Forest Naturalness: Criterion for Decision Support in Designation and Management of Protected Forest Areas

The article analyses the possibilities of developing an integrated indicator and a model of the assessment of forests naturalness using the data from the database of mountainous spruce forests situated in the Western Carpathians of Slovakia. The article presents two variants of such a model, one based on discriminant analysis, while the second one using an additive approach. The analysis of the data from mountainous spruce forests revealed significant indicators of forest naturalness degree: the arithmetic mean of the ratio between crown length and tree height, the deadwood volume, the coverage of grasses, the coverage of mosses and lichens, and the aggregation index. In addition, the coefficient of variation of tree diameters was included in the final model, since its presence in the model had a positive influence on the correctness of the classification of the forest naturalness degree. The correctness of the classification of the proposed discriminant model was 74.5%. For the additive model, the ranges of the values of the integrated indicator were defined for every degree of forest naturalness by taking into account the error ranges of the arithmetic mean values and the percentiles of the values in individual degrees of forest naturalness. The overall correctness of the classification with the additive model was 63.4%. In the second step, the scheme how to apply the classification model of the forest naturalness degree in the decision-making process of designating as a forest protected areas was proposed. In this scheme, the degree of forest naturalness is considered as a basic criterion for the determination of nature-conservation value of forest ecosystems. As further decision-making criteria we identified the possibility to restore, or the possibility to improve the naturalness of less natural forest ecosystems, which are designated as protected; the occurrence of the endangered species; and the occurrence of other natural values.     

德州市耕地资源态势演变的驱动力分析

耕地资源数量与质量动态变化是农区经济与社会的可持续发展的决定性因素,特别是随着农业生态环境的不断恶化,各种不定因素导致耕地数量不断减少,保护和利用好耕地资源显得尤为重要。以地处黄河下游的德州市为背景,分析了其耕地资源现状特点、耕地资源开发利用中存在的问题,采用灰色关联分析方法,找出区域耕地资源态势演变的驱动因素,并对耕地资源供需趋势和保证程度做出预测。     

大沽排污河清淤改造水质改善与总量削减成效分析

对天津市大沽排污河水质进行的监测表明,清淤改造工程对水环境质量有明显的改善效果。对照清淤前数据,重点分析"十二五"总量控制指标化学需氧量和氨氮随清淤工程的进行而降低,为巩固清淤成果、强化总量控制提供依据。     

我国生活垃圾无害化向减量化处理处置转换路径探析

对比发达国家与发展中国家生活垃圾减量化处理处置经验，本文运用制度分析、统计分析等手段探究我国即将经历的生活垃圾减量化处理处置阶段转换问题。研究发现：①以政府公共投资和无害化处理处置为主要特征的生活垃圾处理处置I阶段解决垃圾围城的方式行将结束，减量化程度逐渐提高和社会资本的进入是II阶段的主要表现形式。②从我国生活垃圾处理处置的发展脉络看，促使I阶段向II阶段转化的主导因素包括城市化速度的加快、国家供给侧结构性改革促使源头减量和公共财政投入向市场投入转化等。③考虑到我国各地生活垃圾处理处置和经济发展实际，应改变现有生活垃圾处理处置管理体系，确立企业的源头减量主体地位；提高生活垃圾分类回收比例，改善中端减量化效率；以无废城市建设为契机，推进生活垃圾全域减量；重塑经济与发展的联系，借助市场化力量推进资源与经济增长联系从数量关系向强价格关系转化。     

基于十圩港考核断面达标的入江支流污染来源研究

泰州靖江市新十圩港大桥省考断面近年来水质出现超标现象,为了控制该断面水质达标,不让超标水汇入长江.基于水文、水质和污染源资料,建立了靖江市十圩港河流一维水环境数学模型.利用控制断面达标法、污染影响分担率计算法得到十圩港河道的水环境容量与各镇分担率.与现状污染物入河量对比,从而确定了研究区域内各类污染物的削减量;根据各入...     

What drives plan implementation? Plans,planning agencies and developers

This article investigates the determinants of plan implementation by applying a recently‐developed Plan Implementation Evaluation methodology. The lack of methodology to assess the implementation of plans has so far precluded any systematic analysis of the determinants of the implementation of local environmental plans. The article focuses on the implementation of plans in New Zealand. The key factors of implementation are: the quality of the plan; the capacity and commitment of land developers to implement plans; the capacity and commitment of the staff and leadership of planning agencies to implement plans; and the interactions between developers and the agency. The analysis is based on 353 permits implementing six local environmental plans in New Zealand, and on surveys of the developers who obtained the permits and of the planning agencies that granted the permits. The analysis finds that plan implementation is mainly driven by the resources of the planning agencies and by the quality of the plans, rather than by the characteristics of developers. Investments in plan writing and agency and staff capacity building thus improve the implementation of plans in the long‐run.     

自然资源估价及其在国民经济发展中的作用

自然资源无价、资源产品低价导致资源需求过度膨胀,资源浪费严重,环境污染加剧.自然资源产权市场化、多元化是解决这一问题的关键,也是我国经济发展的必然趋势.自然资源估价是资源市场化、多元化的价值依据.自然资源估价不同于资源产品定价,既要考虑资源的价值又要考虑资源的稀缺性、丰饶度、地理位置等因素.自然资源估价关系到资源的合理开发利用和环境保护问题,对我国的社会主义现代化进程和人民生活水平的提高将构成重大影响.     

我国生态环境损害赔偿资金制度的困境与出路

关于环境公益诉讼赔偿资金的归属，我国实践中有环保部门主管、纳入国库、纳入法院指定账户、纳入专项账户等不同归属模式，但在其管理与使用方面，我国尚且存在诸如地方生态环境损害赔偿资金管理办法名称不统一、资金使用系统不透明、社会公众査询难、地方行政机关干预过多、资金监管机制不健全等问题。本文拟建议设立"全国生态环境损害赔偿基金"，对环境公益诉讼产生的损害赔偿金以及各地方未统一管理的环境保护资金等相关资金进行统筹与规范，以期推进我国生态环境损害赔偿资金制度的完善。为此，需要明确生态环境损害赔偿基金的资金来源，规范生态环境损害赔偿基金的使用、监督机制，明确环保部门的监督职责，构建资金使用的信息公开制度，强化环保组织的监督权，在此基础上进一步对生态环境损害赔偿基金制定严格的管理办法，以规范并指导基金的有效运作。     

中国控制危险废物越境转移管理现状与展望

按照环境无害化管理原则,严格限制危险废物越境转移活动是中国履行《控制危险废物越境转移及其处置巴塞尔公约》的重要内容。本研究通过梳理《控制危险废物越境转移及其处置巴塞尔公约》关于控制危险废物越境转移的主要规定和中国立法管理实践,全面分析了中国控制危险废物越境转移管理进展。从打击非法转移、完善法律基础、建立预警机制等方面,深入剖析了中国控制危险废物越境转移面临的形势,并从强化危险废物越境转移管控、严厉打击非法出口行为、联合海关部门加强日常监管三方面提出对策建议,以期为中国全面履行《控制危险废物越境转移及其处置巴塞尔公约》要求、控制和防范危险废物越境转移环境风险提供支撑。     

制度变迁视角下对河长制的实施动因分析——以江苏省为例

河长制作为一种综合管理制度,明确了河湖治理的权利和责任,实现了外部性的内化与交易费用的降低,河长制的起源是内生性变化的结果,其制度变迁的过程受制于路径依赖的惯性及其所处的社会环境变化,河湖水质的改善和水治理能力现代化的提升验证了河长制是制度创新的成功实践。中国河湖治理制度的演进符合制度变迁的进程,河长制的实施是历史的必然选择。基于制度变迁理论,以首创河长制的江苏省为例,通过展开江苏省河湖治理政策的演变过程分析河长制的成效和实施动因,进而总结制度变迁理论为河长制变迁提供的启示。     

电力工业的可持续发展与绿色电力

文章从可持续发展的角度详细阐述了电力工业可持续发展的内涵,从能源结构、环境保护和资源利用等方面提出中国电力工业实施可持续发展的必要性,并提出实现电力工业可持续发展的途径是采用新型发电技术加强环境保护,节约能源并开发新能源,重点对绿色电力进行分析,提出积极发展绿色电力。     

新时代中国特色社会主义生态文明建设的方略与任务

坚持人与自然和谐共生、建设美丽中国是新时代中国特色社会主义建设的基本方略之一。本文从十九大报告提出的生态文明建设战略任务出发,诠释了新时代中国特色社会主义生态文明建设的特征,结合中国未来发展蓝图,提出了新时代生态文明建设的战略目标,深入分析了新时代建设生态文明和美丽中国的四大战略任务背景和要求。     

模拟地下水微生物除铁技术的探索性研究

为探讨模拟地下水微生物除铁技术的若干控制因素以及微生物除铁的部分规律,对四个装有不同粒径石英砂填料的滤柱进行人工模拟实验及分析测试。实验结果表明：滤柱的成熟过程是铁细菌有规律的增殖并固定滤料表面的铁质活性滤膜实现对亚铁离子氧化的过程。根据细菌的成长过程,滤柱除铁效果以及滤柱能够承受的负荷,把滤砂的成熟过程分为适应期、第一增长期、第二增长期和稳定期等四个时期。在实现除铁的过程中,填料大小、滤速等条件对除铁效果有着影响。     

安徽省国际旅游产业结构分析与优化

运用偏离-份额及灰色系统关联度分析方法,对安徽省国际旅游产业结构的竞争优势以及国际旅游产业各部门收入与国际旅游总收入之间的关联性进行了分析.在此基础上,指出了安徽省国际旅游产业结构存在的主要问题,并进一步提出了安徽省国际旅游产业优化增效的主要对策.     

提升“三线一单”中生态环境准入清单有效性的若干建议

生态环境准入清单是“三线一单”的成果出口，是未来落实空间环境管控和准入的直接依据，也是提升“三线一单”有效落地实施的重要抓手，要达到适用、实用、管用的要求。通过总结梳理当前已发布和编制中的生态环境准入清单情况，本文发现各省（区、市）在构建生态环境准入清单分层体系、制定“三线—单元—清单”逻辑链条和解决区域重点环境问题中形成了较好的经验，但同时生态环境准入清单在编制和应用中还存在各层次缺乏连通、管控单元和清单要求之间存在逻辑偏差、对主要环境问题研判不够和缺乏针对性整改措施等难点与问题。结合各省（区、市）编制组在清单编制中的有效做法和经验，本文建议在下一步清单细化和优化工作中，首先要加强与各职能部门、管理部门的对接；其次要坚持问题导向，结合区域实际情况，以精细化管理的目标制定针对性的清单措施与要求；最后开展成果的实践应用试点，总结经验，进一步提升清单有效性。     

中央生态环境保护督察制度回顾与展望

中央生态环境保护督察是党中央、国务院推进生态文明建设和生态环境保护工作的重大制度创新。《中央生态环境保护督察工作规定》于近期正式出台,首次以党内法规形式明确了生态环境保护督察的制度框架、程序规范、权限责任等。从发展历程来看,我国生态环境保护督察大致经历了督企为主、督政督企并举、党政同责三个阶段。生态环境保护督察具有突出政治站位、压实责任,坚持问题导向、强化震慑,突出边督边改、取信于民等基本特征。为强化成果应用,全面准确把握当前我国生态环境保护工作的重点难点,本文设置7个一级指标和18个二级指标对首轮中央生态环境保护督察所指问题的分布特征进行统计分析,初步剖析问题产生原因,并从督察对象、督察内容和督察体制方面对第二轮中央生态环境保护督察进行了展望。     

Statistical approach for evaluating the significance of generating new data to the management of the brackish groundwater fields in Kuwait

The brackish groundwater production fields in Kuwait have been drilled intensively during the past three decades. However, poor spatial distribution of some of the measured parameters and limited measurements of others are forcing extended extrapolation during numerical simulations of management schemes. On the other hand, operational, time and budget constraints allow only limited additional field-generated data, raising the question of the significance of their impact on numerical modeling results. This study evaluates this significance by using nearest neighbor statistics and a synthesized data set to assess the impacts of a proposed field investigation on the spatial distribution and kriged values of transmissivity and storage coefficient arrays of the brackish groundwater production fields. A scale for the significance of the impacts was prepared based on the sensitivity of the aquifer system towards the studied properties. The transmissivity data array indicated a 25% reduction in the maximum distance and an 8% increase in the interquartile of the nearest neighbor analysis. The storage coefficient data arrays indicated the extension of the covered area to reach the southern boundary of the study area, which was reflected in more than doubling the maximum distance between the nearest neighbors. For the kriged values of the transmissivity, about 35% of the study area was significantly changed due to the addition of the new data points, while only 10% of the study area was significantly changed for the storage coefficient values. Overall, while the spatial distribution indicators were not conclusive, the significance of the new data was clear in the changes in the kriged values of the aquifer properties. Additionally, this approach highlights the aquifer test locations where the generated data had no impact on the kriged values, which may be utilized for optimizing the allocation and number of the aquifer tests.     

Integrated mediterranean programmes and the natural environment: A case study in Greece

Summary A pilot action forming part of the Integrated Mediterranean Programmes (IMPs) was carried out in Prespa National Park, Greece, to improve the socio-economic conditions in the area and to develop the agriculture, fisheries, manufacturing and tourism. A study on the environment of the park was carried out as part of this Programme. The study evaluated the natural conditions in the area, assessed the effects of the proposed operations on the environment, suggested opportunities for socio-economic improvement and provided guidelines for the organisation of the National Park. This paper presents certain aspects of this study and describes the mechanisms and conflicts attached to environmental conservation during implementation of the IMP.Evaluation of natural conditions was made possible by studying the land cover/use changes between 1945 and 1984 using aerial photographs. It showed a continuing concentration of land use activities in the wetland, which is the nucleus of the park. The most alarming findings were of soil erosion on the watershed, accelerating ageing and eutrophication of the lake, and destruction of the wet meadows. Evaluation of the latter revealed their remarkable biological value as feeding and resting habitats of the rare waterbird species.Assessment of the effects of the projected operations on the environment was accompanied by suggestions of alleviation measures. Further development of agriculture and an expansion of the irrigation system were expected to have a severe impact on the wetland and increase the eutrophic level of the lake. Measures for cultural practices, policy and education of the farmers were suggested. It was recognised that the projected fish breeding station would also have adverse effects on the wetland, the lake and its fisheries. Construction of the hatchery on the particular site chosen by the authorities was to cause major environmental degradation in the park.Despite the documentation provided, proposals stemming from the study and mitigation measures were disregarded. Implementation of the IMP operations had detrimental ecological effects in the area. From the first stages of the Programme, and throughout its implementation, secrecy prevailed in the procedures. There was no participation of the public nor of the local government. Lack of coordination appeared between the various levels of administration nationally and within the European Community (EC). Agencies concerned with the environment lost their jurisdiction in the area, as all decision-making was undertaken in Athens by a Ministry relatively insensitive to environmental issues. Implementation of the IMP in Prespa violated national and EC legislation as well as international treaties concerning the environment. The development plan had been prepared without integrating conservation and development while no concern was given to the impact on the environment. Lessons learned from the Prespa case should be used to improve IMPs and make development sustainable.Dr Myrto Pyrovetsi obtained her doctorate at Michigan State University, USA and is now an Assistant Professor in the Department of Biology at the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki.     

全面系统完善我国生态文明党内法规体系

生态文明党内法规是中国特色社会主义法治体系的重要组成部分。党的十八大以来,随着生态文明写入党章,生态文明专门党内法规及相关党内法规对生态文明的规定得到丰富和发展。但由于建设时间短,加上我国正处于经济社会发展的转型期,生态文明党内法规体系建设存在相关党内法规制定的规范性和权限的明确性不够、法规的系统性和体系的层次性不够、条文的清晰性和规范的可操作性不够、适用的涵盖性和内外的衔接性不够等问题。为此本文建议：①统筹规划,开展生态文明党内法规的系统性和规范性建设;②重点建设,分级分领域制修订生态文明建设和改革的专门党内法规;③全面融入,将生态文明的建设和改革要求分解到各级各类党内法规中;④厘清关系,加强与国家生态环保法律法规的衔接和协调。