新疆农村贫困问题及其最低生活保障制度

当前导致农民贫困主要原因是社会原因,即社会保障制度不完善、教育不公平与权利不平等。正在实施的农村最低生活保障制度是保障公民的基本的生活权利和维护其最低生活需要所建立的社会救助制度,是社会保障体系的最后一道安全网。论文分析了新疆农村贫困人口数量和最低生活保障制度运行现状,认为导致新疆农村贫困的原因是:农村教育落后、公共卫生条件差、农民权利的缺乏、自然环境恶化、市场因素和农村社会保障不健全六个方面。论文提出了新疆农村低保制度存在的问题,即制度理念不科学、制度不完善、保障水平低、资金缺乏、缺乏其他社会保障制度的衔接性等。在此基础上分析了新疆农村低保制度改革与发展方向,即增强贫困人口的发展能力,注重发挥其主体作用,农村低保应与其它社会保障项目相结合,增加农村公共产品供给,完善农村低保制度的管理机制等。低保制度的不断完善,对提高各族农民生活水平、加强民族团结、实现社会稳定、促进社会公平、构建和谐社会等方面发挥重要作用。     

农村环境的“和谐管理”与“社会资本”研究范式

我国农村环境面临日益严峻的问题,迫切要求建立"政府主导、农民参与"的农村环境"和谐管理"模式。社会资本,是与物质资本、人力资本等同的一种潜在资本,社会资本研究范式对于农村社会、环境管理和"和谐管理"都有着强大的解释功能。农村环境的"和谐管理"目标的实现,离不开社会资本研究范式的透视。     

对现阶段我国农村社会保障制度的经济分析

建立健全农村社会保障制度是社会主义新农村建设的题中应有之义。从理论上说．农村社会保障制度建设是社会安全的需要．是社会化大生产的要求，是宏观需求管理的需要．而且我国现酚段已有能力承担农村社会保障支出；从农村经济社会发展现状看，农村土地和家庭保障功能弱化，城市化进程中农民工的社会保障需求及农村人口老龄化的趋势，都迫切要求健全农村社会保障制度。考虑到我国经济发展水平状况，农村社会保障制度建设应坚持四项原则，现阶段着力抓好三个重点。     

中国农村发展的可持续走向

从三种生产的视角看，农村发展的可持续方向是指农村发展趋向于三种生产的和谐运行与环境社会系统的稳定演进。获得“经济-社会-环境”整体高效益。资源环境问题是与一定的发展模式相伴而生的，针对中国农村地区的资源环境问题，通过深入剖析城乡整体、城乡之间以及农村内部三种生产的状况，提出改善中国农村发展状况的对策。     

河南省农村劳动力转移、第三产业发展与城市化关系分析

有效推进城市化进程是实现城乡协调发展的重要途径。城市化的实质是农村劳动力及其供养人口向非农产业转移并向城市（镇）集聚的过程。在欠发达地区。城市化进程在很大程度上取决于农村剩余劳动力的转移空间．转移空间越大。农村劳动力转移的拉力就越大．城市化进程的速度也就越快。据此。将农村劳动力转移作为城市化的一个主导过程，并基于河南城市化水平较低与第三产业就业比重严重偏低的事实．提出“第三产业内部构成不合理所导致的对农村劳动力转移拉力不足．是制约河南城市化进提的量主要因素”这个假设。通过构建农村劳动力转移模型．对河南农村劳动力转移的影响要素进行定量分析。结果显示该假设是成立的。以此为依据．最后提出河南省通过合理发展第三产业。推进城市化的政策建议。     

农村能源消费的环境效应研究

近年来,我国农村能源消费增长迅速,消费模式的转变,传统生物质能源与以煤炭为主的商品能源的消费格局发生变化,与此相关的环境问题日益突出,成为制约农村地区经济—社会—环境和谐发展的重要因素之一,对农村地区应对气候变化能力也产生严峻挑战。本文分析了农村能源消费的变化与主要问题,利用农村能源消费的统计数据,采用排放系数法,估算了1980-2004年时段我国农村能源消费的CO2及主要污染物的排放量;比较了传统生物质能源与煤炭为主的商品能源的消费特点与环境效应,指出基于我国农村地区存量巨大的生物质能资源的高效、可持续利用,是满足我国农村地区能源消费需求,减少温室气体和污染物排放,改善农村环境,提高减缓和适应气候变化能力的重要手段。并在此基础上,对我国农村能源消费提出相应的政策导向建议,实现农村能源的可持续消费与利用。     

准确把握新农村建设的着力点

建设社会主义新农村，是党中央作出的具有深远意义的战略决策。实现这个战略决策必须以科学发展观为指导，坚持以人为本，准确把握新农村建设中的着力点，切实解决农民面临的困难和问题，使农民权益得到保障，使农村的弱势地位真正得到改善。那么，目前农民群众最关心、最直接、最现实的利益问题是什么呢？国务院发展研究中心农村经济研究部部长韩俊进行了概括：“种地不缴税，     

环境健康的权利进阶与立法展开 ——兼论《野生动物保护法》的完善北大核心CSCDCSSCI

在人与环境的关系中,不但要尊重并认同环境要素的内在价值、尊重并保护整个生态系统的完整和良好状态,更要保护人类的健康。只有“人”与“环境”都受到了保护,都不因对方而受到损害,才是真正意义上的和谐关系和命运共同体。环境健康权是环境健康利益的权利表达,也是健康权与环境权在主体、客体和内容上的全面对接和融合的结果,反映了人与生态环境之间的和谐关系。环境健康权的损害往往表现为环境要素、环境功能与公众健康的共同损害,环境要素的损害是因,环境功能和公众健康的损害是果。通过规范人们的环境行为,保护公众免受环境有害因素侵害、预防环境要素的损害,维持和改善生态功能,是保障环境健康权的应然路径。国际环境法制已将公众健康从保护对象提升为一项重要的法律权利,并在一定程度上得到司法适用。保障环境健康权也成为我国环境法制的新趋向,但《野生动物保护法》的立法目的仍缺失对环境健康权的宣示,也缺乏更多、更完备的环境健康权保护制度设计。在生态文明新时代,我们应该赋予《野生动物保护法》以新的历史使命,让它成为保障环境健康权的一道制度城墙。通过吸收国际环境法制发展成果和借鉴我国《环境保护法》等先进立法经验,我们应将保障环境健康权确立为《野生动物保护法》的最终立法目的,建立全覆盖的野生动物人工驯养繁殖许可制度和人工繁育重点野生动物用途管制制度,针对非重点保护野生动物的开发、利用、消费行为,制定和完善有利于保障环境健康权的野生动物分类制度和从源头到末端的交易管理制度。     

论可持续发展视野中的农村社会支持

本文阐述了如何可持续发展观来指导农村社会支持,并提出在农村社会支持活动中,引进社会保险、社会服务、生态保护和心理培育等新的机制,运用综合性评价指标体系对各种农村社会支持项目及其结果进行经济效益、社会效益和心理效益三个方面的分析。     

农村水环境保护与经济可持续发展

我国的生态环境问题 ,如水土流失、草场退化、沙漠化、盐渍化等问题 ,归根到底还是农村水环境问题。本文分析了农村水环境保护、高效利用水资源的紧迫性 ,以及影响农村生态系统可持续性的因素和保护、改善农村水环境的主要措施 ;认为加强农村水环境保护及其持续发展能力的建设是我国整个社会特别是农村经济可持续发展的基本保障     

Ethnosciences––A step towards the integration of scientific and indigenous forms of knowledge in the management of natural resources for the future

Integration of indigenous knowledge and ethnoscientific approaches into contemporary frameworks for conservation and sustainable management of natural resources will become increasingly important in policies on an international and national level, both in countries that are industrialised and those that have a developing status. We set the scene on how this can be done by exploring the key conditions and dimensions of a dialogue between ȁ8ontologiesȁ9 and the roles, which ethnosciences could play in this process. First, the roles of ethnosciences in the context of sustainable development were analysed, placing emphasis on the implications arising when western sciences aspire to relate to indigenous forms of␣knowledge. Secondly, the contributions of ethnosciences to such an ȁ8inter- ontological dialogueȁ9 were explored, based on an ethnoecological study of the encounter of sciences and indigenous knowledge in the Andes of Bolivia, and reviewed experiences from mangrove systems in Kenya, India and Sri Lanka, and from case-studies in other ecosystems world-wide, incl. Australia, Burkina Faso, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Indonesia, Nepal, Niger, Philippines, Senegal, South-Africa and Tanzania.     

Paradoxical ozone associations could be due to methyl nitrite from combustion of methyl ethers or esters in engine fuels

We review studies of the effects of low ambient ozone concentrations on morbidity that found a negative coefficient for ozone concentration. We call this a Paradoxical Ozone Association (POA). All studies were in regions with methyl ether in gasoline. All but one study carefully controlled for the effects of other criterion pollutants, so the phenomenon cannot be attributed to them. One was in southern California in mid-summer when ozone levels are highest. Because ozone is created by sunlight, the most plausible explanation for a POA would be an ambient pollutant that is rapidly destroyed by sunlight, such as methyl nitrite (MN). A previously published model of engine exhaust chemistry suggested methyl ether in the fuel will create MN in the exhaust. MN is known to be highly toxic, and closely related alkyl nitrites are known to induce respiratory sensitivity in humans. Support for the interpretation comes from many studies, including three linking asthma symptoms to methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and the observation that a POA has not been seen in regions without ether in gasoline. We also note that studies in southern California show a historical trend from more significant to less significant ozone-health associations. The timing of those changes is consistent with the known timing of the introduction of gasoline oxygenated with MTBE in that region.     

Distributions of personal VOC exposures: a population-based analysis

Information regarding the distribution of volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations and exposures is scarce, and there have been few, if any, studies using population-based samples from which representative estimates can be derived. This study characterizes distributions of personal exposures to ten different VOCs in the U.S. measured in the 1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Personal VOC exposures were collected for 669 individuals over 2-3 days, and measurements were weighted to derive national-level statistics. Four common exposure sources were identified using factor analyses: gasoline vapor and vehicle exhaust, methyl tert-butyl ether (MBTE) as a gasoline additive, tap water disinfection products, and household cleaning products. Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylenes chloroform, and tetrachloroethene were fit to log-normal distributions with reasonably good agreement to observations. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene and trichloroethene were fit to Pareto distributions, and MTBE to Weibull distribution, but agreement was poor. However, distributions that attempt to match all of the VOC exposure data can lead to incorrect conclusions regarding the level and frequency of the higher exposures. Maximum Gumbel distributions gave generally good fits to extrema, however, they could not fully represent the highest exposures of the NHANES measurements. The analysis suggests that complete models for the distribution of VOC exposures require an approach that combines standard and extreme value distributions, and that carefully identifies outliers. This is the first study to provide national-level and representative statistics regarding the VOC exposures, and its results have important implications for risk assessment and probabilistic analyses.     

Long-term increase in climatic dryness in the East-Mediterranean as evidenced for the island of Samos

The Eastern Mediterranean region is among the regions which were predicted to become drier under IPCC climate scenarios. Here, we document a gradual reduction of rainfall and tree growth and the loss of rural springs during the last decades of the twentieth century. Years with severe drought are associated with very low tree growth (dendrochronology) and dry falling of springs as evidenced by interviews with local stakeholders. The paper discusses the consequences of accelerating drought on natural vegetation and agriculture and points at the interaction with fire dynamics and economy, both likely to enhance the drought effect.     

Comparative analysis of the effect of predator odor on morphological and physiological parameters of adult male Campbell hamsters (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phodopus campbelli</Emphasis>) and dwarf hamsters (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phodopus sungorus</Emphasis>)

The effect of long-term exposure to natural excretions of the European polecat on the morphological parameters and hormonal status of adult male Campbell hamsters (Phodopus campbelli) and dwarf hamsters (Ph. sungorus) was studied. Exposure to volatile components of natural excreta of a potential predator did not have any significant effect on hamsters. The combined influence of volatile and nonvolatile components of the polecat’s excretions caused physiological stress in Ph. campbelli, while in Ph. sungorus, on the contrary, an increase in thymus weight and the plasma testosterone level was recorded.     

How Do Groups Solve Local Commons Dilemmas? Lessons from Experimental Economics in the Field

The use of experimental settings to observe human behaviour in a controlled environment of incentives, rules and institutions, has been widely used by the behavioural sciences for sometime now, particularly by psychology and economics. In most cases the subjects are college students recruited for one to two hour decision making exercises in which, depending on their choices, they earn cash averaging US$ 20. In such exercises players face a set of feasible actions, rules and incentives (payoffs) involving different forms of social exchange with other people, and that in most cases involve some kind of externalities with incomplete contracts, such as in the case of common-pool resources situations. Depending on the ecological and institutional settings, the resource users face a set of feasible levels of extraction, a set of rules regarding the control or monitoring of individual use, and sometimes ways of imposing material or non-material costs or rewards to those breaking or following the rules. We brought the experimental lab to the field and invited about two hundred users of natural resources in three Colombian rural villages to participate in such decision making exercises and through these and other research instruments we learned about the ways they solve - or fail to - tragedies of the commons with different social institutions. Further, bringing the lab to the field allowed us to explore some of the limitations of existing models about human behaviour and its consequences for designing policies for conserving ecosystems and improving social welfare.     

Quantifying the transfer of radionuclides to food products from domestic farm animals

Databases have been compiled to derive parameter values relevant to the transfer of radionuclides from feedstuffs to domestic animal products to provide a revision to the IAEA Handbook on transfer parameters TRS 364. Significant new data inputs have been incorporated into the databases from an extensive review of Russian language information and inclusion of data published since the early 1990s. Fractional gastrointestinal absorption in adult ruminants presented in the revised handbook are generally similar to those recommended for adult humans by the ICRP. Transfer coefficient values are presented in the handbook for a range of radionuclides to farm animal products. For most animal products, transfer coefficient values for elements additional to those in TRS 364 are provided although many data gaps remain. Transfer coefficients generally vary between species with larger species having lower values than smaller species. It has been suggested that the difference is partly due to the inclusion of dietary dry matter intake in the estimation of transfer coefficient and that whilst dietary intake increases with size nutrient concentrations do not. An alternative approach to quantifying transfer by using concentration ratios (CR), which do not consider dietary intake, has been evaluated. CR values compiled for the handbook vary considerably less between species than transfer coefficient values. The advantage of the CR approach is that values derived for one species could be applied to species for which there are no data. However, transfer coefficients will continue to be used as few studies currently report CR values or give data from which they can be estimated.     

A Dynamic model of Cs accumulation by fish of different age classes

A dynamic model of radionuclide accumulation in fish is developed. In the model, the fish population is represented by a set of discrete age classes. Each age class is characterized by a specific growth rate, diet and activity of metabolic processes. The model describes all known types of size effect in the contamination of fish with radiocaesium. The detailed dynamics of ¹³⁷Cs accumulation by fish are demonstrated using the results of the model's application to ichtiofauna in a water body which has a high level of contamination with radiocaesium — namely, the cooling pond of the Chernobyl NPP.     

Greenwashed sports and environmental activism: Formula 1 and FIFA†

ABSTRACT

Formula 1 motor sport and the Men's World Cup of association football, two major sporting events on our calendars, are indirectly and directly responsible for environmental despoliation. They serve as advertisements for heavy industry, are designed for elite as much as mass consumption, and provide sponsors with dubious social licenses to operate. This occurs through the very mechanisms of the events themselves (engines in Formula 1, tourism in the World Cup) as well as their promotional externalities. I look at greenwashing claims made about these two sporting events and examine counter-discourses, then investigate economic and ecological citizenship. I suggest that a progressive agenda can be forwarded if Greenpeace, which runs campaigns related to these sports, works with its fellow elites, in the case of Formula 1, and with fans in the case of football. Doing so may be more effective than business-as-usual direct action.     

江苏海洋开发的资源环境条件评述

江苏海洋的区位优越，海域广阔，环境条件总体有利，海洋资源种类多，数量大，具有综合开发功能，而且资源和环境的区域组合良好，有利于海洋产业的集约经营和协调发展，但也存在不少限制因素，如深水区离岸较远，海底矿产勘探程度低，自然灾害较多等。应根据实际情况确定本省海洋的开发战略。