Utilization of fly ash to improve the quality of the acid mine drainage generated by oxidation of a sulphide-rich mining waste: column experiments

The production of Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) as a result of the oxidative dissolution of sulphides is one of the main pollution problems affecting natural watercourses in mining environments with sulphide-rich residues. In this work, the generation of AMD was prevented by means of the addition of fly ash to sulphide-rich residues in non-saturated column experiments. A column experiment filled with a pyrite-rich sludge with artificial irrigation leached acid drainages (pH approx. 2) containing high concentrations of sulphate, iron and other metals. However, non-saturated column experiments filled with pyritic-rich sludge and fly ash drained leachates characterized by alkaline pH (pH up to 10), low sulphate concentration, and lack of iron and other metals in solution. The pyrite oxidative dissolution at high pH, as a consequence of the leaching of fly ash, favours the metal precipitation inside the column (mainly iron), the coating of pyrite grains, and the attenuation of the oxidation process, resulting in a great improvement in the quality of the leachates.     

城市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰与矿山废水共处置技术研究与工程应用

以城市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰和矿山酸性废水无害化处理为研究对象,设计了一条城市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰与矿山酸性废水共处置技术路线,利用焚烧飞灰和矿山酸性废水的酸碱性,加入重金属稳定化药剂,经处理可实现矿山酸性废水和垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属的有效去除和稳定。矿山酸性废水的pH由2.33升至中性,废水中重金属Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Mn、Fe和As等浓度均有下降,可满足国家《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978-1996)相关标准;垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属Pb、Zn和Cd浸出浓度分别降低了92.1%、73.4%和95.2%,满足危险废物鉴别标准(GB 5085.3-2007)。     

HDTMA改性粉煤灰吸附酸性嫩黄染料废水

使用HDTMA（十六烷基三甲基溴化铵）对粉煤灰(FA)进行改性,并使用改性后粉煤灰（MFA）吸附处理酸性嫩黄染料废水。研究发现,由于改性剂HDTMA被涂敷在粉煤灰表面,使粉煤灰表面电性改变,大大增强了对酸性嫩黄的处理效果,酸性嫩黄去除率可由13.2％提高到95％以上。实验结果还表明,当染料浓度为50 mg/L时,100 mL染料中MFA的最佳投加量为700 mg;pH值对吸附效果没有显著影响;低温有利于吸附。HDTMA改性粉煤灰对酸性嫩黄染料的吸附规律可用Langmuir吸附等温式描述。     

控制酸性矿山废水的污泥屏障压缩特性

污泥屏障通过物理拦截以及化学作用可以有效控制重金属离子迁移,采用污泥屏障处理酸性矿山废水(AMD)已被证明具有可行性.作为尾矿渣处置场屏障的主体材料,研究污泥压缩特性很有必要.实验结果表明,对于含水率相同的压实污泥试样,孔隙比随干密度增大而减小,最终趋于1;干密度相同的试样,最优含水率的孔隙比随应力增大减小最快.试样压缩系数随干密度增大而减小,随含水率增大先增大后减小,最优含水率的压缩系数为0.8 MPa-1.AMD溶液作孔隙液能提高试样压缩系数.通过对比分析有机质土的压缩特性,为以后的深化研究提供相关参数支持.     

机械力活化固硫灰固化处理生活垃圾焚烧飞灰

为实现城市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰的安全处理,通过机械力化学法活化循环流化床燃煤固硫灰,探讨了球磨样品制备固化体的参数。并采用X射线衍射仪（XRD）和傅里叶变换红外光谱仪（FTIR）手段对垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属的固化机制进行了研究。结果表明,当垃圾焚烧飞灰掺加比为60%,球磨转速为600 r·min-1,球磨时间为5 h,养护温度60 ℃时的固化体28 d和56 d抗压强度分别达到15.6 MPa和17.9 MPa,采用原子吸收光谱仪（AAS）测得固化体中Zn、Pb、Cu、Cd和Cr重金属浸出量均低于GB 5085.3-2007规定限值。XRD和FTIR表征结果表明,在水化过程中,该混合体系生成了水化硅酸钙（C—S—H）、斜方钙沸石和钙矾石（AFt）等水化产物,并且C—S—H凝胶可通过物理包裹的形式固化垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属;斜方钙沸石和钙矾石以化学吸附的方式使垃圾焚烧飞灰中的重金属离子达到固化/稳定化效果,实现了垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属的安全处理。     

利用粉煤灰改进含铜酸性废水硫化法处理工艺

用粉煤灰对硫化沉淀法处理含铜酸性废水工艺进行改进试验,试验表明粉煤灰有吸附和絮凝沉降的作用,可显著改善单一硫化法沉降速度慢和脱水困难的缺陷。     

碳酸盐岩煅烧改性处理酸性矿山废水的研究

将碳酸盐岩在不同温度下进行煅烧改性,在保持颗粒机械强度的条件下将其应用于酸性矿山废水(AMD)的处理。结果表明,碳酸盐岩在600℃下煅烧基本不产生变化,当升至750℃时,碳酸盐岩开始分解,煅烧3.0h后,烧失量为1.86%,煅烧后产物仍保持较强颗粒强度。800℃以上煅烧的碳酸盐岩则出现颗粒断裂现象,放入AMD中会立即溶解产生白色沉淀。在750℃煅烧改性后的碳酸盐岩能有效提高AMD的pH,对各种金属离子都有非常好的去除效果,尤其克服了原岩对Mn2+去除效果不佳的缺点;将750℃煅烧改性后的碳酸盐岩应用到野外AMD处理工程中,能有效减少处理构筑物的体积和占地面积,从而降低建设成本。     

有氧垂直折流式反应池处理煤矿酸性废水

为了使实验研究成果更好应用于工程实际,在野外建立了一套有氧垂直折流式反应池来处理贵阳市久安乡废弃煤窑产生的煤矿酸性废水.工程实验研究显示,在有氧垂直折流式反应池中,进水pH值可由2.45～2.95提高到5.91～7.76,单位面积铁的平均去除速率为44.63 g/(d·m2),反应池中铝、铜的去除率均分别在98.44%...     

Co-treatment of acid mine drainage with municipal wastewater: performance evaluation

Co-treatment of acid mine drainage (AMD) with municipal wastewater (MWW) using the activated sludge process is a novel treatment technology offering potential savings over alternative systems in materials, proprietary chemicals and energy inputs. The impacts of AMD on laboratory-scale activated sludge units (plug-flow and sequencing batch reactors) treating synthetic MWW were investigated. Synthetic AMD containing Al, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, Zn and SO₄ at a range of concentrations and pH values was formulated to simulate three possible co-treatment processes, i.e., (1) adding raw AMD to the activated sludge aeration tank, (2) pre-treating AMD prior to adding to the aeration tank by mixing with digested sludge and (3) pre-treating AMD by mixing with screened MWW. Continuous AMD loading to the activated sludge reactors during co-treatment did not cause a significant decrease in chemical oxygen demand (COD), 5-day biochemical oxygen demand, or total organic carbon removal; average COD removal rates ranged from 87–93 %. Enhanced phosphate removal was observed in reactors loaded with Fe- and Al-rich AMD, with final effluent TP concentrations <2 mg/L. Removal rates for dissolved Al, Cu, Fe and Pb were 52–84 %, 47–61 %, 74–86 % and 100 %, respectively, in both systems. Manganese and Zn removal were strongly linked to acidity; removal from net-acidic AMD was <10 % for both metals, whereas removal from circum-neutral AMD averaged 93–95 % for Mn and 58–90 % for Zn. Pre-mixing with screened MWW was the best process option in terms of AMD neutralization and metal removal. However, significant MWW alkalinity was consumed, suggesting an alkali supplement may be necessary.     

基于氧化还原-分步沉淀法的酸性矿山废水处理效果

为降低韶关市大宝山酸性矿山废水(AMD)的处理成本,采用氧化还原-分步沉淀法对矿山废水进行处理。结果表明：将石灰石分多次投入经过还原处理的废水中,在反应时间为45 min、转速为250 r·min⁻¹、废水pH为5时,可从AMD中回收高品质石膏;继续用NaOH溶液调节废水pH至5.5,控制曝气量为4 mg·L⁻¹,曝气时间为45 min,通过氧化沉淀法和铁氧体法可分步回收废水中的Fe^2+/3+,再向废水中加入NaOH溶液,调节废水pH至9.5,可沉淀回收废水中的Zn²⁺、Cu²⁺;经过该工艺处理后,废水中各金属离子均低于国家污水综合排放标准(GB 8978-1996);该工艺处理1 t废水,可回收石膏5.4 kg(纯度85.72%),铁渣1.53 kg(w(Fe)=35.4%)、锌铜渣1.4 kg(w(Zn)=10.89%、w(Cu)=0.1%);废水中Fe^2+/3+、Zn²⁺、Cu²⁺回收率分别为84.3%、71.2%、46.2%,废水处理的药剂成本为4.1元·t⁻¹,废水产生可回收资源产品收入为3.8 元·t⁻¹。该工艺可从AMD中回收高品质石膏并分步回收废水中的金属,有效降低废水的处理成本,回收废水中的资源,实现环保与经济效益双赢的目标,并为AMD资源化处理提供理论指导。     

磁黄铁矿氧化机理及酸性矿山废水防治的研究进展

磁黄铁矿是矿山尾矿堆中最为常见且分布很广的一种硫化铁矿物.由于硫化物矿物氧化后不仅产生酸性废水,还会释放出大量可溶的、生物可利用形态的微量金属,并且酸性环境会进一步增强这些有毒金属的移动性,因此是造成矿山周围水体环境污染的罪魁祸首.为了阻止或降低磁黄铁矿的自然风化反应速度从而达到源头治理酸性矿山废水的目的,首先必须研究它在各种条件下的氧化机理、氧化产物和氧化速度.对近年来国外在磁黄铁矿晶体结构、反应活性以及酸性矿山废水的产生与防治等方面的研究进行了综述.     

Kinetic analysis of constructed systems for the recovery of contaminated areas by acid mine drainage

INTRODUCTION: Flowing of the acid mine drainage may contaminate the adjacent water bodies causing substantial changes in the aquatic ecosystem. This aspect is the most relevant problem in the southern of Santa Catarina once the contaminated areas are inserted in the watershed of the Araranguá, Urussanga, and Tubar?o rivers, increasing the need for recovery studies. These areas are between Criciúma, I?ara, Urussanga, Siderópolis, Lauro Müller, Orleans, and Alfredo Wagner towns where a conservation unit exist called the Environmental Preservation Area of Baleia Franca. Aiming to compare the kinetics of the ash derived from burning coal and to neutralize acid mine drainage, different neutralizer, limestone, fly, and bottom ash, was mounted on a pilot scale experiment. DISCUSSION: The transport parameters showed the same order of infiltration and dispersion: fly ash < bottom ash < limestone. The order of measured alkalinity was: limestone < fly ash < bottom ash, with pH values of 9.34, 12.07, and 12.25, respectively. The limestone kinetics of acidic drainage neutralization was first order with reaction rate constant k?=?0.0963 min(-1), bottom ash was 3/4 with k?=?0.0723 mol(1/4) L(-1/4) min(-1), and the fly ash had higher order kinetics, 4/3, with reaction rate constant k?=?27.122 L(1/3) mol(-1/3) min(-1). However, by mathematical modeling, it was found that due to a combination of transport and kinetics, only limestone treatment reached a pH above 6 within 5 years, corresponding to the ideal as planned.     

Characterization and reactivity assessment of organic substrates for sulphate-reducing bacteria in acid mine drainage treatment

Acid mine drainage (AMD), which contains high concentrations of sulphate and dissolved metals, is a serious environmental problem. It can be treated in situ by sulphate reducing bacteria (SRB), but effectiveness of the treatment process depends on the organic substrate chosen to supply the bacteria's carbon source. Six natural organic materials were characterized in order to investigate how well these promote sulphate reduction and metal precipitation by SRB. Maple wood chips, sphagnum peat moss, leaf compost, conifer compost, poultry manure and conifer sawdust were investigated in terms of their carbon (TOC, TIC, DOC) and nitrogen (TKN) content, as well as their easily available substances content (EAS). Single substrates, ethanol, a mixture of leaf compost (30% w/w), poultry manure (18% w/w), and maple wood chips (2% w/w), and the same mixture spiked with formaldehyde were then tested in a 70-day batch experiment to evaluate their performance in sulphate reduction and metal removal from synthetic AMD. Metal removal efficiency in batch reactors was as high as 100% for Fe, 99% for Mn, 99% for Cd, 99% for Ni, and 94% for Zn depending on reactive mixtures. Early metal removal (0-12d) was attributed to the precipitation of (oxy)hydroxides and carbonate minerals. The lowest metal and sulphate removal efficiency was found in the reactor containing poultry manure as the single carbon source despite its high DOC and EAS content. The mixture of organic materials was most effective in promoting sulphate reduction, followed by ethanol and maple wood chips, and single natural organic substrates generally showed low reactivity. Formaldehyde (0.015% (w/v)) provided only temporary bacterial inhibition. Although characterization of substrates on an individual basis provided insight on their chemical make-up, it did not give a clear indication of their ability to promote sulphate reduction and metal removal.     

膨润土复合颗粒与SRB协同处理酸性矿山废水

针对酸性矿山废水（AMD）pH低、重金属含量大、处理难等问题,采用膨润土-钢渣复合颗粒吸附剂、塑料雪花片和碎石作为填料,经生活污水、鸡粪、锯末发酵液驯化的硫酸盐还原菌（SRB）优势菌悬液对填料进行挂膜,构造三组动态柱：I#动态柱采用分层填装方式、II#动态柱采用混合填装方式、III#动态柱为只含有微生物的动态柱。研究其对Fe2+、Mn2+、Cu2+、Zn2+、SO42-和H+的去除效果,并研究分层的动态柱的再生效果、揭示机理。结果表明：膨润土-钢渣复合颗粒与微生物填料分层填装的方式更利于处理酸性矿山废水（AMD）,该动态柱40 d时对Fe2+、Mn2+、Cu2+和Zn2+的去除率均能达到95%以上,对SO42-的去除效果好于其他两个动态柱,且出水pH为中性,同时SRB还原SO42-生成的S2-/H2S可以使重金属离子固定、饱和吸附剂再生。说明膨润土复合颗粒与SRB协同处理酸性矿山废水具有创新高效性,值得推广使用。     

粉煤灰提取液的絮凝效应

为了回收利用粉煤灰,采用盐酸浸提法制备粉煤灰提取液（CFAL）用作絮凝剂。通过单因素实验优化CFAL的制备条件,并在高岭土模拟体系内研究CFAL的絮凝效应。研究在不同CFAL投加量下浊度的去除率,确定最佳的投加剂量及在此剂量下絮体的大小与沉降性能。对原浊度为100 NTU的高岭土悬浊液,当CFAL为0.44 mg·L-1（以Al的含量计）时,浊度去除率达到90%以上。在同等剂量下,聚合氯化铝（PAC）和氯化铝（AlCl3）的浊度去除率均低于CFAL,分别为78.7%和79.2%。CFAL的絮体大小约为400 μm,沉降较快,在20 min后,去除率达到90%以上;PAC和AlCl3的絮体分别为260和330 μm,分别沉降60和40 min后,去除率稳定在80%左右。在实验剂量范围内,CFAL絮凝后对高岭土悬浊液的pH不会造成明显影响,且余铝满足《生活饮用水卫生标准》（GB 5749-2006）,CFAL是一种廉价、高效、安全的混凝剂。     

垃圾焚烧飞灰的石材化固化处理

为促进垃圾焚烧飞灰的无害化处理及资源化利用,提出了一种石材化固化处理方法,并对其产物的使用性能、毒物浸出特性及该方法的经济效益进行探索。结果表明:该处理方法利用C80PHC生产中高温、高压、高湿环境及磨细石英砂的存在使水泥水化产物转变为托贝莫来石,一方面提高混凝土的致密性及强度,减少毒物浸出通道;另一方面将毒物包容或固结在其石材化的晶格中,几乎杜绝了毒物浸出。同时其产物的脱模强度及高压蒸养强度均满足C80PHC的使用要求,从而确保了其资源化利用的可行性。石材化固化处理的处理成本仅约为108.1元/t,使用时也无需额外占用土地、增加设备和材料成本,因此有望在低成本条件下达到无害化处理的工艺水平,是一项经济、环保、可靠的创新技术。     

粉煤灰对染料废水的脱色研究

研究了粉煤灰对活性染料、酸性染料、直接染料、阳离子染料、硫化染料和还原染料的脱色能力,确定了脱色率为９１％－９９％时的工艺条件,用粉煤灰处理实际废水既能降低色度又能除去大量ＣＯＤ。     

流化床飞灰固化焚烧飞灰效果及微观分析

以深圳某垃圾焚烧厂焚烧飞灰为例分析了焚烧飞灰的性质和重金属毒性.结果表明,飞灰中 Pb 和 Cr 超出TCLP 阈值,必须进行稳定化处理.以流化床飞灰为主要成分配制固化材料,按不同比例掺人焚烧l￡灰进行固化实验,结果表明,实验范围内重金属固定效果良好.微观测试显示,固化过程主要产物有水化硅酸钙凝胶、钙矾石等,通过物理包胶、物理吸附、复分解沉淀反应和同晶替代等作用抑制重金属浸出.     

利用粉煤灰硫酸浸取液制备十二水硫酸铝铵

粉煤灰提取氧化铝是粉煤灰高值化利用的重要方向.通过在粉煤灰酸浸液中加入硫酸铵形成常温下可结晶的十二水硫酸铝铵晶体(NH4Al(SO4)2·12H2O),从而实现铝盐的高效分离.考察了结晶温度、NH4+/Al3+摩尔比,初始Al3+浓度等因素对铝回收及NH4Al(SO4)2·12H2O结晶的影响;利用电感耦合等离子光谱仪(ICP)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)对晶体中的杂质含量及晶体组成进行了分析.结果表明,随着结晶温度的升高,铝回收率显著下降,但晶体纯度升高;铝回收率和晶体纯度均随着NH4+/Al3+摩尔比的增加而增加;较高的初始Al3+浓度可促进铝的回收和晶体纯度的提高.对十二水硫酸铝铵的结晶过程进行优化,结果表明,在结晶温度为15℃;NH4+/Al3+摩尔比为1.0~1.5;初始Al3+浓度为0.88 mol/L时,铝的回收率可达74%,十二水硫酸铝铵纯度在90%以上.     

甲壳生物质去除酸性矿坑水中镉的性能与机制

采用低成本、可持续修复材料处理酸性矿坑水 (acid mine drainage, AMD) 具有重要的科研价值和应用前景。选取基围虾、对虾、蛎虾和梭子蟹壳4种甲壳生物质,探究其对AMD模拟水样及恒定pH的AMD水样中镉的去除性能与机制。结果表明：甲壳生物质具有良好的镉去除能力 (112.38~235.45 mg·g⁻¹) ,其含有丰富的碳酸钙对镉去除起了至关重要的作用,可通过中和作用调高AMD的pH值,降低镉的迁移能力;也可与镉离子形成碳酸镉沉淀,促进镉的固定。此外,甲壳生物质中大量的羟基、羧基等官能团可通过络合作用捕获镉离子。研究结果为甲壳生物质的资源化利用和废弃矿山AMD的低成本、可持续修复提供了理论依据。