克拉维酸产生菌的诱变育种

以克拉维酸产生菌棒状链霉菌Streptomyces clavuligerus CCRC11518 Ⅲ50为出发菌株,比较各种物理和化学诱变剂处理对其克拉维酸生物合成的影响,确定亚硝基胍为棒状链霉菌诱变育种的诱变剂及其处理剂量为2 mgmL-1、40 min.经业硝基胍处理40 min(处理浓度为2 mg mL-1)后,采用新颖理性化筛选方法,通过筛选自身代谢产物抗性突变株、克拉维酸抗性突变株和链霉素抗性突变株,最终得到一株克拉维酸高产菌Ⅵ118,其克拉维酸产量较出发菌株提高了67.9%.该高产突变株在琼脂斜面培养基上连续传接10代,克拉维酸产量保持稳定.     

棒状链霉菌突变株CCRC11518-Ⅲ50克拉维酸发酵条件的研究

通过单因子和多因子摇瓶正交优化试验,确定了克拉维酸产生菌棒状链霉菌突变株Streptomyces clavuligerusCCRC11518-Ⅲ50的三角瓶发酵条件.发酵培养基组成(ρ/g L-1):甘油30,大豆蛋白胨60,麦芽浸膏7.5,K2HPO4·3H2O 1.0,MgSO4·7H2O 2.0,FeSO4-7H2O 1.0;培养基初始pH 6.5;接种量15％;培养基装量20 mL/250 mL三角瓶;培养温度25℃;发酵时间72 h.克拉维酸效价由优化前的834.8 μg mL-1提高到1 082.615 μg mL-1,提高了29.7％.还在1 600 mL发酵罐中进行了初步放大试验.当接种量15％,通气量1:0.5,转速450 r min-1,25℃发酵60h克拉维酸效价达到高峰1 025 μg mL-1.图12表1参12     

利用广谱性和特异性组合诱变技术选育辅酶Q10高产菌

为提高辅酶Q10产量，采用了对细胞进行全面的非特异性诱变和针对特定途径的特异性诱变相结合的育种策略，以放射型根瘤菌(Rhizobium radiobacter)WSH2601为出发菌株，选择UV射线和亚硝基胍作为诱变剂，在筛选获得放线菌素D抗性突变株的基础上，通过进一步的诱变处理，分别获得了放线菌素D和L-乙基硫氨酸双抗性突变株、放线菌素D和维生素K双抗性突变株，以及抗放线菌素D和X-gal利用能力提高的突变株．与出发菌株相比，突变株辅酶Q10的产量提高幅度达25％-37％，其中一株放线菌素D和L-乙基硫氨酸双抗性突变株WSH-E25，胞内辅酶Q10含量和辅酶Q10总产量分别达到2．86mg g DCW^-1和40．0mg L^-1，均比出发菌株提高了37％，且遗传稳定性良好，图6表2参8     

紫外诱变选育高产丁二酮乳酸菌株及其低成本发酵优化

2,3-丁二酮是一种常用的安全食品添加剂,为了提高微生物发酵中菌株的丁二酮产量,从泡菜水样品中分离筛选出一株野生型高产丁二酮菌株,并进行紫外诱变选育以及发酵条件优化.筛选获得高产丁二酮野生型乳酸菌株(1)-2,产量为67.02 mg/L,经16S r DNA分子鉴定为植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum).紫外诱变获得高产丁二酮突变株U13,产量为127.88 mg/L.对突变前后菌株几种丁二酮代谢相关酶酶活变化的比较结果显示,突变株丁二酮产量的提高是因为乳酸脱氢酶减少及乙酰乳酸合成酶增加.正交实验优化突变株U13的最佳丁二酮发酵条件为接种量3%,初始pH 6.6,葡萄糖30 g/L,组合氮源(蛋白胨:酵母粉:牛肉膏=2:1:2)20 g/L,柠檬酸氢二铵3 g/L,乙酸钠2 g/L,吐温-80 1 m L/L,K_2HPO_4 2 g/L,Mg~(2+)2 mmol/L,Mn~(2+)0.7 mmol/L,Cu~(2+)2 mmol/L,温度为37℃.利用廉价碳氮源淀粉及小麦麸皮替代原有碳氮源,淀粉替代率不超过20%、小麦麸皮替代率不超过40%时,丁二酮产量降幅比较低.本研究通过诱变选育和发酵条件优化,提高了菌株丁二酮产量,并通过廉价碳氮源替换降低了成本,可为丁二酮的微生物工业发酵提供参考.     

产类胡萝卜素菌株的筛选及其培养条件初探

从土壤、植物落花、细菌污染的组织培养二三角瓶里的培养基上及被细菌污染的LB琼脂平板上分离筛选出十几株产类胡萝卜素的菌株，其中从污染的LB琼脂平板上分离的一株菌落颜色为黄色的菌株PBH，分类鉴定为库特氏菌属(Kurthia sp.)．菌株在以葡萄糖为碳源，添加番茄汁(3．6mL／L)、芝麻油(1．6mL／L)、Na2CO3(6g/L)和磷酸缓冲盐的液体培养基中28℃振荡培养5d，每mL培养液细胞生物量湿重达到65．57mg，类胡萝卜素产量达到9．896μg，菌体每g湿重细胞胡萝卜素含量为150．9μg．图10参13     

卵孢菌素产生菌株角毛壳菌(Chaetomium cupreum)CH21-20发酵培养条件优化

卵孢菌素(Oosporein)是具有广谱抗菌活性的二联苯醌类化合物;角毛壳菌(Chaetomium cupreum)CH21-20为本实验室通过遗传改良获得的卵孢菌素高产菌株.利用该菌株进行发酵条件研究,获得其最适发酵条件为接种量(体积分数)3%、初始p H 7.0、装液量60 mL/250 mL、摇床转速180 r/min、培养温度24℃.培养基碳氮源和无机盐筛选结果表明,15.0 g/L蔗糖、5.0 g/L蛋白粉及0.5 g/L氯化钠能显著提高卵孢菌素产量.以卵孢菌素为响应值,对蔗糖、蛋白粉、氯化钠进行三因素三水平的Box-Behnken实验设计及响应面法优化研究,得到蔗糖、蛋白粉及氯化钠的最佳配比分别为15.63 g/L、5.22 g/L、0.53 g/L,预测在此发酵条件下卵孢菌素最高产量可达2 547μg/mL,实验验证得到卵孢菌素产量为2 478μg/mL,与预测值接近;发酵条件优化后,卵孢菌素产量提高了56.14%.本研究获得了卵孢菌素稳定高产的摇瓶发酵技术参数.     

基于高通量测序技术的铬污染农田土壤菌群多样性及修复菌株的筛选

菌种资源筛选是铬污染土壤生物修复的基础.以铬污染农田土壤为研究对象,采用高通量测序方法分析土壤细菌多样性特征,并根据多样性分析结果,采用选择性培养基和培养方法快速筛选对铬具有适应性和去除能力的细菌,以寻找能在铬污染农田土壤原位修复中具有较大应用潜力的菌种资源.结果显示:受铬污染的土壤细菌群落丰富度和多样性均低于未受铬污染土壤.门水平上,铬污染土壤中放线菌门(Actinobacteria)细菌丰度显著高于未受铬污染的土壤,是两种生境丰度差异最大的门.属水平上,芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)是铬污染土壤中丰度最高的优势属,显著高于未受铬污染的土壤.从铬污染土壤中共分离到6株能够耐受1 000μg/mL铬的细菌. 6株菌都具有一定的六价铬Cr(VI)去除能力,其中Cr1、Cr3和Cr8能在72 h内将500μg/mL铬培养基中的Cr(VI)全部去除,Cr8能在72 h内将1 000μg/mL铬培养基中的Cr(VI)去除61.2%. 16S rDNA测序结果表明,6株菌中有5株属于厚壁菌门芽孢杆菌属,1株属于放线菌门纤维微菌属(Cellulosimicrobium).结合菌体及菌落形态特征和序列分析结果,铬去除能力最高的Cr8菌可初步被确定为C. aquatile.本研究表明铬污染降低土壤中细菌多样性,根据高通量测序结果有选择性地快速筛选铬污染修复菌株具有可行性,Cr8菌是国内首次分离到的具有铬污染修复功能的纤维微菌属菌株.(图11表5参40)     

一株丁二酮高产菌株的鉴定及发酵条件优化

天然丁二酮是一种香精载体,为提高其产量,有必要筛选出丁二酮高产菌株及其最佳发酵条件.从保存的一株丁二酮高产菌株6-1(2)出发,通过分子生物学方法对其进行鉴定,采用单因素试验和最佳单因素组合实验的方法筛选出该菌株的最佳发酵条件.结果表明,实验菌株6-1(2)与植物乳杆菌Lactobacillus plantarum的AB326301.1序列同源性最高,初步鉴定为植物乳杆菌;发酵条件经过优化后,丁二酮的产量从初始的38 mg/L提高到167.56 mg/L,提高了340.95%,产量提高显著.优化发酵条件为:牛肉膏10 g/L,柠檬酸氢二胺2 g/L,酵母浸粉15 g/L,磷酸氢二钾2 g/L,乙酸钠2 g/L,葡萄糖20 g/L,蛋白胨30 g/L,吐温-80 1 mL/L,初始pH 6.2-6.4,接种量1.5%,37℃静置培养10 h;该发酵条件下的丁二酮产量提高显著.本研究对丁二酮的工业化生产具有一定的参考价值.     

四川盆地大豆根瘤内生细菌的分离鉴定及促生效果

以四川盆地大豆根瘤为材料,采用划线法分离内生细菌、16S rDNA PCR-RFLP分析其遗传多样性,并结合菌株促生特性和盆栽试验筛选优良促生菌.从分离获得的130株内生细菌中选取了40株细菌作为供试菌株,16S rDNA序列表明分属于芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、肠杆菌属(Enterobacter)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、中华根瘤菌属(Sinorhizobium)和慢生根瘤菌属(Bradyrhizobium).以大豆为供试作物筛选出了12株具有促生能力的细菌,所有菌株均能分泌吲哚-3-乙酸(IAA),浓度达到0.353-32.404μg/mL;7株能产铁载体,活性单位为7.35%-34.31%;有11株具有溶磷能力,溶磷量达到4.26-10.6μg/mL;6株具有固氮能力.接种12株供试菌株后,玉米的农艺性状、植株全氮和全磷含量均优于单施化肥处理,其中菌株DA16-5效果最好,表现出良好的促生潜力.综上,四川盆地大豆根瘤内生菌遗传多样性丰富并且普遍具有促生能力,是重要的生物资源.     

蚯蚓抗菌肽EABP-1的分离纯化及部分性质

经硫酸铵沉淀、超滤和阳离子交换分离 ,得到了一蚯蚓抗菌肽EABP 1,该肽的最大紫外吸收在 2 77.16nm ,SDS PAGE结果表明其Mr≈ 2 0× 10 3,精确的分子量没有确定 .最小抑菌浓度 (ρMIC)实验表明 ,EABP 1对鹑鸡肠球菌(Enterococcusgallinarum)、绿脓杆菌 (Pseudomonaspyocyanea)、鲍氏不动 (Acinetobacterbaumanii)、土生克雷伯 (Kleb siellaterrigena)的 ρMIC为 11.4μg/mL ,对粪肠球菌 (Enterococcusfaecalis)的 ρMIC为 2 2 .8μg/mL ,对真菌白色念株菌(Candidaalbicans)没有表现为完全的抑制作用 .图 1表 1参 10     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Threats to intact tropical peatlands and opportunities for their conservation

Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.     

Parasitic wasps orient to green leaf volatiles

Summary Undamaged plants emit low levels of green leaf volatiles (GLVs), while caterpillar-damaged and artificially damaged plants emit relatively higher levels of certain GLVs. Female braconid parasitoids,Microplitis croceipes, oriented to both damaged plants and to individual GLVs in no-choice tests in a wind tunnel, but seldom oriented to undamaged plants. Female ichneumonid parasitoids,Netelia heroica, also oriented to individual GLVs in a wind tunnel. Males of both wasp species failed to orient to the GLVs. These data show that leaf-feeding caterpillars can cause the release of GLVs, and that parasitic wasps can respond to these odors by flying upwind (chemoanemotactic response), which brings the wasps to their caterpillar hosts. This supports the hypothesis that plants communicate with members of the third trophic level,i.e., plants under herbivore attack emit chemical signals that guide natural enemies of herbivores to sites of plant damage. In this interaction, the GLVs serve as tritrophic plant-to-parasitoid synomones. That parasitoids from two different wasp families oriented to GLVs suggests that the response may be widespread among the Hymenoptera.Mention of a commercial or proprietary product does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture     

Human Influence and Classical Biogeographic Predictors of Rare Species Occurrence

Biogeographic theory predicts that rare species occur more often in larger, less‐isolated habitat patches and suggests that patch size and connectivity are positive predictors of patch quality for conservation. However, in areas substantially modified by humans, rare species may be relegated to the most isolated patches. We used data from plant surveys of 81 meadow patches in the Georgia Basin of Canada and the United States to show that presence of threatened and endangered plants was positively predicted for patches that were isolated on small islands surrounded by ocean and for patches that were isolated by surrounding forest. Neither patch size nor connectivity were positive predictors of rare species occurrence. Thus, in our study area, human influence, presumably due to disturbance or introduction of competitive non‐native species, appears to have overwhelmed classical predictors of rare species distribution, such that greater patch isolation appeared to favor presence of rare species. We suggest conservation planners consider the potential advantages of protecting geographically isolated patches in human‐modified landscapes because such patches may represent the only habitats in which rare species are likely to persist. Influencia Humana y Predictores Biogeográficos Clásicos de la Ocurrencia de Especies Raras     

Seasonal dynamics of macro-algae in the South Lake of Tunis

The macro-algae communities observed in the south lake of Tunis are characterized by the predominance of nitrophilous algae which are in the order of biomass importance:Ulva, Cladophora andEnteromorpha. We have noted seasonal changes of alga distribution. The wind appears to be one of the most important factors influencing this distribution. The total biomass reaches a maximum in the spring. Rapid decomposition of the biomass leads to a severe ecological imbalance, resulting in crises of anoxia and fish death. A restoration project has already started. It aims at removal of contaminated muds and the introduction of a new circulation system. The main objectives of this work were to collect information on the distribution and biomass of the phytobenthic communities as a first step in the constitution of a database for further comparison.     

Patterns and biases of climate change threats in the IUCN Red List

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List assessments rely on published data and expert inputs, and biases can be introduced where underlying definitions and concepts are ambiguous. Consideration of climate change threat is no exception, and recently numerous approaches to assessing the threat of climate change to species have been developed. We explored IUCN Red List assessments of amphibians and birds to determine whether species listed as threatened by climate change display distinct patterns in terms of habitat occupied and additional nonclimatic threats faced. We compared IUCN Red List data with a published data set of species’ biological and ecological traits believed to infer high vulnerability to climate change and determined whether distributions of climate change‐threatened species on the IUCN Red List concur with those of climate change‐threatened species identified with the trait‐based approach and whether species possessing these traits are more likely to have climate change listed as a threat on the IUCN Red List. Species in some ecosystems (e.g., grassland, shrubland) and subject to particular threats (e.g., invasive species) were more likely to have climate change as a listed threat. Geographical patterns of climate change‐threatened amphibians and birds on the IUCN Red List were incongruent with patterns of global species richness and patterns identified using trait‐based approaches. Certain traits were linked to increases or decreases in the likelihood of a species being threatened by climate change. Broad temperature tolerance of a species was consistently related to an increased likelihood of climate change threat, indicating counterintuitive relationships in IUCN assessments. To improve the robustness of species assessments of the vulnerability or extinction risk associated with climate change, we suggest IUCN adopt a more cohesive approach whereby specific traits highlighted by our results are considered in Red List assessments. To achieve this and to strengthen the climate change‐vulnerability assessments approach, it is necessary to identify and implement logical avenues for further research into traits that make species vulnerable to climate change (including population‐level threats).