基于直觉模糊联盟合作博弈的我国主要流域水资源优化配置研究

我国水资源地区分布不均,呈现南多北少的特点。随着人口增长和社会经济的不断发展,水资源需求量日益增加。为了提高水资源的综合利用效率,在完成水资源初始配置后迫切需要开展水资源跨区调配实现二次优化配置。如何选择水资源调配合作对象,如何兼顾公平与效率,如何共享合作收益,成为水资源再配置需要解决的核心问题。本文提出将直觉模糊联盟合作博弈运用到水资源优化配置问题中,通过构建基于清晰联盟合作博弈和模糊联盟合作博弈的水资源优化配置模型及合作收益函数,运用直觉模糊集、区间Choquet积分、连续有序加权平均算子等方法,推导出基于直觉模糊联盟合作博弈的水资源优化配置模型及合作收益函数,运用直觉模糊Shapley值求解最优解。选取我国南方地区的长江流域和北方地区的黄河、海河和淮河流域等水资源一级区作为研究对象,选择工业用水作为调配用水,将工业用水收益率高低作为水资源配置“优先原则”,比较分析三种不同的模型下我国主要流域水资源调配的合作对象及合作收益分配方式。结果表明：①各地区参与水资源二次配置,都能取得相较于不合作更好的合作收益;②参与直觉模糊合作联盟获得的收益全部都高于参与模糊合作联盟获得的收益;③在直觉模糊合作联盟中,不应盲目追求联盟的规模,应根据地区自身实际情况决定。以上研究结果表明,直觉模糊联盟合作博弈方法为解决跨区域流域水资源配置提供了一种新的解决方案,这将为我国主要流域开展跨区域水资源调配,优化水资源配置提供科学决策依据。     

Cost allocation of river water quality management based on the Separable Cost Remaining Benefit (SCRB) method

This paper presents a cost allocation method that applies the cooperative game theory and the Separable Costs Remaining Benefit method to a project that involves two local governments in water quality management in South Korea. The total project cost was estimated by using a parametric estimation method for reduction loads in accordance with the Total Pollution Load Management system. As a result, the cost allocation ratios between the City of Gwangju and Jeonnam Province are suggested to be 69.85% and 30.15% of the total project cost. The final cost allocation confirms the benefits to both governments and illustrates the cooperative game theory.     

城市“邻避”风险的情境演变与治理应对

城市品质化发展与现代化治理的时代进程,迫切要求政府持续深化“邻避”风险防范化解。对城市“邻避”风险情境要素的考察发现,当前“邻避”风险的环境敏感性、经济相关性同近年来低烈度的区域扩散趋势叠加,政府“邻避”风险决策的地方性特征与治理议题的多元化趋势叠加,媒体在风险扩散中的高动员性与网络社群的分散化趋势叠加,公众“邻避”行动的抗争性与动机的多重性叠加。面对“邻避”风险情境演变所施加的治理压力,政府需从“增长逻辑”向“发展逻辑”转变,重新明确“邻避”风险治理中的政府角色。进而,本文从常态治理机制、提升决策品质、推动“去污名化”的知识生产、全面保障公众利益等方面具体探讨政府的治理应对。     

WATER QUALITY ALLOCATED COST FOR MULTIPURPOSE RESERVOIRS1

ABSTRACT: Low flow augmentation from multipurpose reservoirs may yield significant water quality benefits. Cost allocation assigns a portion of reservoir expense to water quality consumers, waste water dischargers who benefit from increased receiving flow. Whereas such allocation currently is not authorized for Federal projects, the procedure is increasingly appropriate for efficient multiobjective management. Waste water treatment costs, multipurpose reservoir costs, and water quality are modeled for Oregon's Willamette River. Water quality is expressed as a function of treatment and augmentation levels. Treatment cost necessary to achieve a given water quality without augmentation less treatment cost with augmentation is an alternative cost of water quality maintenance. With a cost allocation procedure, this alternative cost is used to determine water quality's share of reservoir cost. Under current conditions, water quality beneficiaries could be charged approximately seven percent of annualized reservoir expense. This charge is one-fourth the expense of additional treatment facilities required were augmentation not provided.     

LINEAR PROGRAMMING USE FOR EVALUATING WATER RESOURCES AND COST AND BENEFIT ALLOCATION1

ABSTRACT A linear programming model for a river basin was developed to include almost all water-related economic activity both for consumers and producers. The model was so designated that the entire basin or basin sub-division could be analyzed. The model included seven sectors, nine objective function criteria, and three river-flow levels. Economic basis for conflicts among sectors over incidence of cost allocation and level of economic activity can be traced to some chosen objective. The disposal of untreated household waste water, particularly from the rural household, directly into the river was consistent with maximizing net benefits and minimizing costs. The optimum resource allocation, water-treatment plants, farms and industry activities would change with flow level. For each of the three industries analyzed separately, paper, wool and tanning, public treatment of industrial waste water was the optimal treatment process in one or more of the solutions. Lake shoreline was the dominant feature determining lake-resource valuation. Implied capital value varied from $126 per shoreline foot to over $250 depending on discount rate. Implied prices on lake surface ranged from $42 to $147 per acre. Strong economic forces encouraged small lot sizes for vacation cottages.     

公众参与制度化解邻避冲突的有效性——基于“制度—行为”互动关系

我国的公众参与制度在应对邻避冲突的过程中不断修补完善,而现有研究对于公众参与制度有效性的探讨,多从制度本身出发,缺乏对于行为改善的考量。本文从新制度主义政治学理论出发,基于“制度—行为”互动关系,提出了制度有效性的概念模型,并将其应用于公众参与邻避冲突化解的制度有效性分析。从我国公众参与的“制度—行为”互动关系,公众参与制度程序有效与实质有效的关系,公众参与的单项制度有效、制度协同作用与制度体系有效这三个方面,对我国公众参与制度的有效性进行了阐述。     

A GAME-THEORETIC APPROACH TO ACID RAIN ABATEMENT: CONFLICT ANALYSIS OF ENVIRONMENTAL LOAD ALLOCATION1

ABSTRACT: The detrimental impacts of acid rain have become widely publicized, but effective and equitable methods to mitigate the acid rain problem remain to be found. This paper focuses on conflicts involved in allocation of the total emission loads to be reduced to respective pollution sources of acid rain, and proposes a game-theory approach to the resolution of the conflict. With an example abstracted from a hypothetical case study in the United States of America and Canada, a systematic analysis is performed and policy implications of the results examined to assess the applicability of the proposed model.     

Implications of environmental program planning for siting a nuclear waste repository at Yucca Mountain,Nevada, USA

The US Department of Energy (DOE) plans to conduct site characterization studies at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, to determine if the location is a suitable site for a nuclear waste repository. In lieu of traditional environmental review in accordance with the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, the DOE is relying on an environmental assessment (EA) mandated by the Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982 as the cornerstone of its environmental program for the Yucca Mountain Project. Because of statutory restrictions, the EA is not based on comprehensive baseline information. Neither does it address fundamentals of environmental analysis such as ecological integrity and assessment of cumulative impacts. Consequently, the present environmental program for Yucca Mountain reflects decisions made without complete information and integrated environmental review. The shortcomings of the program risk compromising the natural integrity of Yucca Mountain and invalidating future assessment of the ability of a nuclear waste repository located at the site to protect the environment. Significant improvements are needed in the repository siting program before it can serve as a model of how society can evaluate the long-term environmental consequences of advanced technologies, as has been suggested.     

我国新时代城镇化进程中环境“邻避”问题形势特征及应对对策——以南方某省为例

进入新时代,具有“邻避”效应的重大项目和基础设施建设仍然是我国城镇化发展的“刚需”和重要支撑,环境“邻避”问题必将是当前及今后一定时期内城镇化进程中面临的常态。本文选取南方某省作为典型对象进行深入研究,结果表明,环境“邻避”问题总体风险形势平稳可控,防控重点领域仍以传统领域为主,公众诉求反应和抗争表达方式由激烈转变为相对理性,城市规划与建设的矛盾风险问题增多,风险传播快传导性强。本文系统总结出明确组织领导统筹机制、强化联动发挥协作效能、建设项目高标准实施、惠民措施灵活有效、社会力量聚合治理等地方实践经验。建议重点着力防范化解好传统领域风险,常态化推动机制发挥作用,充分发挥共建共治共享作用,以环境社会治理共享发展成果,提升环境“邻避”问题系统应对能力。     

What influences the pattern of pollutant releases? An investigation of firms’ siting and households’ sorting decisions in Ontario,Canada

The relationship between the pattern of pollutant releases and neighborhood characteristics has been in the center of environmental justice debates for the last decades. One part of the discourse revolves around the question if the siting decision of polluting firms or the sorting decision of households is the explanatory factor for the pattern of pollutant releases. The aim of this study is to contribute to the discussion by investigating the potential correlation between polluting facilities and socioeconomic characteristics of neighborhoods in Ontario, Canada, using data from the Canadian census and National Pollutant Release Inventory. The analysis shows that when the results are considered from the perspectives of the siting decision of firms and sorting decision of households’ hypotheses, the results weigh in favor of the sorting decision of households.     

What shapes municipalities’ perceptions of fairness in windpower developments?

ABSTRACT

Siting controversies have become familiar in windpower development. Process and outcome fairness in the form of economic benefits to local communities and inclusion in decision-making processes are recognised as important elements in local acceptance of windpower installations. To these, we add the concept of “relative fairness” influencing perceptions of overall fairness. In this article, we examine why Norwegian municipalities agree to host windpower, and the role of process, outcome and relative fairness in this decision. Municipalities are central in providing welfare services, and in ensuring a viable local economy and local workplaces. Process fairness is important, as is evident when municipalities have little influence in the detailed planning of the plants. Also, outcome fairness, in the form of economic compensation – particularly through property tax – is decisive for positive attitudes towards windfarms, as municipalities can strengthen their role as welfare providers and boost local economic activities. Less emphasised are the effects on global climate and national climate goals. However, effects on local landscape and nature are also important for municipalities, as became clear when the national government proposed withdrawing the municipalities’ possibilities of levying property taxes. The municipalities argue that it is only fair to receive something in return for hosting windmills, and relative fairness is important to their argument for equal treatment regarding hydro- and wind-power electricity production in the form of a natural resource tax.     

SITING OF A WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FACILITY AT JAMESTOWN,RHODE ISLAND1

ABSTRACT: The town of Jamestown, Rhode Island, located on Conanicut Island in Narragansett Bay, is constructing a secondary treatment plant in order to comply with NPDES regulations. Twelve candidate sites for the plant and marine outfall were initially proposed, and ability to meet State water quality standards at these sites was evaluated using an EPA buoyant plume model. A final outfall site, Taylor Point, was selected by the Town from among the sites considered acceptable. Taylor Point was then subjected to field hydrographic studies including drogue tracking, current recordings, and tracer dye surveys. Results of the measurement program served as input to a two-dimensional effluent dispersion model which predicted excess BOD, coliform, and suspended solids resulting from effluent discharge off Taylor Point. The model predictions demonstrated that State water quality standards can be maintained outside the initial discharge plume.     

环境邻避冲突中公众纠纷解决机制的发展与完善

近年来我国环境邻避形势严峻,人民群众日益增长的对美好生态环境的需求、公众参与环境保护的意愿、维护自身权益的意识和当前纠纷解决机制不平衡不充分的矛盾突出。为了有效化解冲突,环境邻避纠纷解决机制先后经历了萌发期、探索期,并逐步进入多元化发展阶段。现阶段环境邻避纠纷非诉讼解决方式存在制度局限,诉讼解决方式在实际应用中面临诉讼积极性不高、立案难、举证难、审理难等问题。为此,结合环境邻避纠纷的特点,本文提出了环境邻避纠纷解决机制完善建议:一是预防为主,建立贯穿项目建设始终的公众参与法律制度体系,增强公众意见反馈的强制性;二是分类化解,建立和完善适应不同需求的纠纷解决程序,加强多元化纠纷解决机制的衔接。希望通过建立\"预防为主,分类化解\"的精细化纠纷解决机制来推动环境邻避冲突的有序解决。     

ECONOMICS AND FEDERAL WATER PROJECTS1

While the science of economics is widely used in Federal water resource development projects, the usual procedure of applying an analytical discipline to arrive at a conclusion is reversed. The “answer” is usually provided ahead of time and economics is assigned the task of justifying the preconceived conclusion. This leads to a series of mitigatory effects in which economics as a science is not allowed to freely function. This article attempts to illustrate some of these “unusual” uses of economics in Federal water projects and note the “answers” we would logically expect from the economic discipline. Even though the theory of economics is often subverted, there are positive aspects to the role of economics in evaluating Federal water projects.     

环保型邻避矛盾原因及对策分析

环保型邻避矛盾是由环保问题引发的邻避矛盾。根据邻避设施对周边群众的环境影响,环保型邻避矛盾可分为环境要素敏感类、环境风险集聚类、基础设施建设类。该类矛盾具有参与人员多、诉求多样化、冲突响应度高的特点,如处置不当,易造成社会群体事件。在分析环保型邻避矛盾原因的基础上,从完善决策程序立法、开展环境风险评估、强化规划空间布局、严格环境准入等方面提出了弱化或避免的对策建议。