鸡粪与互花米草沼渣混合发酵产甲烷的研究

在中温(35℃±1℃)条件下,采用批式发酵方式,进行了鸡粪与互花米草沼渣不同混合比例的厌氧发酵实验.实验设置鸡粪∶互花米草沼渣干物质(TS)比分别为5∶0(T1)、4∶1(T2)、3∶2(T3)、2∶3(T4)、1∶4(T5)和0∶5(T6)共6个处理.结果表明,经中温干发酵后的互花米草沼渣仍具有一定的厌氧产沼气能力,TS产气量为107.25 mL.g-1,甲烷含量为76.92%,厌氧微生物对互花米草沼渣纤维素的结晶区有一定的破坏作用,厌氧发酵后纤维素的相对结晶度指数CrI下降了5.55%;将鸡粪与互花米草沼渣混合发酵,明显提高了原料的厌氧产气性能,T2的产气效果最好,T1、T3～T6的累积产气量分别为T2的61.31%、62.09%、52.15%、39.74%和31.67%;鸡粪与互花米草沼渣混合发酵的产酸类型为混合型发酵,发酵过程中未出现酸化现象;混合发酵对破坏互花米草沼渣纤维素的结晶区有利,促进效果在1.13%～21.61%.     

NaOH溶液间歇式处理对互花米草厌氧发酵特性的影响

在中温(35±1)℃条件下,用不同质量分数的NaOH溶液处理一次发酵后的互花米草,并进行批式中温厌氧二次发酵实验.分析了发酵过程中日产气量、累积产气量、甲烷含量、pH值、挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)的变化.结果表明,在总固体含量(TS)为6%的条件下,一次发酵产气率为317mL.g-1(以TS计),甲烷含量为71%,发酵过程中出现酸抑制现象.发酵后原料用4%、6%、8%的NaOH溶液处理后,在TS含量为6%的条件下进行二次发酵,仍均具有很好的产气特性,未出现酸化现象,产气率分别为262、276、282mL.g-1(以TS计),甲烷含量分别为72%、72%、69%.在一次发酵的基础上单位质量TS产气量分别增加了83%、87%、89%.这表明通过NaOH溶液的间歇式处理,能有效地提高互花米草厌氧消化的沼气产率.     

NaOH预处理对稻草秸秆厌氧消化的影响

通过调控稻草秸秆预处理过程中的NaOH比例,以期提高厌氧消化的产气量及产气效率。试验结果表明,经NaOH处理过的稻草秸秆半纤维素、木质素含量有显著降低,产气量较对照组有明显增加,发酵时间有所缩短。其中NaOH质量百分数为6%的处理组产气率最高,为312mL/g(干物质);VS/TS去除率也最高,为53.8%/36.8%;累计产气量最高,发酵过程中甲烷体积分数最高37.7%。故采用质量百分数为6%的NaOH的预处理是最佳方式。     

互花米草厌氧消化产沼气的实验研究

为探索入侵物种互花米草厌氧生物处理的可行性,研究了互花米草中温批式厌氧发酵的产气特性和物质转化过程.结果表明,互花米草的产气率随VS负荷的增加呈现先增加后降低的趋势,当VS浓度为6.0%时,产气效果最好,产气量为294.84mL/g VS.发酵过程中,有机酸先增加后降低,pH值与有机酸呈极显著的负相关(R=-0.97508),该发酵过程为丁酸型发酵.互花米草中的维管束、薄壁细胞以及纹孔,有利于其进行厌氧生物处理, 发酵后的互花米草外观变得毛糙,出现了很多丝状物,维管束结构破坏严重,皮层和薄壁细胞不易被厌氧微生物破坏.FTIR和XRD结果显示,厌氧微生物不但利用互花米草中的易分解有机物,对纤维素的结晶区也有一定的破坏,发酵后的互花米草木质素相对含量增加.     

牛粪对互花米草混合厌氧消化过程的影响研究

以互花米草和牛粪为原料,采用中温（35℃）批式发酵的方式,考察了添加牛粪对互花米草厌氧消化过程的影响.结果表明,互花米草单独发酵时,单位VS产气量为222.61 mL/g,发酵过程出现酸化现象,pH最低为5.60;添加牛粪改善了厌氧微生物的生存环境,提高了系统的缓冲能力,发酵过程未出现酸化现象,pH经短暂下降后很快恢复到7.2～7.5,累积产气量提高了38.83%,互花米草单位VS产气量为309.05 mL/g.混合发酵对消化液中有机酸产量影响不大,但有机酸高峰提前5d出现.FTIR表明,混合发酵促进了微生物对互花米草中易分解有机物的利用.发酵前、后和混合发酵互花米草的结晶度指数cri分别为0.617 6、　0.620 0和0.615 4.     

不同氮源对麦秆厌氧消化过程的影响

在中温[(35±1)℃]条件下,采用批式发酵方式,研究了不同氮源对麦秆厌氧消化过程的影响.结果表明,不添加氮源时,麦秆挥发性固体(VS)产气量为323.97mL/g,甲烷含量为64.38%;厌氧发酵后发酵液中各形态氮含量均大幅增加,发酵液中的氮以铵态氮和有机氮为主;发酵后的麦秆中木质素含量增加,纤维素结晶区受到一定程度的破坏.添加氮源提高了微生物的活性,产气速率大幅提高,VS产气量提高了35.37%~50.20%,但对甲烷含量的影响不大.除硝酸钾外,添加氮源的各处理发酵液中均以铵态氮为主,占总氮的70%以上,添加硝酸钾的处理最低,仅为54.60%,均远高于对照的38.49%.添加氮源及不同氮源对发酵液中硝态氮含量的影响不大;添加氮源促进了微生物对麦秆中纤维素和半纤维的破坏,但对纤维素结晶区的影响不大.在各种氮源中,以添加尿素的效果最好.     

造纸污泥与味精废液联合厌氧消化产甲烷性能研究

采用造纸污泥与味精废液间歇式联合厌氧消化产沼气,通过设计总固体(TS)含量、碳氮比(C/N)和接种量等不同的工艺参数,研究了不同工艺条件下各反应器的产甲烷性能.试验结果表明:在中温(37±2)℃条件下,TS含量对系统累积产气量的影响较大,各反应器的累积产气量随TS含量的增加而增加;各反应器的单位质量挥发性固体(VS)累积产气率和TS、VS的去除率随TS含量增加而降低;在TS含量为10%的3组反应器中,造纸污泥:味精废液(w/w)=10∶1的反应器产气效果优于造纸污泥∶味精废液(w/w)=25∶1和70∶1两组处理,这与前者在消化过程中pH值下降最多、酸化能力最强有关;联合厌氧消化累积甲烷产量最大值为5482mL(TS含量为10%,造纸污泥∶味精废液(w/w)=10∶1),单位质量VS甲烷产率最大值为362mL.g-1(TS含量为3%,造纸污泥∶味精废液(w/w)=11∶1),可见这两种工业废物联合厌氧消化具有巨大的产甲烷潜力.     

不同TS浓度下污水厂剩余污泥和生活垃圾混合厌氧消化特性研究

以污水厂剩余污泥和生活垃圾混合物料为研究对象,通过试验研究了TS浓度分别为1％、3％、6％和10％的混合物料的厌氧消化特性.结果表明:混合物料的TS浓度对厌氧消化过程中的产气量、气体中甲烷体积百分含量、物料COD去除率、厌氧消化液pH值和VFAs浓度均有一定影响;TS浓度偏高或偏低均不利于厌氧消化产气,过高的TS浓度还会导致厌氧消化液VFAs浓度积累过高和pH值下降;当混合物料TS浓度为3％时,厌氧消化效果最好,最高日产气量达537 mL,厌氧消化反应结束时累计产气量达7 905 mL,产气中甲烷体积百分含量最高值达到69.1％,至反应终期物料的COD去除率达49.68％,厌氧消化液pH值维持在6.8～7.5,没有出现因VFAs积累而产生的酸抑制现象.     

餐厨垃圾两相厌氧消化特性试验研究

研究了餐厨垃圾两相厌氧消化特性。以北京化工大学餐厨垃圾为原料,分别以不同有机负荷(10、30、50和70 gVS/L)、接种量(5、10、15和20 gVS/L)、酸化时间(3、5、7和9 d)考察其对酸化效果的影响,并对酸化出料进行甲烷化产气实验。结果表明,餐厨垃圾最优酸化条件为有机负荷30 gVS/L,酸化时间5 d,接种量15 gVS/L。在此条件下,单位负荷产酸率为561.0 mg乙酸/gVS,酸化末端产物主要为乙酸和丁酸,单位负荷累积产气量达到826.7 mL/gVS,比乙醇型最佳条件单位负荷累积产气量763.8 mL/gVS高8.2%,比丁酸型最低单位负荷累积产气量70.6 mL/gVS高1 070.3%。有机负荷、酸化时间、接种量依次对餐厨垃圾酸化有重要的影响,并且餐厨垃圾酸化效果和产气性能具有一致性。研究结果可为城市生活垃圾厌氧消化提供设计和运行依据。     

市政污泥与玉米秸秆混合高温厌氧发酵产甲烷研究

以实验室自主驯化的二沉池污水为接种物,对我国天津、昭通、太原3个城市的市政污泥和玉米秸秆混合物进行了高温(55℃)厌氧发酵,考察了不同发酵体系下发酵液pH、单日产气量、累积产气量、甲烷产率等指标随发酵时间的变化情况。结果表明:污泥单独发酵几乎不存在酸化现象,稳定后的发酵液pH值高于混合发酵试验组;污泥单独发酵系统的最大单日产气量出现在第1,2天,发酵系统加入玉米秸秆后最大单日产气量出现的时间有所延迟;天津污泥单独发酵(20 g-TS)的累积产气量达到2004 mL,高于其他2组;所有发酵系统的VS去除率均达到40%以上;随着发酵过程稳定,甲烷含量维持在70~85 vol.%,天津污泥单独发酵的甲烷产率达到141.01 mL/g-VS;Modified Gompertz拟合表明污泥单独发酵不符合"S"曲线,该系统下发酵停滞期较短,污泥与玉米秸秆质量比为3:1或2:1时甲烷产率、产甲烷速率和发酵停滞期具有一定优势。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

ＲｅｍｏｖａｌｏｆｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌｓｆｒｏｍｓｅｗａｇｅｓｌｕｄｇｅｂｙｌｏｗｃｏｓｔｉｎｇｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｍｅｔｈｏｄａｎｄｒｅｃｙｃｌｉｎｇｉｎａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅＷｕＱｉｔａｎｇ，ＮｙｉｒａｎｄｅｇｅＰａｓｃａｓｉｅ，ＭｏＣｅｈｕｉＦ...     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.