广东某大型城市生活垃圾焚烧厂9种重金属的迁移特征

采集广东某大型城市生活垃圾焚烧厂一期(WI-A)和二期(WI-B)的进厂垃圾、渗滤液、飞灰、底渣和烟气样品,分析了各样品中砷、镉、钴、铬、铜、汞、镍、铅、锌共9种重金属含量,研究重金属的迁移特征。结果显示,9种重金属呈现4类不同的迁移特征,钴、铜、镍、铬主要迁移至底渣中,锌、砷、铅主要迁移至底渣和飞灰中,镉主要迁移至飞灰中,汞主要迁移至飞灰和烟气中。活性炭吸附和布袋除尘器的组合对除汞以外的重金属治理效果明显。WI-A和WI-B垃圾中的汞分别约有28%、37%随烟气排到环境中。     

燃煤电厂重金属排放与周边土壤重金属污染评价

为研究燃煤电厂重金属排放对周边土壤重金属污染的影响,测定了某燃煤电厂烟囱入口烟气中Cd、Cr、Hg、Ni、Pb、As含量,同时根据当地气象及地形条件,在燃煤电厂周边采集19个土壤样品,分析了土壤中重金属含量及分布情况,并对其污染程度进行评价.结果表明,燃煤电厂烟气中6种重金属元素的质量浓度为0.02～2.00μg/m3...     

生活垃圾焚烧厂周边铅的分布规律研究与影响评估

生活垃圾焚烧厂排放烟气中含有铅等污染物,经过大气扩散后通过沉降作用在土壤累积。以上海某生活垃圾焚烧厂作为研究对象,采用AERMOD模型探讨烟气中的铅在大气中的扩散分布规律,采用沉积模型研究铅的土壤沉积规律,并通过IEUBK模型评估了垃圾焚烧厂对周围儿童最大可产生的血铅浓度几何均数值。结果表明,生活垃圾焚烧厂排放烟气中铅的落地质量浓度最大值位于排放源的东南方向,距离排放源1 338m处,为0.017μg/m~3,远低于《环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095—2012)中的限值0.5μg/m~3。使用IEUBK模拟得到此暴露场景对周边儿童产生的血铅质量浓度几何均数值为6.63μg/L,低于开始产生不良影响的风险阈值100μg/L。进一步结合土壤污染累积模型计算得到,当生活垃圾焚烧厂运行30a时,对周边土壤的最大铅累积量为7.6μg/kg,远小于《土壤环境质量建设用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)》(GB 36600—2018)筛选值800mg/kg。将土壤铅暴露纳入评价范围后,儿童体内的血铅质量浓度几何均数值仍为6.63μg/L。     

土壤重金属铅镉形态和有效态的提取方法研究

选择一步提取法(CaCl2法、NaNO3法、NH4NO3法、HCl法)提取土壤铅镉有效态含量,顺序提取法(BCR提取法、Tessier提取法)提取土壤中铅镉各形态含量。结果表明,4种一步提取法对供试土样有效态铅镉的提取效率为HCl法NH4NO3法CaCl2法NaNO3法。当镉质量浓度为0~20、40~90 mg/kg时,BCR法对土壤中镉的总提取率分别为104.9%、105.3%,Tessier法对土壤中镉的总提取率分别为101.7%、98.9%;当镉质量浓度为20~40mg/kg时,两种顺序提取法的提取效果均不佳。BCR法适合铅质量浓度为20 000~45 000 mg/kg时应用,此时BCR法对铅的总提取率为99.8%;Tessier法适合铅质量浓度为0~1 500、9 000~15 000mg/kg时应用,此时Tessier法对土壤铅的总提取率分别为100.7%、90.9%。土壤重金属铅镉各形态的含量受土壤自身pH影响不明显,但在遇到外界酸性环境影响时容易发生重金属铅镉迁移。     

燃煤电厂静电除尘器协同控制汞排放

对燃煤电厂静电除尘设备协同控制汞排放影响因素展开深入研究,主要分析除尘器前后烟气中汞形态浓度的变化情况、除尘器内部飞灰对烟气汞的吸附及SCR脱硝反应器对除尘器脱汞的影响。采用安大略法和Lumex汞分析仪分别对我国8家电厂烟气、煤和灰中汞含量进行了测试,并对某电厂SCR反应器前后飞灰汞含量进行了测试对比。     

中国燃煤电厂汞达标排放分析

通过对中国16家燃煤电厂32台机组的汞排放浓度开展手工监测和自动监测,分析得出:基于手工监测和自动监测的汞排放质量浓度分别为0.13~14.19、1.50~12.30μg/m3,平均值分别为4.83、5.08μg/m3。依照《火电厂大气污染物排放标准》(GB13223—2011),所有机组均达标排放;依照美国《汞和有毒气体排放标准》(MATS),手工监测和自动监测的数据显示,分别有66.7%、77.4%的机组汞排放超标。汞的排放浓度与煤种及煤中汞、碳含量存在关联。超低排放改造技术中,选择性催化还原(SCR)脱硝技术有助于烟气中汞的去除。     

湿法烟气脱硫系统的脱汞性能现场实验

分析湿法烟气脱硫系统的脱汞性能,对控制燃煤电厂的汞污染具有重要意义。利用安大略水法和吸附管法分别对某600 MW电厂湿法脱硫系统的进出口的烟气进行了采样,测量了烟气中各形态汞浓度,并分析了该系统对烟气总汞、气态氧化态汞的脱除效果以及对气态单质汞的影响。研究结果表明,安大略水法和吸附管法均能较为准确地测定湿法脱硫系统进出口烟气中的汞含量,测得入口和出口的氧化汞与平均值的相对误差的绝对值分别为3.5%和1.3%;入口和出口的单质汞与平均值相对误差的绝对值分别为16.6%和3.3%。其中吸附管法操作相对简单。通过湿法烟气脱硫系统后,烟气中氧化态汞的浓度可下降87.5%,其中约67.5%的氧化态汞被湿法脱硫系统脱除,约20%的氧化态汞在脱硫浆液的还原作用下被还原为单质汞,导致脱硫系统出口的单质汞浓度高于入口。     

水泥窑烟气汞排放特征的研究

对4个生产规模分别为3 200、4 000t/d的水泥窑烟气中汞排放浓度进行测试,并计算水泥窑烟气汞排放系数。结果表明,水泥窑窑尾除尘后,烟气汞的排放质量浓度为13.70~66.85μg/m3,汞的脱除率为55.55%~80.65%,窑尾除尘后汞排放系数为79.91~206.57mg(以每吨熟料计)。水泥窑烟气汞排放系数与规模、原料有关。     

海州湾南部表层沉积物重金属空间分布、污染和风险评价

为了解海州湾南部海域表层沉积物重金属空间分布特征、污染程度和生态风险水平，采集11个站位表层沉积物，测定有机碳、铜、铅、锌、镉、铬、汞和砷的含量。利用背景值计算污染负荷指数(PLI)、地累积指数(I_geo)和潜在生态风险指数(RI)。结果表明：重金属总体呈现由岸向海、由南向北减小的趋势；PLI和I_geo表明研究区总体为中等污染，主要污染因子为镉；RI表明研究区处于低风险，主要风险因子为镉。     

电厂燃煤过程中汞的迁移转化及控制技术研究

讨论了近年来国内外电厂煤燃烧过程中汞的形态分布以及迁移转化规律研究的最新成果 ,并在此基础上评价了现有电站污染控制系统的脱汞性能 ,考虑到汞的排放控制 ,提出了对现有设备的可能优化措施。在分析中 ,注意到汞的易挥发性 ,认为汞排放控制应该充分考虑烟气中汞形态的迁移转化。由于氧化态汞在汞控制中有着重要作用 ,其研究将是控制电厂汞排放的关键。先进的汞排放控制技术的开发应以增强汞的氧化态为优先发展方向。     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Evaluation of trichloroethene recovery processes in heterogeneous aquifer cells flushed with biodegradable surfactants

The ability of two biodegradable surfactants, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) and sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate (Aerosol MA), to recover a representative dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL), trichloroethene (TCE), from heterogeneous porous media was evaluated through a combination of batch and aquifer cell experiments. An aqueous solution containing 3.3% Aerosol MA, 8% 2-propanol and 6 g/l CaCl(2) yielded a weight solubilization ratio (WSR) of 1.21 g TCE/g surfactant, with a corresponding liquid-liquid interfacial tension (IFT) of 0.19 dyn/cm. Flushing of aquifer cells containing a TCE-DNAPL source zone with approximately two pore volumes of the AMA formulation resulted in substantial (>30%) mobilization of TCE-DNAPL. However, a TCE mass recovery of 81% was achieved when the aqueous-phase flow rate was sufficient to displace the mobile TCE-DNAPL toward the effluent well. Aqueous solutions of Tween 80 exhibited a greater capacity to solubilize TCE (WSR=1.74 g TCE/g surfactant) and exerted markedly less reduction in IFT (10.4 dyn/cm). These data contradict an accepted empirical correlation used to estimate IFT values from solubilization capacity, and indicate a unique capacity of T80 to form concentrated TCE emulsions. Flushing of aquifer cells with less than 2.5 pore volumes of a 4% T80 solution achieved TCE mass recoveries ranging from 66 to 85%, with only slight TCE-DNAPL mobilization (<5%) occurring when the total trapping number exceeded 2 x 10(-5). These findings demonstrate the ability of Tween 80 and Aerosol MA solutions to efficiently recover TCE from a heterogeneous DNAPL source zone, and the utility of the total trapping number as a design parameter for a priori prediction of DNAPL mobilization and bank angle formation when flushing with low-IFT solutions. Given their potential to stimulate microbial reductive dechlorination at low concentrations, these surfactants are well-suited for remedial action plans that couple aggressive mass removal followed by enhanced bioremediation to treat chlorinated solvent source zones.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Observations on the influence of water and soil pH on the persistence of insecticides

Abstract

The pH‐disappearance rate profiles were determined at ca. 25°C for 24 insecticides at 4 or 5 pH values over the range 4.5 to 8.0 in sterile phosphate buffers prepared in water‐ethanol (99: 1 v/v). Half‐lives measured at pH 8 were generally smaller than at lower pH values. Changes in half lives between pH 8.0 and 4.5 were largest (>1000x) for the aryl carbamates, carbofuran and carbaryl, the oxime carbamate, oxamyl, and the organophosphorus insecticide, trichlorfon. In contrast, half lives of phorate, terbufos, heptachlor, fensulfothion and aldicarb were affected only slightly by pH changes. Under the experimental conditions described half lives at pH8 varied from 1–2 days for trichlorfon and oxamyl to >1 year for fensulfothion and cyper‐methrin. Insecticide persistence on alumina (acid, neutral and basic), mineral soils amended with aluminum sulfate or calcium hydroxide to different pH values and four natural soils of different pH was examined. No correlation was observed between the measured pH of these solids and the rate of disappearance of selected insecticides applied to them. These observations demonstrate the difficulty of extrapolating the pH dependent disappearance behaviour observed in homogeneous solution to partially solid heterogeneous systems such as soil.     

The variation of street air levels of PAH and other mutagenic PAC in relation to regulations of traffic emissions and the impact of atmospheric processes

The occurrence of particle associated PAH and other mutagenic PAC was determined in 1996 in the street air of Copenhagen. In addition, particle extracts were tested for mutagenicity. The measurements were compared with previous measurements in 1992/1993. The levels had decreased in this period. The decrease was caused by an implementation of light diesel fuels for buses and the exchange of older petrol-driven passenger cars with catalystequipped new ones. About 65% of the reduction was caused by the application of the light diesel fuels. Under special conditions, chemical processes in the atmosphere produced many more mutagens than the direct emissions. The concentrations of S-PAC and N-PAC were 10 times lower than those of PAH, while the levels of oxy-PAH were in the same order of magnitude as those of PAH. Benzanthrone, an oxy-PAH, is proposed to be formed in the atmosphere in addition to direct emissions. Benzo(a)pyrene, often applied as an air quality criteria indicator, was photochemically degraded in the atmosphere. A strong increase in the mutagenic activities was observed to coincide with a depletion of benzo(a)pyrene.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Teratological effects of pesticides in vertebrates: a review

Abstract

In the last decades, the use and misuse of pesticides in the agriculture have increased, having a severe impact on ecosystems and their fauna. Although the various effects of pesticides on biodiversity have been already documented in several studies, to our knowledge no consistent overview of the impact of pesticides in vertebrates, both terrestrial and aquatic, is available. In this review, we try to present a concise compilation of the teratogenic effects of pesticides on the different classes of vertebrates – mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish.     

Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from los alamos national laboratory lands and the dose from consumption

Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of ³H, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu, and²⁴¹ Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of ³H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.     

Degradation and sorption of imidacloprid in dissimilar surface and subsurface soils

Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg^?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg^?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of ¹⁴C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative ¹⁴CO₂ was less than 1.5% of applied ¹⁴C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.