高浓度基质冲击后厌氧氨氧化菌活性恢复研究

试验研究了阶段式负荷提高法对高浓度基质抑制后反应器中厌氧氨氧化(Anammox)菌的活性恢复特性的影响,考察了活性恢复过程反应器各阶段的脱氮性能、胞外聚合物(EPS)组分及Anammox菌丰度的变化.结果表明,通过逐步提高氮负荷率,反应器中Anammox菌活性于57d内即可恢复至受损前状态,最终氮去除负荷达2.21 kg·m-3·d-1;Anammox泥中的EPS含量、紧密型EPS和松散型EPS中蛋白质与多糖的比例均呈现先降低后上升的趋势,当进水总氮(TN)为500 mg·L-1时,EPS含量及二者的比例均最低;Anammox菌丰度对废水中氮浓度的敏感度较高,在活性恢复过程中,TN浓度为700 mg·L-1时丰度最高,达2.4×1010copies·g-1VSS.     

活性污泥处理偶氮染料废水过程中胞外聚合物特性研究

采用序批式反应器(SBR)考察了偶氮染料浓度对活性污泥的污染物去除性能及胞外聚合物(Extracellular polymeric substances,EPS)的影响.结果表明,COD、染料及营养物的去除率均随着进水染料浓度的增加而下降,但进水染料浓度对EPS的影响却呈现不同的趋势.当进水染料浓度为5 ～40 mg·L-1时,EPS含量随着染料浓度的增加而增加;当进水染料浓度超过40 mg·L-1时,EPS含量却随着染料浓度的增加而减少.染料的加入导致活性污泥EPS中蛋白质的含量增加,且其变化趋势与EPS变化一致;EPS中腐殖酸的浓度低于蛋白质浓度;而EPS中多糖的浓度最低,为8 mg·g-1.三维荧光光谱结果显示,不同染料浓度下EPS荧光吸收峰数量及位置相同,分别为类蛋白峰(λEx/λEm=240 nm/375 ～394 nm)和类富里酸类峰(λEx/λEm =270 nm/410～416 nm),但两个吸收峰的荧光强度不同.     

模拟自然水体中藻-溞-草间的相互作用研究

为了解氮磷浓度对生物操纵效果及同时恢复水生植被的影响,以小球藻、大型溞和金鱼藻分别作为浮游植物、浮游动物和大型沉水植物的代表,模拟自然条件研究了不同氮磷浓度对三者生长和相互作用的影响.结果表明:金鱼藻和小球藻共培养时,在氮浓度介于2.92～12.60mg·L-1、磷浓度介于0.06 ～0.85 mg·L-1,金鱼藻增长不明显,甚至出现负增长;而小球藻的增长率则远高于金鱼藻.小球藻和大型溞共培养时,氮、磷浓度分别为1.26～ 10.53 mg·L-1和0.04～1.16 mg·L-1时均占据优势,对小球藻的抑制效果显著,抑藻及氮磷去除效果明显好于金鱼藻和小球藻共培养,而且磷的去除效果优于氮.三者共培养时,在氮浓度介于3.15 ～23.92 mg·L-1、磷浓度介于0.07 ～0.64 mg·L-1时,大型溞与金鱼藻的增长率都较高,而小球藻则维持在较低的增长水平,水质改善效果较好;当氮、磷浓度分别升至25.95 mg·L-1和1.18 mg·L-1时,大型潘和金鱼藻的增长率均下降,水质变差.大型溞和金鱼藻的联合控藻效果好于其单一的控制效果,该效果明显受到氮磷浓度的影响.     

进水氨氮浓度对生物除磷颗粒系统的影响

在SBR反应器中接种成熟的生物除磷颗粒,通过分阶段提高进水中氨氮浓度,研究了进水氨氮浓度对生物除磷颗粒系统的影响,确定系统对进水氨氮负荷的承受能力。结果表明,进水氨氮浓度低于45mg·L-1时,生物除磷颗粒系统具有良好的性能,TP去除率在96%以上,COD去除率在89%以上,出水TP浓度和COD浓度分别在0.4mg·L-1和25mg·L-1以下,颗粒粒径在950μm以上,SVI在45mL·g-1以下;进水氨氮浓度为60mg·L-1时,TP去除率在95%以上,出水TP浓度在0.5mg·L-1以下,颗粒粒径为760μm,SVI为56mL·g-1,系统中生物除磷颗粒出现部分解体,PAOs代谢和生长开始受到抑制。进水氨氮浓度达到70mg·L-1时,TP去除率为70%,出水TP浓度在3mg·L-1左右,颗粒粒径为570μm,SVI为75mL·g-1,PN/PS值达到7.50左右,系统中生物除磷颗粒严重解体,PAOs代谢和生长被严重抑制。随着进水氨氮浓度上升,导致生物除磷颗粒中微生物分泌蛋白质增加和多糖减少,PN/PS值增大,出现生物除磷颗粒解体,颗粒粒径减小和SVI上升,生物除磷颗粒的结构和功能被破坏。     

nZVI对亚硝化颗粒污泥性能的冲击性影响研究

本研究采用批次试验,考察了不同浓度纳米零价铁(n ZVI)对亚硝化颗粒污泥(NGS)性能的冲击性影响,并对氮形态转化规律、氨氧化菌比耗氧速率(SOUR-A)、胞外聚合物(EPS)与溶解性微生物产物(SMP)组成、铁元素分布情况进行了系统分析.结果表明,当n ZVI投加量从0mg·L~(-1)提高至10 mg·L~(-1)时,SOUR-A值显著提高,NGS对氨氮的去除率始终保持在95%以上,亚硝态氮比累积速率(μ(NO-2-N))由27.3mg·g~(-1)·h-1提高至30.7 mg·g~(-1)·h-1,EPS中多糖与蛋白质含量均明显上升.然而,当原水中n ZVI浓度高于25 mg·L~(-1)时,SOUR-A值大幅降低,EPS与SMP中的多糖组分出现此消彼长的现象.当n ZVI投加量达到700 mg·L~(-1)时,NGS对氨氮的去除率降至58.9%,μ(NO-2-N)值为17.5 mg·g~(-1)·h-1,仅相当于对照组的64.1%.此外,扫描电镜与能谱分析的结果表明,n ZVI在NGS表面的大量吸附不仅严重抑制了功能微生物的活性,也会显著改变污泥表面的微生态环境.     

污水氮浓度和NH4+/NO3-比对粉绿狐尾藻去氮能力和植物体氮组分的影响

采用溶液培养法,设置3个氮浓度20、100、200 mg·L-1和3个NH_4~+/NO_3~-比1∶0、0.5∶0.5、0∶1,研究污水氮浓度和NH_4~+/NO_3~-比对粉绿狐尾藻去氮能力和植物体氮组分的影响.结果表明,粉绿狐尾藻的生物量在第1周增长最快,其中氮浓度20 mg·L-1、100 mg·L-1时,生物量以NH_4~+/NO_3~-=1∶0处理最大;氮浓度200 mg·L-1时,以NH_4~+/NO_3~-=0.5∶0.5处理最大.粉绿狐尾藻在第1周对总氮、铵态氮和硝态氮去除速率最高,且随氮浓度升高而增加;氮浓度20 mg·L-1时,铵态氮和硝态氮的去除率无显著差异,氮浓度100 mg·L-1、200 mg·L-1时硝态氮的去除率高于铵态氮.粉绿狐尾藻氮积累量及对水体和底泥氮去除的贡献率均随氮浓度升高而增加,其氮含量和积累量均以第1周增长最快,氮浓度20 mg·L-1时氮积累贡献率以NH_4~+/NO_3~-=0∶1最大,氮浓度100 mg·L-1、200 mg·L-1时以NH_4~+/NO_3~-=0.5∶0.5最大.粉绿狐尾藻体内蛋白质、氨基态氮和硝态氮的含量均随氮浓度的升高而增加,且蛋白质氨基态氮硝态氮;NH_4~+/NO_3~-为1∶0和0.5∶0.5时蛋白质含量较高,NH_4~+/NO_3~-=1∶0时氨基态氮含量最高,NH_4~+/NO_3~-=0∶1时硝态氮含量最高.由此说明,在试验范围内,粉绿狐尾藻的去氮能力随污水氮浓度升高而提高,可以用于高氮浓度污水修复;粉绿狐尾藻喜铵态氮,但在100 mg·L-1以上的高氮浓度下以硝铵等比时生长和去除氮能力最强;粉绿狐尾藻体内氮组分受硝铵比调节,蛋白氮比例最高,铵态氮和硝态氮则分别随污水NH+4和NO-3比升高而提高.     

溶解氧对好氧/延长闲置SBR除磷性能的影响

以合成废水为研究对象,乙酸钠为外加碳源,考察不同溶解氧(DO)浓度下好氧/延长闲置(O/EI)序批式反应器的除磷效果,并通过分析典型周期内磷元素及微生物体内各储能物质的变化,探究DO浓度对O/EI工艺除磷性能的影响机制.结果表明,低DO浓度(1 mg·L-1)条件下,O/EI系统具有良好的除磷效果,除磷率高达96%,单位污泥除磷量为5.02 mg·g-1;而当DO浓度较高(4 mg·L-1)时,反应器内磷的去除率降至50%,单位污泥除磷量仅2.81 mg·g-1.研究表明,在DO浓度为1 mg·L-1时,微生物能合成较多聚羟基脂肪酸酯(PHAs),糖原的合成及利用较少,系统好氧吸磷量远高于其他反应器,并在闲置期释放出更多聚磷酸盐.可见,DO可通过影响微生物体内PHAs和糖原的合成及转化,闲置期释磷,好氧前期释磷及好氧吸磷,进而影响系统的除磷性能.     

不同磷浓度下生物除磷颗粒系统的COD需求

本试验采用SBR反应器,接种成熟的生物除磷颗粒,通过分阶段改变进水中总磷(TP)和COD浓度,研究了不同磷浓度条件下COD负荷对生物除磷颗粒系统的影响,得出不同磷浓度下生物除磷颗粒系统具有良好性能所需最低COD浓度.结果表明,进水TP浓度为10 mg·L-1时,生物除磷颗粒系统维持良好性能所需最低COD浓度为175 mg·L-1,出水TP浓度在0.5mg·L-1以下,颗粒粒径和SVI分别为1 020μm和36 m L·g-1,PN和PS含量(以MLSS计)分别为78 mg·g~(-1)和39 mg·g~(-1),PN/PS较低,颗粒具有较好的结构和性能.进水TP浓度为6 mg·L-1时,生物除磷颗粒系统良好除磷性能所需最低COD浓度为150 mg·L-1,出水TP浓度在0.3 mg·L-1以下,颗粒粒径和SVI分别为960μm和35 m L·g-1,PN和PS含量分别为75 mg·g~(-1)和35 mg·g~(-1),PN/PS较低,颗粒具有较好的结构和性能.整个运行过程中,COD去除率在83%以上,出水COD浓度在25mg·L-1以下.在不同磷浓度条件下,随着进水COD浓度降低,微生物分泌PN和PS含量均减少,PN/PS增大,颗粒粒径减小,SVI增加,颗粒的结构和性能恶化.     

胞外聚合物磷酸盐形态对生物除磷过程的影响研究

以不同DO条件下污泥龄(SRT)分别为10 d和30 d的两组实验室A/O-SBR反应器活性污泥为研究对象,探讨了胞外聚合物(EPS)磷酸盐形态对生物除磷过程的影响.结果表明,污泥絮体中的磷主要分布于EPS中,PO3-4-P和聚磷酸盐(Poly-P,包括低分子量聚磷酸盐LMW PolyP和高分子量聚磷酸盐HMW Poly-P)是EPS磷的主要形态;EPS对生物除磷的影响明显大于细菌细胞,EPS磷的厌氧降低量和好氧升高量为胞内磷变化量的2.8~6.4倍.EPS中的LMW Poly-P和HMW Poly-P含量均表现厌氧降低和好氧升高的变化规律;对于相同SRT的污泥,中DO(2.5~3.5 mg·L-1)条件较低DO(0.7~1.0 mg·L-1)条件下EPS的LMW Poly-P和HMW Poly-P有更大的厌氧降低量和好氧升高量,对应着更明显的生物除磷过程,说明EPS不仅是生物除磷过程的中转站,而且参与了生物聚磷过程.     

高盐度农药废水处理实例

高盐度废水因其限制了微生物的生长而成为难处理的废水之一.利用生活污水中碳源,合理安排微电解、电解、厌氧、好氧以及生物处理等综合技术,使原COD质量浓度为21 000 mg·L-1左右的废水,最终达到≤121 mg·L-1的良好效果.为高盐度,高COD废水的处理提供了借鉴.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.