,参考波长的选择对最终结果有较大影响.为了得出最佳参考波长的影响因子,利用太湖、巢湖和滇池的野外实测数据,对后向散射系数进行模拟,进而分析水体的最佳参考波长与其对应的水质参数浓度之间的变化规律.同时,建立了太湖、巢湖和滇池水体的后向散射系数曲线的幂函数光谱模型,获得的光谱指数分别为2.643±0.317、 2.719±0.242、 1.638±0.534.结果表明：①以整个湖泊为研究对象时,最佳参考波长随着湖泊水体中总颗粒物浓度c_SPM、有机颗粒物浓度c_SPOM和叶绿素浓度c_CHL平均值的增大而向长波方向移动,太湖、巢湖和滇池水体的最佳参考波长分别为695、 720和730 nm;②以单个湖泊的各个样点为研究对象时,由于内陆湖泊光学特性的复杂性,最佳参考波长的影响因子存在一定差异,但c_SPM是一个共同的影响因子.此外,过高的c_CHL将削弱水质参数浓度与最佳参考波长间的规律性;③在以无机颗粒物为主的水体中,后向散射系数与总颗粒物浓度之间存在更好的相关性,如在太湖水体中,R²达到0.852.     

沿岸用地状况对中小河道沉水植物定居光照强度的影响

河道沿岸用地状况对水环境质量和水生态系统健康产生重要影响,水体光衰减特征对沉水植物定居生长具有重要意义.通过以建设闲置区、居住商业区、非居住商业区等不同沿岸用地状况中小河道为研究对象,分析了上海市130个中小河道调查区段的水环境和水下光环境指标.结果表明,上海市中小河道调查区段水体光衰减系数（K_d（PAR））的分布范围为1.243~7.592 m^-1,河道沿岸不同用地状况对K_d（PAR）具有较大影响,建设闲置区显著大于非居住商业区和居住商业区.总固体悬浮物是导致上海市中小河道水体光衰减的主要因素,但不同沿岸用地状况之间引起水体光衰减的主导因子存在差异：因处在建设开发阶段或表土裸露状态,建设闲置区的水体光衰减主导因子为总固体悬浮物,而非居住商业区、居住商业区的水体K_d（PAR）则受到总固体悬浮物、有机污染和营养盐等共同影响.总体上,总磷和叶绿素a随总固体悬浮物浓度增加表现为先增加后降低趋势.沉水植物定居光环境的最大水深Z_macrophytes分布范围为0.462~2.821 m,结合中小河道水深判定水下光照强度不足严重制约沉水植物恢复,并且浊度与K_d（PAR）的相关性显著.建设闲置区、居住商业区、非居住商业区等沿岸用地状况水体浊度与K_d（PAR）的相关系数分别为0.785、0.738、0.646,可作为判定沉水植物定植光照强度及适宜生长区的易操作定量指标.     

太湖水体中氮、磷空间分布特征及环境效应

研究分析了太湖水体中氮、磷空间分布规律. 结果表明,太湖水体中各种形态氮、磷的空间分布呈现出非均一性特征,梅梁湾、竺山湾、贡湖湾、西岸区和湖心区水体中总氮、总磷浓度显著高于其他湖区,溶解态氮/磷、碎屑氮/磷的空间分布规律与总氮/磷的基本一致. 总氮与溶解态氮、碎屑态氮之间存在显著的线性正相关,且相关系数分别为r_DN=0.819 2和r_DeN=0.696 9;总磷与溶解态磷、碎屑态磷也存在极显著的线性正相关,对应的相关系数为r_DP=0.747 7和r_DeP=0.926 0. 水体中叶绿素a的空间分布差异较大,最高浓度出现在太湖的西部(179.2 μg·L^-1±25.9 μg·L^-1),最低的则出现在东太湖七都水域附近(11.3 μg·L^-1±2.7 μg·L^-1). 叶绿素a与总氮、碎屑态氮、总磷、溶解态磷、碎屑态磷、高锰酸盐指数、pH值和悬浮质存在显著的线性正相关,对应相关系数为r_TN=0.662 2、r_DeN=0.873 9、r_TP=0.813 0、r_DP=0.407 7、r_DeP=0.878 1、r_COD=0.868 9、r_pH=0.517 3和r_SS=0.533 4,与溶解态氮、电导率和碱度之间相关不显著.     

太湖水体漫衰减系数特征及其对水生态环境影响分析

利用2006年10～11月太湖全湖不同区域光学属性的测量数据,就太湖水体漫衰减系数(K_d)特征、各影响因子对K_d的贡献率以及K_d对太湖水生态系统的影响进行分析.结果表明,太湖水体的漫衰减系数K_d以571 nm为分界点,在整个可见光波长范围内(400～700 nm)主要呈现2种变化趋势.第1种,在<571 nm波长范围内,K_d随着波长的增加呈现指数形式衰减,第2种,在>571 nm波长范围内,K_d表现为波动形式;在400～700 nm波长范围内,色素颗粒物的吸收系数是漫衰减系数第一贡献者,非色素颗粒物吸收系数和散射系数处于第二贡献者地位,而黄质吸收系数的贡献率相对最小;太湖水体漫衰减系数决定了太湖水生态系统中的光生态因子,K_d形成的“水体窗口”影响了太湖水域不同类型生态系统的形成,并为太湖“水华”的优势藻类铜绿微囊藻的出现提供了水下光场依据.     

崇明东滩沉积物再悬浮对沉积物-水界面氮、磷交换行为的影响

2002年7月采集崇明东滩低潮滩沉积物样和水样,运用模拟实验研究沉积物再悬浮作用对沉积物-水界面三态氮和可溶磷交换行为的影响实验发现,在沉积物不断发生再悬浮的过程中,水体中三态氮的含量明显增加,其中NO₃^--N变化最为显著,升高浓度值达11.869μmol·L^-1,NH₄⁺-N增长2.1713μmol·L^-1,NO₂^--N的释放约为0.2μmol·L^-1,可溶磷的含量也有少量的增加.同时,再悬浮作用对沉积物-水界面三态氮和可溶磷的环境地球化学行为也有一定的影响,与静置状态相比,NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N表现出与静置状态截然相反的变化规律,NO₂^--N受多种因素的影响,变化比较复杂,初期与静置状态相反而后表现一致.再悬浮颗粒物浓度也是制约沉积物-水界面三态氮和可溶磷变化的主要因子之一.实验结果显示,NH₄⁺-N在前7h以内的变化和悬浮颗粒物浓度表现出较好的相关关系,后5h呈负相关关系;NO₂^--N和可溶磷在整个过程中与悬浮颗粒物浓度的变化都有着很好的相关性,只有NO₃^--N的变化与其关系比较薄弱.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

ＲｅｍｏｖａｌｏｆｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌｓｆｒｏｍｓｅｗａｇｅｓｌｕｄｇｅｂｙｌｏｗｃｏｓｔｉｎｇｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｍｅｔｈｏｄａｎｄｒｅｃｙｃｌｉｎｇｉｎａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅＷｕＱｉｔａｎｇ，ＮｙｉｒａｎｄｅｇｅＰａｓｃａｓｉｅ，ＭｏＣｅｈｕｉＦ...     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.