于桥水库流域污染负荷估算和管理效果评估

于桥水库流域非点源污染已成为政府高度关注的热点问题之一。使用非点源污染负荷模型PLOAD,以流域数字高程模型(DEM)、2010年土地利用现状图和不同土地利用的污染物输出系数等作为模型主要输入数据,结合流域现场调查监测等方式,对于桥水库流域的TN和TP污染负荷进行估算,分析污染物的空间分布特征,模拟实施不同管理实践下的流域TN和TP削减率。结果表明,于桥水库流域内TN和TP污染负荷分别约为223.4、19.5t/a,分布特点为"南部高于北部,河流和水库沿岸污染较重"。综合管理实践对TN和TP的削减率分别为24.49%、27.23%,其中农村人畜粪便管理、生态移民等的去除效果较显著。     

上海市青浦区农业非点源污染的流域分配研究

根据遥感技术得到的土地利用类型、河网、道路、圩区等信息,结合地理信息系统(GIS)的空间分析功能,建立了在多种空间因素影响下确定农业非点源污染负荷的流域分配方法。在此基础上,以上海市青浦区为例,得到了该区各河段中的污染负荷量．从而为寻求流域内合理的土地利用模式和农业非点源污染排放总量的控制方法提供决策依据。     

吉林省招苏台河流域农业非点源污染特征研究

招苏台河吉林段为辽河重污染支流,以发展农业为主的产业结构使流域内非点源污染十分严重。采用输出系数法与地理信息系统(GIS)技术相结合,对2003—2012年流域农业非点源污染的组成结构、年际变化和空间分布特征进行研究。研究结果表明:(1)2003—2012年研究区农业非点源TN、TP负荷均呈先增后减趋势,TN负荷平均贡献率由高至低依次为种植业(52.62%)、畜禽养殖业(37.66%)、农村生活(9.72%);TP负荷平均贡献率依次为畜禽养殖业(51.58%)、种植业(30.36%)、农村生活(18.06%);(2)河流两岸1 000m缓冲区内农业非点源污染负荷相对集中,2012年缓冲区内TN、TP负荷分别为流域总负荷的50.30%、54.68%;(3)种植业和农村生活所产生的污染相对稳定,缓冲区内的畜禽养殖业是该流域农业非点源污染防治的重点和突破口。     

三峡库区大宁河流域非点源污染研究

以大宁河流域巫溪水文站控制流域为研究对象,应用分布式非点源污染模型SWAT,利用实测流量、泥沙负荷及氮、磷负荷数据对模型进行了率定和验证,并模拟了大宁河流域的径流量和营养物质氮、磷的排放.结果表明,月平均流量在率定期和验证期的效率系数分别达到了0.93和0.62;泥沙负荷的效率系数分别为0.70和0.34;氨氮和总磷的效率系数分别达到了0.31和0.37.大宁河流域污染物质的排放存在着较大的空间差异,有机氮和有机磷的5年平均排放量区间分别为2.01～38.15和0.35～5.89 ks/(hm2·a),其中,流域西南部子流域的有机氮和有机磷平均排放量最大,分别为38.15和5.89 ks/(hm2·a),是大宁河流域污染物排放的最敏感区域.     

军山湖流域农业非点源污染氮、磷入湖负荷估算

参照国内外相关湖泊研究的方法,在开展流域调查的基础上,按照畜禽养殖污染、农业种植业流失、水产养殖污染和农村生活污染4类途径,结合各乡镇流域面积所占比例、污染源产生量、排放系数和流失系数等估算了军山湖流域农业非点源污染氮、磷的入湖负荷.结果表明,农业种植业流失和畜禽养殖污染是军山潮流域农业非点源污染入湖氮的主要来源,分别占入湖氮总量的37.5％和34.7％,其次为水产养殖污染,占23.2％;畜禽养殖污染是入湖磷的主要来源,占50.8％,其次为农业种植业流失和水产养殖污染,分别占24.4％和20.0％;农村生活污染对入湖氮、磷的贡献率最小.     

小流域N、P污染负荷的构成比重研究

对浙江省宁海县颜公河流域N、P污染物负荷的构成比重进行了研究，提出了农业非点源污染造成水体污染的严重性。采用美国农业部的AnnAGNPS模型模拟计算流域中农业面源污染的N、P负荷，并对模型模拟计算的可靠性进行了验证。     

基于AnnAGNPS模型的灞河流域非点源污染模拟研究

以灞河流域下属子流域为研究对象,运用AnnAGNPS模型对流域内非点源污染特征进行了定量分析,并以非点源污染严重的灞河中游子流域为例,提出不同的非点源污染控制方案。结果表明:AnnAGNPS模型对径流模拟效果总体良好,率定期模拟相对误差(Re)基本在-10%～0,模拟效率系数(Ens)为0.65,相关系数(R~2)为0.81,验证期模拟Re基本在-50%～0,Ens为0.68,R~2为0.71。利用5次降雨事件数据考察AnnAGNPS模型对TN、TP污染负荷的拟合精度,AnnAGNPS模型对4次降雨的TN污染负荷模拟Re控制在-13%～5%,3次TP污染负荷模拟Re维持在-12%～40%;在非点源污染控制方案中,耕地变换成林地对TN、TP污染负荷的削减效果非常显著,假设灞河中游小流域耕地变为林地的转变率分别为30%、50%、100%时,TN污染负荷削减28.20%、43.01%、78.23%,TP污染负荷分别削减33.55%、53.94%、66.81%。     

上海河流氮负荷的年际变化及其水体富营养化的原因探讨

利用1990-2002年水质监测数据,分析了上海河流水体中氮负荷(总氮和氨氮)的年际变化特征：从整体上来看,上海河流水体氮负荷较大,氮污染严重:苏州河、黄浦江下游河段氮负荷明显高于上游河段,市区河流氮负荷明显高于郊区河流;从年际变化上看,苏州河、黄浦江、市区河流(除龙华港)水体历年氮含量有降低趋势,郊区河流水体历年氮含量有增长趋势。在此基础上,从六个方面讨论了造成上海河流水体富营养化的原因,以期为上海市河流综合整治的规划决策提供重要的科学依据。     

鄱阳湖水文特征及其对水质的影响研究

根据2008年鄱阳湖4个典型监测站(星子站、蛤蟆石站、都昌站、康山站)的水位、水质实测数据,分析了鄱阳湖氨氮、高锰酸盐指数年非点源负荷比例,初步探讨了水质对水位变化、换水周期的响应.结果表明:(1)全流域平均氨氮年点源负荷比例为34%,非点源负荷比例为66%;高锰酸盐指数年点源负荷比例为20%,非点源负荷比例为80%....     

浦阳江流域(浦江县段)面源污染模型估算及河流生态缓冲带重点区域识别

以浦阳江流域(浦江县段)为研究区,从流域面源污染空间特征入手,提出浦阳江流域岸边带建设的重点区域.采用DPeRS面源污染负荷估算模型,具体分析了2018年浦阳江流域面源污染负荷空间分布特征,并采用面向对象方法提取了岸线和河流生态缓冲带土地覆盖类型,以汇水区为单元,结合面源污染估算结果识别了浦阳江流域河流生态缓冲带重点区...     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from los alamos national laboratory lands and the dose from consumption

Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of ³H, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu, and²⁴¹ Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of ³H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.     

Degradation and sorption of imidacloprid in dissimilar surface and subsurface soils

Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg^?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg^?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of ¹⁴C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative ¹⁴CO₂ was less than 1.5% of applied ¹⁴C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.     

Biochemical interaction of six op delayed neurotoxicants with several neurotargets

Abstract

Five organophosphorous insecticides: Leptophos, EPN, Cyano‐fenphos, trichloronate and salithion proved to cause irreversible ataxia not only to chicken but also to mice and sheep. TOCP was included as a reference. Cyanofenphos blocked the catecholamine B‐receptor binding activity with ³H‐norepinephrine at a level similar to that of the specific inhibitor propranolol in the mouse heart preparation. In the lamb heart preparation, the B‐receptor was more sensitive to Leptophos, salithion and TOCP than to propranolol. The six compounds and their oxons were screened for their in‐vitro inhibition to monamine oxidase (MAO), acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) and neurotoxic esterase (NTE) in the brain of either mouse, lamb or chicken. It is believed that their AChE inhibition stands for their acute toxicity, while NTE inhibition is responsible for their paralytic ataxia.     

土壤中砷的化学平衡

本文比较详细地综述了砷的化学特性,环境背景值及来源和循环,土壤中砷的三大化学平衡即沉淀溶解平衡,氧化还原平衡,吸附解吸平衡,以及微生物对砷的转化。     

Elemental uptake by edible herbs and lettuce (Latuca sativa)

The total concentration of toxic elements (aluminum, cadmium, chromium and lead) and selected macro and micro elements (iron, manganese, copper and zinc) are reported in six leafy edible vegetation species, namely lettuce, spinach, cabbage, chards and green and red types of Amaranth herbs. Although spinach and chards had greater than 125 mv of iron, both the amaranthus herbs recorded > than 320 μ g g^{? 1} dry weight. In both the spinach and chard species, the Mn and Zn levels were appreciable recording > 225 μ g g^{? 1} and 150 μ g g^{? 1} dry weight, respectively. Aluminum concentrations were (in μ g g^{? 1} dry weight) lettuce (10), cabbage (11), spinach (167), chards (65), amaranthus green (293) and amaranthus red (233). All the micro and macro elements and the toxic elements (Ni, Cr, Cd and Pb) elements analyzed, were below the recommended maximum permitted levels (RMI) in vegetables. Further the elemental uptake and distribution of the nine elements, at three growth stages of the lettuce plant grown on soil bed under controlled conditions are detailed. In the soil, except for iron (16%), greater than 33% of the other cations were in exchangeable form. Generally in the lettuce plant, roots retained much of the iron (> 224 μ g g^{? 1}) and aluminum (> 360 μ g g^{? 1}), while leaves had less than 200 μ g g^{? 1} of iron and 165 μ g g^{? 1} of Al. Although the concentrations of elements marginally decreased with growth, the lettuce leaves had significant amounts of Mn (30 μ g g^{? 1}), Zn (50 μ g g^{? 1}) and Cu (3.6 μ g g^{? 1}). Some presence of lead in leaves (2.0 μ g g^{? 1}) was noticed, but all the toxic and other elements analyzed were well below the RMI values for the vegetables.     

The dissipation of nonlyphenol in stream and pond water under simulated field conditions

Abstract

The dissipation of 1.0 ppm nonylphenol in stream and pond water, incubated in flasks at 16°C under simulated field conditions up to 44 days indicated that the half‐life was 2.5 days if the flasks were open, and 16 days if they were closed. A transformed product was detected in the closed flasks.

Translocation of nonylphenol in water occurred when treated water samples were incubated in the presence of sediment. After 10 days, nonylphenol was detected only in the sediment, but not in water (detection limit = 10 ppb). About 80% of the nonylphenol was degraded in 71 days, but no degradation occurred if the water and the sediment were autoclaved prior to incubation.