共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
生态系统服务价值及其评估方法研究进展 总被引:16,自引:1,他引:15
生态系统服务和产生这些服务的自然资本对地球生命支持系统的功能有着极其重要的作用。它们间接或是直接的为人类提供福利,并因而成为地球整体经济价值的一部分。本文在生态系统服务的定义、功能及内涵的基础上,系统归纳了当前国内外生态系统服务价值的实例和主要评价方法研究进展。已有的研究表明对自然资源实行生态系统管理需要对生态系统服务进行多堆的,不同时空尺度上的评价,同时也要建立合理的评价标准体系。由于生态系统服务价值存在时空异质性,当前的研究中还没有提供很好的解决这一问题的方法,本文最后讨论了在生态系统服务价值评估中综合考虑区位等因素的可行性和必要性。 相似文献
2.
3.
Intelligent Databases Assist Transparent and Sound Economic Valuation of Ecosystem Services 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Assessment and economic valuation of services provided by ecosystems to humans has become a crucial phase in environmental
management and policy-making. As primary valuation studies are out of the reach of many institutions, secondary valuation
or benefit transfer, where the results of previous studies are transferred to the geographical, environmental, social, and economic context of
interest, is becoming increasingly common. This has brought to light the importance of environmental valuation databases,
which provide reliable valuation data to inform secondary valuation with enough detail to enable the transfer of values across
contexts. This paper describes the role of next-generation, intelligent databases (IDBs) in assisting the activity of valuation.
Such databases employ artificial intelligence to inform the transfer of values across contexts, enforcing comparability of
values and allowing users to generate custom valuation portfolios that synthesize previous studies and provide aggregated
value estimates to use as a base for secondary valuation. After a general introduction, we introduce the Ecosystem Services
Database, the first IDB for environmental valuation to be made available to the public, describe its functionalities and the
lessons learned from its usage, and outline the remaining needs and expected future developments in the field. 相似文献
4.
Ana M. Nobre 《Environmental management》2009,44(1):185-204
An adaptation of the Drivers-Pressure-State-Impact-Response methodology is presented in this work. The differential DPSIR
(ΔDPSIR) was developed to evaluate impacts on the coastal environment and as a tool for integrated ecosystem management. The
aim of the ΔDPSIR is to provide scientifically-based information required by managers and decision-makers to evaluate previously
adopted policies, as well as future response scenarios. The innovation of the present approach is to provide an explicit link
between ecological and economic information related to the use and management of a coastal ecosystem within a specific timeframe.
The application of ΔDPSIR is illustrated through an analysis of developments in a Southwest European coastal lagoon between
1985 and 1995. The value of economic activities dependent on the lagoon suffered a significant reduction (ca. −60%) over that
period, mainly due to a decrease in bivalve production. During that decade the pressures from the catchment area were managed
(ca. 176 million Euros), mainly through the building of waste water treatment plants. Notwithstanding this, the ecosystem
state worsened with respect to abnormal clam mortalities due to a parasite infection and to benthic eutrophication symptoms
in specific problematic areas. The negative economic impacts during the decade were estimated between −565 and −315 million
Euros, of which 9–49% represent the cost of environmental externalities. Evaluation of these past events indicates that future
management actions should focus on reducing the limitation on local clam seeds, which should result in positive impacts to
both the local socio-economy and biodiversity. 相似文献
5.
Annet Forkink 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》2017,60(11):2071-2084
This research investigates the use of an Assessment of Ecosystem Services (AES) approach as a planning tool in Florida through the use of an online survey. Target respondents were professionals who had been involved in AES projects. The majority of the respondents perceive an AES approach as a comprehensive and holistic approach that results in better land-use planning decisions. However, AES does not appear to be widely used to guide planning decisions. Despite some challenges, respondents across multiple agencies and institutions in Florida are supportive of using AES in combination with traditional land-use planning tools. More rigorous testing and validation and clarification of guidelines for best practice could improve political and economic support and thereby facilitate the use of AES to guide land-use planning efforts. 相似文献
6.
在构建城市生态系统健康评价指标体系的基础上,借助模糊综合评价法对重庆市1998-2011的生态系统健康状况进行评价与比较分析.结果表明,重庆市生态系统健康状况有所好转,由1998-2007年的“不健康”状态转化为2008-2011年的“健康”或“临界健康”状态,但重庆市生态系统的健康状况不稳定、波动较大. 相似文献
7.
Indonesia is subject to rapid land use change. One of the main causes for the conversion of land is the rapid expansion of the oil palm sector. Land use change involves a progressive loss of forest cover, with major impacts on biodiversity and global CO2 emissions. Ecosystem services have been proposed as a concept that would facilitate the identification of sustainable land management options, however, the scale of land conversion and its spatial diversity pose particular challenges in Indonesia. The objective of this paper is to analyze how ecosystem services can be mapped at the provincial scale, focusing on Central Kalimantan, and to examine how ecosystem services maps can be used for a land use planning. Central Kalimantan is subject to rapid deforestation including the loss of peatland forests and the provincial still lacks a comprehensive land use plan. We examine how seven key ecosystem services can be mapped and modeled at the provincial scale, using a variety of models, and how large scale ecosystem services maps can support the identification of options for sustainable expansion of palm oil production. 相似文献
8.
9.
Berbés-Blázquez M 《Environmental management》2012,49(4):862-875
Human well-being is intricately connected to ecosystem services. A keystone contribution to the ecosystem service literature
has been the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, MA, (Ecosystems and human well-being: a framework for assessment, Island Press,
Washington, DC; 2003, 2005). Much of the work on ecosystem services to date has focused on the assessment and classification of environmental functions.
The need for inclusion of community perspectives in ecosystem assessments has been widely recognized in order to better understand
the distribution of impacts and benefits resulting from natural resource use. Communities can offer a direct route to understanding
the complex relationships between ecosystems and human well-being and how environmental management affects their livelihoods.
Photovoice has been made popular as a tool for participatory needs assessment but it has had limited use in ecosystem assessments
to date. The purpose of this paper is twofold: (1) to present the results of a community-level assessment of environmental
services in a watershed dominated by pineapple monoculture in Costa Rica; and (2) to evaluate the strengths and the limitations
of photovoice as a tool for mapping the relationship between ecosystems and people. I argue that photovoice is an underutilized
methodology that has the potential to complement biophysical ecosystem service assessments in the context of impoverished
and resource-dependent communities, particularly, since assessing ecosystem services and acting upon that information requires
integrating the knowledges of diverse stakeholders, recognizing power imbalances, and grappling with the complexity of social-ecological
systems. Processes such as photovoice have the potential to catalyze community self-organization, which is a critical component
for empowerment. 相似文献
10.
Janne Rinne 《Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning》2016,18(3):286-305
The concept of ecosystem services is entering the agenda of land-use planning and scientists optimistically expect it to inform planners and decision-makers about the benefits that ecosystems provide. While tools and methods have been developed for mapping and valuing ecosystem services, only little attention has been paid to the practical application of the approach or its institutional preconditions and implications. We empirically analysed two urban planning processes for building residential areas in the outskirts of growing population centres in Finland. Our analysis of documents and interviews with planners focused on the benefits provided by ecosystems as well as the associated rights and responsibilities. We found that the concept ‘ecosystem service’ was not used, yet various benefits were identified. The rights of different stakeholders to ecosystem services were not explicitly identified, but many ecosystem services were perceived as public goods and particularly access to recreation was highlighted as an important justification for green areas. The results show that while the ecosystem services approach introduces new insights to land-use planning, it is still not embedded in the current practices or institutions. Operationalizing ecosystem services requires institutional adaptation, case-specific tailoring of methods, and deliberation among practitioners and stakeholders. 相似文献
11.
12.
Forests are a major terrestrial ecosystem providing multiple ecosystem services. However, the importance of forests is frequently
underestimated from an economic perspective because of the externalities and public good properties of these services. Forest
eco-compensation is a transfer mechanism that serves to internalize the externalities of forest ecosystem services by compensating
individuals or companies for the losses or costs resulting from the provision of these services. China’s current forest eco-compensation
system is centered mainly on noncommercial forest. The primary measures associated with ecosystem services are (1) a charge
on destructive activities, such as indiscriminate logging, and (2) compensation for individual or local activities and investments
in forest conservation. The Compensation Fund System for Forest Ecological Benefits was first listed in the Forest Law of the People’s Republic of China in 1998. In 2004, the Central Government Financial Compensation Fund, an important source for the Compensation Fund for Forest
Ecological Benefits, was formally established. To improve the forest eco-compensation system, it is crucial to design and
establish compensation criteria for noncommercial forests. These criteria should take both theoretical and practical concerns
into account, and they should be based on the quantitative valuation of ecosystem services. Although some initial headway
has been made on this task, the implementation of an effective forest eco-compensation system in China still has deficiencies
and still faces problems. Implementing classification-based and dynamic management for key noncommercial forests and establishing
an eco-compensation mechanism with multiple funding sources in the market economy are the key measures needed to conquer these
problems and improve the forest eco-compensation system and China’s forestry development in sequence. 相似文献
13.
The extensive literature on environmental justice has, by now, well defined the essential ingredients of cumulative risk,
namely, incompatible land uses and vulnerability. Most problematic is the case when risk is produced by a large aggregation
of small sources of air toxics. In this article, we test these notions in an area of Southern California, Southeast Los Angeles
(SELA), which has come to be known as Asthmatown. Developing a rapid risk mapping protocol, we scan the neighborhood for small
potential sources of air toxics and find, literally, hundreds of small point sources within a 2-mile radius, interspersed
with residences. We also map the estimated cancer risks and noncancer hazard indices across the landscape. We find that, indeed,
such large aggregations of even small, nondominant sources of air toxics can produce markedly elevated levels of risk. In
this study, the risk profiles show additional cancer risks of up to 800 in a million and noncancer hazard indices of up to
200 in SELA due to the agglomeration of small point sources. This is significant (for example, estimates of the average regional
point-source-related cancer risk range from 125 to 200 in a million). Most importantly, if we were to talk about the risk
contour as if they were geological structures, we would observe not only a handful of distinct peaks, but a general “mountain
range” running all throughout the study area, which underscores the ubiquity of risk in SELA. Just as cumulative risk has
deeply embedded itself into the fabric of the place, so, too, must intervention seek to embed strategies into the institutions
and practices of SELA. This has implications for advocacy, as seen in a recently initiated participatory action research project
aimed at building health research capacities into the community in keeping with an ethic of care. 相似文献
14.
Increasingly government agencies are seeking to quantify the outcomes of proposed policy options in terms of ecosystem service
benefits, yet conflicting definitions and ad hoc approaches to measuring ecosystem services have created confusion regarding
how to rigorously link ecological change to changes in human well-being. Here, we describe a step-by-step framework for producing
ecological models and metrics that can effectively serve an economic-benefits assessment of a proposed change in policy or
management. A focus of the framework is developing comparable units of ecosystem goods and services to support decision-making,
even if outcomes cannot be monetized. Because the challenges to translating ecological changes to outcomes appropriate for
economic analyses are many, we discuss examples that demonstrate practical methods and approaches to overcoming data limitations.
The numerous difficult decisions that government agencies must make to fairly use and allocate natural resources provides
ample opportunity for interdisciplinary teams of natural and social scientists to improve methods for quantifying changes
in ecosystem services and their effects on human well-being. This framework is offered with the intent of promoting the success
of such teams as they support managers in evaluating the equivalency of ecosystem service offsets and trades, establishing
restoration and preservation priorities, and more generally, in developing environmental policy that effectively balances
multiple perspectives. 相似文献
15.
根据干旱荒漠区域自然条件、社会经济条件和资源状况的总体特征,明确其生态环境特征、生态系统服务功能、生态环境功能重要性与敏感性的空间分异规律,确定区域生态功能分区,为制定油田开发生态环境保护与建设规划、维护区域生态安全、促进社会经济可持续发展提供科学依据。 相似文献
16.
Cortina-Villar S Plascencia-Vargas H Vaca R Schroth G Zepeda Y Soto-Pinto L Nahed-Toral J 《Environmental management》2012,49(3):649-662
Livelihoods of people living in many protected areas (PAs) around the world are in conflict with biodiversity conservation.
In Mexico, the decrees of creation of biosphere reserves state that rural communities with the right to use buffer zones must
avoid deforestation and their land uses must become sustainable, a task which is not easily accomplished. The objectives of
this paper are: (a) to analyze the conflict between people’s livelihoods and ecosystem protection in the PAs of the Sierra
Madre de Chiapas (SMC), paying special attention to the rates and causes of deforestation and (b) to review policy options
to ensure forest and ecosystem conservation in these PAs, including the existing payments for environmental services system
and improvements thereof as well as options for sustainable land management. We found that the three largest PAs in the SMC
are still largely forested, and deforestation rates have decreased since 2000. Cases of forest conversion are located in specific
zones and are related to agrarian and political conflicts as well as growing economic inequality and population numbers. These
problems could cause an increase in forest loss in the near future. Payments for environmental services and access to carbon
markets are identified as options to ensure forest permanence but still face problems. Challenges for the future are to integrate
these incentive mechanisms with sustainable land management and a stronger involvement of land holders in conservation. 相似文献
17.
Jean-Paul A. Zagarola Christopher B. Anderson James R. Veteto 《Environmental management》2014,53(4):769-782
Research on human dimensions of ecosystems through the ecosystem services (ES) concept has proliferated over recent decades but has largely focused on monetary value of ecosystems while excluding other community-based values. We conducted 312 surveys of general community members and regional researchers and decision-makers (specialists) to understand local perceptions and values of watershed ES and natural resource management in South America’s southern Patagonian ecoregion. Results indicated that specialists shared many similar values of ES with community members, but at the same time their mentalities did not capture the diversity of values that existed within the broader community. The supporting services were most highly valued by both groups, but generally poorly understood by the community. Many services that are not easily captured in monetary terms, particularly cultural services, were highly valued by community members and specialists. Both groups perceived a lack of communication and access to basic scientific information in current management approaches and differed slightly in their perspective on potential threats to ES. We recommend that a community-based approach be integrated into the natural resource management framework that better embodies the diversity of values that exist in these communities, while enhancing the science-society dialog and thereby encouraging the application of multiple forms of ecological knowledge in place-based environmental management. 相似文献
18.
生态系统服务功能研究综述 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
田运林 《中国环境管理干部学院学报》2008,18(2):46-50
生态系统服务功能的研究是最近生态学研究的热点领域,它体现的是可持续发展的思想.本文在参考大量前人研究的基础上,介绍了生态服务功能的定义以及发展历程,同时讨论了生态系统服务功能评估的理论基础和目前常用的评价方法.通过上述的讨论和分析说明,我国目前的生态系统服务功能的研究才刚刚起步,与国外相比还有一定的差距,所以今后需要加强这方面研究的投入,尤其要加强生态系统服务功能评估的基础理论和方法研究,促进我国生态系统服务功能的发展. 相似文献
19.
20.
御临河流域河流湿地生态系统服务价值评价 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
御临河流域河流湿地具有非常重要的生态服务功能,包括直接使用价值和间接使用价值。直接使用价值有物质生产功能、水资源服务、旅游休闲功能、科研文化功能等,间接使用价值包括气体调节功能、水分调蓄功能及河岸带湿地污染净化功能的价值等。本研究采用市场价值法、碳税法、影子工程法、类比法及旅行费用法对御临河流域河流湿地生态系统服务价值进行了初步估算,其生态系统服务总价值为4.39亿元人民币,是2000年该流域GDP的28.52%。研究结果表明,御临河流域河流湿地生态系统的服务价值是不容忽视的。在进行流域规划管理时必须重视自然生态系统的潜在价值,才能保证流域生态系统的健康及可持续发展。 相似文献