类产碱假单胞菌JS45的硝基苯降解动力学

类产碱假单胞菌（Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes）JS45能以硝基苯作为唯一碳源、氮源和能源生长。在本研究中,设置了硝基苯起始浓度分别为50、100、150、200、250和300 mg·L-1。结果表明：菌株JS45虽然在降解高浓度硝基苯过程中出现迟滞现象,但仍可完全降解。盐度能抑制硝基苯的降解。JS45在温度30℃、pH 7.0~9.0时降解效果较好。硝基苯降解动力学符合修饰Gompertz模型,当硝基苯浓度升高时,模型参数迟滞时间（λ）逐渐增加,最大降解速率（Rm）先增大后减小;当硝基苯浓度为214.61 mg·L-1时,λ和Rm分别为57.0 mg·（L·h）-1和4.31 h。     

HRT对UASB厌氧反硝化脱氮的影响

在反硝化脱氮的影响因素方面,研究多集中在碳源种类和碳氮比（C/N）2 个方面,而对水力停留时间（HRT）的影响很少有报道。采用UASB 作为厌氧反硝化反应器,进水NO3--N 为50 mg·L-1,C/N 比固定为1.5,分别以葡萄糖和乙酸钠作碳源,研究HRT 对反硝化效果的影响。结果表明：当外加碳源为葡萄糖时,最佳HRT为6 h,此时NO3--N和TN的去除效果最好,去除率分别为79.5%和63.8%,出水NO2--N和NH4+-N浓度分别为4.69 mg·L-1和2.22 mg·L-1;当外加碳源为乙酸钠时,最佳HRT为4 h,对应的NO3--N和TN去除率分别为99.0%和91.4%,出水NO2--N和NH4+-N浓度分别为3.08 mg·L-1和0.47 mg·L-1。HRT对反硝化效果有显著影响,且跟碳源种类有关。HRT会影响反硝化菌、反硝化异化还原成铵（DNRA）细菌和其他异养菌之间的平衡。     

Studies on biodegradation of nicotine by Arthrobacter sp. strain HF-2

A nicotine-degrading bacterium, strain HF-2, was isolated from tobacco waste-contaminated soil and identified as a member of Arthrobacter sp. based on morphology, physiological tests, 16S rDNA sequence and phylogenetic characteristics. At thermal denaturation test indicated that the G + C mol% of strain HF-1 was 63.5. The relationship between the growth of the isolate and the nicotine degradation suggested that strain HF-2 could utilize nicotine as sole sources of carbon, nitrogen and energy. Blue pigment was observed during the nicotine degradation by strain HF-2. The isolate grew well at 20 to 33 degrees C, initial pH 6.5 to 8.0 and 0.5 to 2.0 g L-1 of nicotine concentration in the nicotine inorganic salt media. The maximum growth and nicotine degradation occurred at 30 degrees C, initial pH 7.0 and 0.7 g.L-1 of nicotine concentration in media under natural incubation condition. Strain HF-2 could degrade 100% of nicotine under the optimized incubation conditions for 43 h. The concentrations of nicotine were monitored by high performance liquid chromatography. This study demonstrates Arthrobacter sp. strain HF-2 had a great ability to degrade nicotine, and it may be available for the application to the bioremediation of environments contaminated by tobacco waste.     

Mineralization of p-nitrophenol by a new isolate Arthrobacter sp. Y1

Arthrobacter sp. Y1, capable of metabolizing p-nitrophenol (PNP) as the sole carbon, nitrogen and energy source was isolated from activated sludge. The bacterium could tolerate concentrations of PNP up to 600 mg L(- 1), and degradation of PNP was achieved within 120 h of incubation. PNP and its metabolites were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The metabolite formed indicated that the organism followed the 4-nitrocathechol (4-NC) pathway for metabolism of this compound. The relevant degrading-enzyme was extracellular. Addition of other carbon source (glucose 0 approximately 30 g L(- 1)) led to accelerated degradation. If the glucose concentration exceeded 30 g L(- 1), however, degradation was repressed. Spectrophotometry assay of the nitrite and genotoxic study showed that strain Y1 could detoxify PNP. Therefore, the present study may provide a basis for the development of the bioremediation strategies to remedy the pollutants in the environment.     

硫酸盐还原菌SRB除砷的影响因素

环境中砷的存在往往对人类健康产生不利影响,从而一直受到人们的广泛关注。在厌氧条件下硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)利用有机物还原硫酸根生成硫化物,进一步通过硫化物与溶液中砷反应产生沉淀从而实现砷的最终去除。为了探讨不同因素对SRB除砷的影响,该实验研究了在不同初始pH值、碳源和初始砷浓度条件下的SRB活性及其对砷的去除效果。提取在UASB反应器中长期驯化的富含SRB的厌氧污泥进行批次实验。研究表明,在选取乳酸、乙酸、葡萄糖作为不同外加碳源的对比实验中,微生物利用乳酸作为基质反应相对缓慢(COD分解速率低),SRB具有较高的反应活性(对硫酸根去除率最高),同时保持较好的砷去除率(大约60%);SRB利用不同有机物反应过程中产生碱度导致系统内pH逐渐升高,其中以乳酸作为碳源时系统内pH升高到8.5左右;随着初始pH的升高,砷的去除效果降低,硫化砷沉淀在弱酸性条件下更易稳定存在;随着初始砷浓度的增加,SRB的活性受到抑制,当初始砷浓度达到40 mg·L-1时,SRB基本失去反应活性;利用驯化污泥除砷过程中,部分砷价态发生了变化。     

Biodegradation of 4-aminobenzenesulfonate by Ralstonia sp. PBA and Hydrogenophaga sp. PBC isolated from textile wastewater treatment plant

A co-culture consisting of Hydrogenophaga sp. PBC and Ralstonia sp. PBA, isolated from textile wastewater treatment plant could tolerate up to 100 mM 4-aminobenzenesulfonate (4-ABS) and utilize it as sole carbon, nitrogen and sulfur source under aerobic condition. The biodegradation of 4-ABS resulted in the release of nitrogen and sulfur in the form of ammonium and sulfate respectively. Ninety-eight percent removal of chemical oxygen demand attributed to 20 mM of 4-ABS in cell-free supernatant could be achieved after 118 h. Effective biodegradation of 4-ABS occurred at pH ranging from 6 to 8. During batch culture with 4-ABS as sole carbon and nitrogen source, the ratio of strain PBA to PBC was dynamic and a critical concentration of strain PBA has to be reached in order to enable effective biodegradation of 4-ABS. Haldane inhibition model was used to fit the degradation rate at different initial concentrations and the parameters μ_max, K_s and K_i were determined to be 0.13 h⁻¹, 1.3 mM and 42 mM respectively. HPLC analyses revealed traced accumulation of 4-sulfocatechol and at least four unidentified metabolites during biodegradation. This is the first study to report on the characterization of 4-ABS-degrading bacterial consortium that was isolated from textile wastewater treatment plant.     

N-乙烯基吡咯烷酮降解菌的筛选、降解特性及其竹炭固定化

从活性污泥中分离筛选得到1株N-乙烯基吡咯烷酮（NVP）高效降解菌株ZF1,根据菌株ZF1的形态特征、生理生化特性和16S rRNA基因序列同源性分析,将其初步鉴定为产脲节杆菌（Arthrobacter ureafaciens）。菌株ZF1能以NVP为唯一碳、氮源进行生长,并在60 h内完全降解200 mg·L-1的NVP。菌株ZF1降解NVP的最适环境条件为温度30℃,初始pH 7.0,NaCl浓度7 g·L-1。为了更好地实现其在实际废水中的应用,将菌株ZF1固定到竹炭上,扫描电镜观察表明ZF1能很好的附着在竹炭表面,且固定菌对NVP的降解效率明显高于游离菌。游离菌和固定菌对NVP的降解均符合一级动力学模型。重复利用5次后,固定菌对NVP的降解率仍能达到98%。     

Mineralization of p-nitrophenol by a new isolate Arthrobacter sp. Y1

Arthrobacter sp. Y1, capable of metabolizing p-nitrophenol (PNP) as the sole carbon, nitrogen and energy source was isolated from activated sludge. The bacterium could tolerate concentrations of PNP up to 600 mg L^{? 1}, and degradation of PNP was achieved within 120 h of incubation. PNP and its metabolites were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The metabolite formed indicated that the organism followed the 4-nitrocathechol (4-NC) pathway for metabolism of this compound. The relevant degrading-enzyme was extracellular. Addition of other carbon source (glucose 0～ 30 g L^{? 1}) led to accelerated degradation. If the glucose concentration exceeded 30 g L^{? 1}, however, degradation was repressed. Spectrophotometry assay of the nitrite and genotoxic study showed that strain Y1 could detoxify PNP. Therefore, the present study may provide a basis for the development of the bioremediation strategies to remedy the pollutants in the environment.     

碳源对静置/好氧/缺氧SBR脱氮除磷性能的影响

以合成废水为研究对象,分别以丙酸钠、乙酸钠/丙酸钠(1:2 碳/碳)、乙酸钠和葡萄糖为外加碳源,建立同步脱氮除磷的静置/好氧/缺氧序批式反应器(SOA-SBR)。通过比较长期运行过程中各反应器的脱氮除磷效果,考察不同碳源对静置/好氧/缺氧SBR脱氮除磷性能的影响,并通过分析典型周期内氮、磷元素及微生物体内储能物质的变化,探究其影响机理。结果表明,丙酸钠为碳源时SBR能获得96%的最佳除磷效果以及78.3%的总氮去除率;乙酸钠为单一碳源时可取得92.3%的除磷率和93.7%的总氮去除率;而混合碳源对于氮、磷的去除能力介于丙酸钠和乙酸钠之间;葡萄糖为单一碳源时系统对于磷和总氮的去除率仅26%和36.7%。丙酸钠和乙酸钠均能取得良好的同步脱氮除磷效果,但乙酸钠对总氮去除能力更佳。通过分析典型周期中内聚物含量变化表明,微生物体内聚羟基脂肪酸酯(PHA)和糖原质含量的变化与系统反硝化能力和溶解性正磷酸盐(SOP)去除效果呈正相关性。     

Acclimation of anaerobic sludge degrading chlorophenols and the biodegradation kinetics during acclimation period

The acclimation of sludge from Hangzhou citrate factory and Hangzhou municipal wastewater treatment plant for degradation dechlorination of chlorophenols (CPs) compounds, and its biodegradation kinetics were studied in batch process with or without addition of sucrose. Three monochlorophenols (2-CP; 3-CP; 4-CP) and pentachlorophenol (PCP) were concurrently fed to different bioreactors. The parameters that were monitored included biogas production, biogas composition and chemical oxygen demand (COD). The results showed that acclimation with chlorophenol can increase the degradation activity of anaerobic sludge and degradation rate of chlorophenolic compounds, and reduce the lag time. Degradation dechlorination activity of the acclimated sludge strongly depended on sludge source, microorganism population and chlorophenol congener. 2-CP was more easily acclimated than 3-CP and 4-CP. Among the four tested compounds, 4-CP was the most difficult to be acclimated. The observed degradation rate with presence of sucrose was higher than that with absence of sucrose, suggesting that addition of the external carbon source can stimulate the formation of acclimated sludge which could effectively degrade chlorophenols. Kinetic equations of biodegradation of chlorophenols were also presented in this paper.     

Implications of urine-to-feces ratio in the thermophilic anaerobic digestion of swine waste.

Thermophilic anaerobic digestion of swine manure represents a potential waste treatment technology to address environmental concerns, such as odor emissions and removal of pathogenic microorganisms. However, there are concerns relative to the stability of this process when swine manure is the sole substrate. In this study, the potential of biogas production from swine manure as the sole substrate under thermophilic (50 degrees C) conditions was investigated in the laboratory, to determine whether separation of urine and feces as part of the waste collection process would benefit anaerobic digestion. Effluent from a continuously stirred tank reactor was used as the inoculum for batch tests, in which the substrate contained three different concentrations of urine (urine-free, as-excreted urine-to-feces ratio and double the as-excreted urine-to-feces ratio). Inocula were acclimated to these same urine-to-feces ratios to determine methane production. Results show that both urine-free and as-excreted substrates were not inhibitory to anaerobic inocula. Anaerobic microorganisms can be readily acclimated to substrate with double the as-excreted urine concentration, which contained nitrogen concentrations up to 7.20 g/L. Cumulative methane production reached similar levels in the batch tests, regardless of the substrate urine concentration.     

城镇污水AAOA高标准除磷脱氮技术开发与应用

针对城镇污水在高标准除磷脱氮过程中碳源不足的问题,提出了基于多路径协同的AAOA除磷脱氮技术,探究了AAOA系统实现高标准除磷脱氮对进水C/N的要求,并对实际城镇污水处理进行了实验研究。结果表明：当进水C/N分别为6、7.5、9时,系统TN去除率分别为74.12%、84.90%、90.05%,TP去除率分别为48.29%、97.68%、98.50%;当进水C/N≥7.5时,系统可以实现高标准脱氮除磷。16S rRNA高通量测序结果表明：系统中脱氮除磷功能菌属主要有Aeromonas、Nitrospira、Aeromonas、Comamonadaceae_unclassified、Uliginosibacterium、Saccharibacteria_norank、Candidatus_Accumulibacter、Aeromonas、Pseudomonas、Dechloromonas,系统通过自养硝化、异养硝化、异养反硝化、反硝化聚磷、好氧反硝化等多条路径协同作用实现了高标准除磷脱氮。同时,采用AAOA系统处理城镇污水,当城镇污水进水C/N为7.5时,系统出水${\rm{NH}}_4^{+} $-N、TN和PO43--P平均质量浓度分别为0.40、3.57、0.21 mg·L−1,平均去除率分别达到98.76%、89.03%和95.55%,即无需外加碳源可实现城镇污水的高标准除磷脱氮。     

稠油高效降解菌的降解特性及其应用

以稠油为唯一碳源,对细菌B0501、B0505和B0510的降解特性进行了分析,结果表明3株菌对稠油的不同组分具有不同程度的降解能力,其中B0505对烷烃、B0510对芳香烃以及B0501对胶质和沥青质的去除率较高,分别为42.26%、35.30%和40.76%;混合菌协同作用强化了稠油组分的降解,3株菌株组合对烷烃、芳香烃以及胶质沥青质的降解率分别达到44.23%、38.56%和62.12%;微生物对稠油降解过程符合一级动力学方程,其中3株菌株组合对稠油降解的速率最快,半衰期(t_1/2)为5.36 d。将微生物应用于稠油废水处理实践,结果表明外源微生物的投加强化了废水中COD的去除率;GC-MS图谱及降解前后有机成分分析进一步佐证了微生物对稠油废水中有机成分的降解能力。     

基于异构载体的海产品暂养水的协同处理

针对海产品暂养水盐度高、低温环境下靶向菌难驯化、难富集等问题,构建了微生物驯化富集装置,采用玉米芯作为异构载体与碳源,在低温条件下,通过检测水质与微生物群落结构等指标,探究了海产品暂养水对优势菌种演替的推动作用以及微生物群落结构与异构载体的相关性,并对污染物降解与水处理效果进行了分析评价。结果表明：在低温条件下,海产品暂养水对微生物的驯化富集效果较佳;以属水平为例,经过驯化富集培养的菌液主要以假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、拟杆菌属(Bacteroides)和气单胞菌属(Aeromonas)为主,同时异构碳源的构造也对微生物的生长起到一定的促进作用;挂膜后的异构碳源对高盐暂养水的处理效果较佳,脱氮率达到(73.46±0.55)%,除磷率为(40.03±0.55)%,除沫率为(82.14±0.23)%。该装置在投入靶向菌与异构碳源后,提高了对高盐暂养水的处理能力;同时,玉米芯作为碳源供给,其缓释效果能够克服能量的过释并减少能耗,保证微生物的存活与运行。研究探讨了微生物与异构载体协同处理高盐暂养水的效果及其耦合效应,为高盐暂养水处理技术的创新与农用废弃物的回收利用提供了参考。     

玉米芯为外碳源对SBBR反硝化除磷性能的影响

为实现污水厂低碳氮比尾水深度脱氮除磷,考察以玉米芯为外碳源满足反硝化除磷最佳碳氮比要求时有机物及氮、磷的去除效果。在DO-1条件下,SBR系统最佳进水C/N为6,此时出水TN和TP分别为3.57 mg·L-1和1.24 mg·L-1;投加玉米芯作为外碳源和生物载体构建SBBR系统,可将进水C/N从3.5提升至6,同时出水COD保持在40 mg·L-1左右,出水TN和TP分别降至3.04 mg·L-1和0.54 mg·L-1。研究表明,以玉米芯为固体碳源和生物载体的SBBR系统的脱氮除磷效果优于相同C/N条件下的SBR系统,玉米芯的粗糙表面和纤维结构为反硝化除磷菌提供了良好的缺氧环境和载体基础,使得SBBR系统的生物量及活性整体增强。     

苯酚的厌氧生物处理

采用不断增加苯酚浓度而降低葡萄糖浓度的方法可驯化厌氧污泥中的微生物,使厌氧污泥最终以苯酚为唯一碳源生长,可显著提高厌氧污泥降解苯酚的能力;对苯酚间歇厌氧降解过程进行了分析。苯酚浓度在0～1.680 mg/L范围内,其厌氧降解过程符合一级动力学。Aiba模型、Haldane模型和Teisser 模型均可很好地描述处于对数期时厌氧污泥的比生长速率与初始底物浓度之间的关系,其中以Teisser 模型模拟的效果最好。将驯化污泥接种于UASB中可实现对含酚废水处理的连续运行,最大的有机负荷达2 g COD/（L·d）,稳定运行时苯酚的去除率可维持在96%以上。     

固体碳源反硝化滤池脱氮效果及沿程生化特性

在污水处理工艺末端嵌入固体碳源反硝化滤池,可以不改变污水处理厂的原有工艺提高总氮去除效率,方便应对污水厂的提标压力和低碳源污水的脱氮问题。针对生化池尾水硝酸盐特性,以聚己内酯（PCL）作为填充床构建了固体碳源反硝化生物滤池,研究了该反应器的脱氮性能以及生物滤池的沿程生物量和微生物群落结构。结果表明,TN为32.0~37.7 mg·L-1、硝态氮为30.2~34.9 mg·L-1的生化池尾水进入该固体碳源反硝化池后,在HRT为1.5 h的情况下,出水TN在1.1~3.5 mg·L-1之间,硝态氮低于1 mg·L-1,平均去除率均大于94%。研究发现,固体碳源反硝化滤池对硝态氮的转化去除主要发生在40 cm填料以下;生物量的大小也随滤层高度的增加逐渐降低,且与滤层高度呈良好的线性负相关关系（y=-0.471x+38.77,R2=0.976）。采用PCR-DGGE技术研究了固体碳源反硝化滤池的沿程微生物群落结构特征,发现滤层底部（进水端）尽管生物量多,但微生物多样性低,滤池的中部是生物多样性最丰富的区域,香农威尔指数分别为1.95和2.40。DGGE图谱特征条带的16S rDNA序列分析表明生物膜中微生物变形菌门（Proteobacteria）占优势,主要微生物包括能降解PCL的细菌Comamonas,以及常见的反硝化细菌Dechloromonas、Rubrivivax和发酵产乙酸的硫酸盐还原菌Desulfobacter,从微生物群落关系结构角度支撑了固体碳源反硝化过程的顺利进行。     

SBR法短程硝化处理纤维素乙醇废水的中试研究

针对纤维素产乙醇废水高有机物、高氨氮、难降解的特点,运用短程硝化反硝化脱氮工艺,基于序批式活性污泥反应器（SBR）的调试运行,研究反应器运行方式对COD去除和脱氮效能的影响,为日后纤维素乙醇废水处理的工程化提供借鉴。结果表明：通过控制DO（0.5 mg·L-1）、pH（7.6~8.5）和投加碳源等条件,可实现亚硝酸盐氮的积累和转化,最终三氮去除率稳定在70%以上;通过投加不同碳源对比实验,发现乙酸钠作为反硝化外加碳源比葡萄糖具有更高的效率;厌氧工艺处理过的纤维素乙醇废水经短程硝化反硝化工艺处理后,COD去除率维持在20%上下,表明废水可生化性极低,已不适应生物法处理,须利用化学氧化法才能进一步去除;通过周期实验,发现硝化阶段碱度过量对短程硝化进程影响并不明显,相反充足的碱度是保证硝化反应进行的必要条件。     

硫化物抑制亚硝酸氧化菌推动短程硝化反硝化生物脱氮技术

利用硫化物对亚硝酸盐氧化菌的抑制作用,快速建立短程硝化。通过改变供氧条件,硫化物作为电子供体推动自养反硝化,实现同一序批反应器一体化脱氮。采用序批反应器SBR处理模拟市政污水,在DO浓度（1.5±0.5） mg·L-1,硫化物浓度50 mg·L-1,温度25 ℃,水力停留时间12 h的条件下,共运行90 d,控制反应器厌氧低氧时间,达到90%以上的总氮去除率。同时研究了硫化物对短程硝化的抑制作用、最适宜运行pH条件、污泥颗粒大小变化、污泥产生量等。硫化物抑制亚硝酸盐氧化菌推动短程硝化反硝化生物脱氮技术有着反应条件可控性高、短程硝化建立时间短、脱氮效果好等优点,适用于低碳氮比的市政污水处理。     

Degradation of atrazine in mineral salts medium and soil using enrichment culture

Atrazine degrading enrichment culture was prepared by its repeated addition to an alluvial soil and its ability to degrade atrazine in mineral salts medium and soil was studied. Enrichment culture utilized atrazine as a sole source of carbon and nitrogen in mineral salts medium and degradation slowed down when sucrose and/or ammonium hydrogen phosphate were supplemented as additional source of carbon and nitrogen, respectively. Biuret was detected as the only metabolite of atrazine while deethylatrazine, deisopropyatrazine, hydroxyatrazine and cyanuric acid were never detected at any stage of degradation. Enrichment culture degraded atrazine in an alkaline alluvial soil while no degradation was observed in the acidic laterite soil. Enrichment culture was able to withstand high concentrations of atrazine (110 μg/g) in the alluvial soil as atrazine was completely degraded. Developed mixed culture has the ability to degrade atrazine and has potential application in decontamination of contaminated water and soil.