浙江省公众环境意识万卷调查报告

通过浙江省公众环境意识万卷调查活动，了解公众对环境问题的认识和看法，以及他们对环境保护事业的希望和要求，为环境保护工作的决策提供了信息。1调查概况1.1调查的形式、范围及步骤调查采用现场问卷形式，在浙江省内发放近12000份问卷。调查大致分为4个阶段：（1）调查研究，设计问卷；（2）发放问卷；（3）收集问卷，统一编号。输入计算机进行统计分析；（4）撰写浙江省公众环境意识万卷调查的分析报告。1.2被调查公众的基本情况调查共计发放11800份问卷，回收9367份，其中有效问卷8599份。被调查公众的基本情况如下：（1）被调查公众…     

环茂公司与美国赛默飞世尔签署CEMS战略合作协议

2008年7月17下午，浙江环茂自控科技有限公司（以下简称环茂公司）与世界上最大的空气质量监测仪器生产厂家——美国赛默飞世尔科技公司，在杭州市西子国宾馆正式签署烟气排放连续监测系统（CEMS）战略合作协议，以共有品牌的CEMS新产品开拓中国烟气污染源在线监测市场。浙江省环境保护局副局长吴玉琛，浙江省环境保护科学设计研究院副院长、环茂公司董事长张胜军，环茂公司总经理张琰，赛默飞世尔中国区总裁蒋文康出席了签约仪式。     

1986～1998年运河(杭州段)水质变化趋势分析

根据水质和污染源的调查，分析了运河（杭州段）的水质在１３年间的变化状况及水质现状，提出了影响运河（杭州段）水质的６个现状问题。     

2007年度优秀编委

浙江省政府以及各市、县（市、区）政府对第一次污染源普查工作高度重视,各级环保部门认真落实,各级普查办工作积极,各相关部门大力配合,建立机构、落实经费、宣传发动、人员培训、普查监测、入户清查等前期准备工作都开展得较为顺利,工作效果显著。浙江省污染源普查工作有序开展,稳步推进。     

低成本含磷材料修复环境重金属污染的研究进展

低成本含磷材料包括磷灰石、骨粉、无机磷肥及无机磷酸盐，其对环境重金属污染的修复值得引起生态学、环境学更广泛的重视。详细介绍了：（1）各类低成本含磷材料结构性质；（2）含磷材料在修复土壤、沉积物、水体重金属污染方面的应用；（3）含磷材料修复环境重金属污染的机理及影响因素；（4）含磷材料修复环境重金属污染的效果评价等方面的研究进展及发展前景。     

EPA被控告限制温室气体排放不作为

根据美国清洁大气法（CAA）要求，美国环保局（EPA）每8年应对新固定污染源排放标准进行修订。据此，今年EPA拳布新的固定污染源实施标准，但该标准并未限制主要温室气体二氧化碳的排放。美国有关各州、城市和环境团体对布什政府不肯限制电厂和工业设施排放二氧化碳深为不满，在华盛顿特区上诉法院，认为为保护公众健康、环境和经济，必须要求火力发电厂大幅削减温室气体排放，限制机动车辆排放二氧化碳。     

某矿区土壤和地下水重金属污染调查与评价

为了解湘南某矿区土壤和地下水重金属污染状况,对该矿区东河流域附近重金属污染源进行了调查,同时,对地下水和土壤样品进行了采样分析,结果表明：（1）该矿区东河流域附近的主要污染源有18个,其中有色金属选厂、尾矿库、采矿场和冶炼厂是排放重金属较多的污染源;（2）20个采样点中土壤重金属Pb、Cd、Zn、As和Hg大部分超过国家土壤环境质量标准（GB15618-1995）,综合污染指数P综〉1,该矿区主要的重金属污染元素为Cd、As和Hg,且土壤中Cd、Zn和As的含量两两之间存在着极显著的正线性相关关系;（3）重金属元素在土壤中的纵向迁移不明显,该矿区附近20个采样点的地下水并未受到污染,综合污染指数P综〈1。20个采样点地下水Pb、Cd、Zn、As、Hg浓度均能达到地下水质量标准（GB／T14848．9）中的Ⅲ类标准。     

提高固定膜光催化氧化净化器性能关键因素的研究

简单介绍了影响光催化氧化有机物反应速度的五个因素，通过分析找出影响光催化氧化有机物反应速度的主要因素，必须同时考虑反应内Ｅ（ｒ）和Ｓ（ｒ）相互综合因素对反应器自由基产生率的影响；通过实验方法找出对应不同功率光源的光催化载体最优半径τｏｐｔ具体数值，是提高固定模光催化氧化净水器性能的关键，如果是把固定化催化膜载体布置在半径τｏｐｄ的圆周上，就能充分利用光源的光能，在反应器有限的空间结构内使得适当强度     

钱塘江水系富春江段水污染现状调查研究

通过对钱塘江水系（富春江段）水质状况的监测调查及桐庐、富阳两县（市）主要污染源的排查，分析了富春江段水环境质量现状，以及主要污染来源，为钱塘江流域水污染防治及水资源的保护提供参考依据。     

开拓污染源信息新渠道的探索

环境管理的各项工作离不开对污染源信息的撷取，全面、准确、动态地了解辖区内有关污染源的排污状况，是强化市场经济条件下环境管理、正确进行决策的先决条件，更是实施污染物排放总量控制的前提。但以往在这方面普遍存在信息不全、不准、不及时，向基层环保部门和排污单位要数据的部门多、渠道多、报表多等“三不”、“三多”现象，且填报单位也无需对数据负法律责任，这一状况亟需得到改变。到１９９８年底，历时一年半的浙江省全省排放污染物申报登记实践，为开拓污染源信息新渠道作了有益的探索。１排污申报登记是撷取污染源信息的主渠…     

Temporal variations of source impacts at the receptor,as derived from air particulate monitoring data in Ho Chi Minh City,Vietnam

Varimax rotation factor analysis was applied to monthly concentrations of elements in total suspended air particulate (TSP) matter in Ho Chi Minh City collected from December 1992 to November 1996, covering four dry/rainy seasons. Six pollution source types were revealed. Resuspended soil/road dust accounts for 74% of the TSP mass loading. Motor vehicles and a source which emits particulates containing arsenic account for 10% and 9%, respectively. There are three minor sources, namely, cement dust from the nearby construction site, road dust of local traffic origin and burning emissions. The contributions from these source were estimated with high uncertainties. The interpretation of sources was corroborated by studying source profiles and temporal variations of source contributions. The monthly variations of source contributions at the receptor were modelled by using source apportionment techniques. From the variation patterns, emission scenarios for burning, construction and motor vehicle sources were reproduced. Source contributions also exhibit seasonal variability induced by changes of meteorological conditions. No seasonal change was found for the As-containing particulates, suggesting a speculation on their origin as coal fly ash emitting from any local coal burning source.     

Positive matrix factorization as source apportionment of soil lead and cadmium around a battery plant (Changxing County,China)

Chemical compositions of soil samples are multivariate in nature and provide datasets suitable for the application of multivariate factor analytical techniques. One of the analytical techniques, the positive matrix factorization (PMF), uses a weighted least square by fitting the data matrix to determine the weights of the sources based on the error estimates of each data point. In this research, PMF was employed to apportion the sources of heavy metals in 104 soil samples taken within a 1-km radius of a lead battery plant contaminated site in Changxing County, Zhejiang Province, China. The site is heavily contaminated with high concentrations of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd). PMF successfully partitioned the variances into sources related to soil background, agronomic practices, and the lead battery plants combined with a geostatistical approach. It was estimated that the lead battery plants and the agronomic practices contributed 55.37 and 29.28 %, respectively, for soil Pb of the total source. Soil Cd mainly came from the lead battery plants (65.92 %), followed by the agronomic practices (21.65 %), and soil parent materials (12.43 %). This research indicates that PMF combined with geostatistics is a useful tool for source identification and apportionment.     

Source apportionment of ambient total suspended particulates and coarse particulate matter in urban areas of Jiaozuo, China

Approximately 750 total suspended particulates (TSPs) and coarse particulate matter (PM10) filter samples from six urban sites and a background site and >210 source samples were collected in Jiaozuo City during January 2002 to April 2003. They were analyzed for mass and abundances of 25 chemical components. Seven contributive sources were identified, and their contributions to ambient TSP/PM10 levels at the seven sites in three seasons (spring, summer, and winter days) and a "whole" year were estimated by a chemical mass balance (CMB) receptor model. The spatial TSP average was high in spring and winter days at a level of approximately 530 microg/m(3) and low in summer days at 456 microg/m(3); however, the spatial PMo0 average exhibited little variation at a level of approximately 325 microg/m(3), and PM10-to-TSP ratios ranged from 0.58 to 0.81, which suggested heavy particulate matter pollution existing in the urban areas. Apportionment results indicated that geological material was the largest contributor to ambient TSP/PM10 concentrations, followed by dust emissions from construction activities, coal combustion, secondary aerosols, vehicle movement, and other industrial sources. In addition, paved road dust and re-entrained dust were also apportioned to the seven source types and found soil, coal combustion, and construction dust to be the major contributors.     

Source apportionment of ambient non-methane hydrocarbons in Hong Kong: application of a principal component analysis/absolute principal component scores (PCA/APCS) receptor model

Receptor-oriented source apportionment models are often used to identify sources of ambient air pollutants and to estimate source contributions to air pollutant concentrations. In this study, a PCA/APCS model was applied to the data on non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) measured from January to December 2001 at two sampling sites: Tsuen Wan (TW) and Central & Western (CW) Toxic Air Pollutants Monitoring Stations in Hong Kong. This multivariate method enables the identification of major air pollution sources along with the quantitative apportionment of each source to pollutant species. The PCA analysis identified four major pollution sources at TW site and five major sources at CW site. The extracted pollution sources included vehicular internal engine combustion with unburned fuel emissions, use of solvent particularly paints, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) or natural gas leakage, and industrial, commercial and domestic sources such as solvents, decoration, fuel combustion, chemical factories and power plants. The results of APCS receptor model indicated that 39% and 48% of the total NMHCs mass concentrations measured at CW and TW were originated from vehicle emissions, respectively. 32% and 36.4% of the total NMHCs were emitted from the use of solvent and 11% and 19.4% were apportioned to the LPG or natural gas leakage, respectively. 5.2% and 9% of the total NMHCs mass concentrations were attributed to other industrial, commercial and domestic sources, respectively. It was also found that vehicle emissions and LPG or natural gas leakage were the main sources of C(3)-C(5) alkanes and C(3)-C(5) alkenes while aromatics were predominantly released from paints. Comparison of source contributions to ambient NMHCs at the two sites indicated that the contribution of LPG or natural gas at CW site was almost twice that at TW site. High correlation coefficients (R(2) > 0.8) between the measured and predicted values suggested that the PCA/APCS model was applicable for estimation of sources of NMHCs in ambient air.     

Citizen Complaints of Air Pollution In Northeastern Illinois

In 1964, as part of the Northeastern Illinois Metropolitan Planning Commission's Air Resource Management Study, an examination was made of citizen complaints of air pollution registered with air pollution control agencies representing the City of Chicago, outlying Cook County, and the State of Illinois. The complaint files of the City of Chicago were found to contain the addresses of some 9500 air pollution sources specified by complainants in complaints covering the time period from approximately 1954 to 1964. A statistical sample of these sources showed more than 70% to be of a nonindustrial nature, with domestic fuel burning or incineration by neighbors most often specified. There were 1119 industrial process source snamed in the Chicago files; 588 nonmanufacturing and 531 manufacturing. Fabricated metal industries, primary metal industries, chemical manufacturers, and food processing plants were cited more often than other industrial categories. Complaint sources named in complaints filed by citizens with the State of Illinois, and with Cook County, differed with those of Chicago in that industrial sources were specified more often than nonindustrial ones. The reason for this is believed to lie in the reduced residential densities and the relatively great use of pollution-free fuels in the metropolitan area outside of the City of Chicago.     

3种典型地区农村污水排放特征调查分析

目前,我国农村污水的处理率很低,农村污染问题日益受到关注。为了深入了解我国农村污水特征,在北京、浙江和云南等地分别选择水库水源地保护区、河网地区和风景旅游区内的村庄进行农村污水排放特征的调查研究,以期为农村污水治理提供准确的基础数据。调查方法包括资料调研、入户调查和现场采样监测。结果表明,生活污水和畜禽养殖污水与粪便是村落的主要点污染源,不同区域农村用水习惯不同,污水排放规律差异较大;河网地区的村落对河浜污染状况非常严重,成为隐性污染源;旅游风景区内村庄污水特征受季节影响显著。     

浙江省地方环境标准制定思考

地方环境标准是对国家环境标准的补充和完善。为加大污染控制力度,适应新形势下环境管理和执法要求,有效改善和保护环境质量,针对浙江省主要环境问题和现行国家环境标准的不足,结合产业发展方向和环境保护目标,制定浙江省地方环境标准十分必要。主要从浓度控制与排放总量控制相结合、敏感或特殊有毒有害污染物控制、行业污染控制和相关环境质量等方面提出了地方环境标准的制定思路。     

Estimation of source apportionment and potential source locations of PM2.5 at a west coastal IMPROVE site

Particle composition data for PM_2.5 samples collected at Kalmiopsis Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) site in southwestern Oregon from March 2000 to May 2004 were analyzed to provide source identification and apportionment. A total of 493 samples were collected and 32 species were analyzed by particle induced X-ray emission, proton elastic scattering analysis, photon-induced X-ray fluorescence, ion chromatography, and thermal optical reflectance methods. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) was used to estimate the source profiles and their mass contributions. The PMF modeling identified nine sources. In the Kalmiopsis site, the average mass was apportioned to wood/field burning (38.4%), secondary sulfate (26.9%), airborne soil including Asian dust (8.6 %), secondary nitrate (7.6%), fresh sea salt (5.8%), OP-rich sulfate (4.9%), aged sea salt (4.5 %), gasoline vehicle (1.9%), and diesel emission (1.4%). The potential source contribution function (PSCF) was then used to help identify likely locations of the regional sources of pollution. The PSCF map for wood/field burning indicates there is a major potential source area in the Siskiyou County and eastern Oregon. The potential source locations for secondary sulfate are found in western Washington, northwestern Oregon, and the near shore Pacific Ocean where there are extensive shipping lanes. It was not possible to extract a profile directly attributable to ship emissions, but indications of their influence are seen in the secondary sulfate and aged sea salt compositions.     

浙江省畜牧业发展的生态环境问题及其控制对策

系统地论述了浙江省畜牧业发展的生态环境问题,分析了畜禽污染的现状和趋势,提出了一整套消除畜牧公害,促进畜牧业可持续发展的对策和措施 。     

Emission inventory for greenhouse gases in the City of Barcelona, 1987–1996

Emissions of greenhouse gases for the City of Barcelona are estimated for the period 1987–1994. The sources considered are: public and private transportation; industrial, commercial and domestic activities; and municipal solid waste disposal. The results show that the main source of CO₂ emissions in Barcelona is private vehicle transportation, which accounts, as an average for the period studied, for 35% of total emissions. The second most important source is the municipal solid waste landfill facility of the city (24% of total emissions). The percentages for the remaining sources under consideration were: 14% electricity, 12% natural gas, 5% incineration, and 3% liquefied petroleum gases. However, the values for CO₂ emissions per inhabitant over the period studied are lower than those for any other industrialized city available for comparison. This is closely related to the high percentage of electricity generation from nuclear power stations and hydro power facilities, and also to the extensive use of natural gas for domestic uses.