白云石石灰流化结晶污水除磷工艺

实验研究了白云石石灰流化床工艺除磷的可行性.石灰一方面可以提高水体的pH值并提供充足的Ca2+、Mg2+,另一方面可作为晶种加快结晶沉淀反应,提高磷去除效率,是一种廉价高效的药剂.设计了新型气体搅动式白云石石灰流化床结晶反应器,以模拟污水厂污泥厌氧消化上清液为处理对象,实验考察了药剂投加量、停留时间和曝气量对反应器运行的影响.结果表明:药剂投加量在600~650 mg·L-1、停留时间5.0 h及曝气量50 mL·min-1的条件下,可以获得较好的磷去除效果,去除率可达87.0%.采用扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射和傅里叶变换红外光谱对产物进行了表征,发现磷主要以磷酸铵镁(MAP)和羟基磷灰石(HAP)两种形式去除;由于反应体系碱度较高,产物中混杂大量CaCO3.     

氧化镁与白云石石灰对不同来源废水中磷的回收效果

选择有代表性的3种来源废水(养猪场废水厌氧消化液、鸡粪废水厌氧消化液和污泥厌氧消化液),利用MgO与白云石石灰作为药剂进行磷回收试验,研究不同药剂、药剂投加量和反应时间下3种来源废水中磷的回收效果,通过动力学方程模拟2种药剂的除磷速率,并采用XRD(X射线衍射)、SEM(扫描电镜)对沉淀产物进行表征. 结果表明:投加2种药剂均可实现磷的有效去除与回收,反应沉淀物中含有MAP(磷酸铵镁)和CaCO₃,MgO的最佳投加量为200 mg/L,当反应时间为4 h时,PO₄3--P去除率达85.0%以上;白云石石灰的最佳投加量为500 mg/L,当反应时间为24 h时,PO₄3--P去除率达80.0%以上. 投加白云石石灰的反应速率较慢,并且反应沉淀物中含有更多的CaCO₃. 以处理1 m3原水为例,MgO药剂成本为0.80元,白云石石灰药剂成本为0.25元,显示白云石石灰经济成本更低,是较为理想的磷回收药剂.      

均相Fenton法处理干法腈纶废水工艺优化与分析

采用均相Fenton法处理干法腈纶废水,并通过单因素试验和基于中心组合设计的响应面法考察了H2O2投加量、Fe2+投加量、初始pH值及反应时间的影响及其交互作用.同时,建立了以COD去除率为响应值的二次响应曲面模型,并采用方差分析对模型进行了验证.结果表明,影响COD去除效果的各因子显著性顺序依次为:Fe2+投加量>H2O2投加量>初始pH值>反应时间;Fe2+投加量与初始pH值的交互作用最为显著;反应最优组合条件为:H2O2投加量90.0mmol.L-1,Fe2+投加量30.0mmol.L-1、初始pH值3.1,反应时间113.6min,该条件下COD去除率为47.1%,与模型预测值48.5%基本一致.     

城市污水处理厂污泥臭氧减量技术研究

通过半连续式实验考察了臭氧投加量和初始pH对剩余污泥臭氧处理的影响.结果表明,随着臭氧投加量的增加,污泥溶解率增加,有机质、氮、磷等物质释放到污泥液相中;最佳臭氧投加量控制在约150 mg·g-1(以SS计),污泥溶解率可达约26%;污泥臭氧减量应在初始pH中性或偏碱性条件下进行,此时污泥溶解率较高,有利于有机质和氮的溶出.臭氧处理后污泥回流至生物处理系统对微生物的生物活性、COD和TN的去除效果无显著影响,但由于系统中无剩余污泥排放,导致TP的去除效果明显下降.臭氧处理后污泥上清液的Ca(OH)2除磷实验发现,较高的钙磷摩尔比对上清液除磷有利;当其值控制在10.0左右时,TP的去除率大于80%.     

SDS促进复合酶水解法提取剩余污泥蛋白质条件的响应面优化分析

以江苏省常州市某市政污水处理厂的污泥为原料,将十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)作为添加剂,研究其对复合酶(碱性蛋白酶∶木瓜蛋白酶=4∶1)水解法提取剩余污泥蛋白质的促进作用,并根据前期试验结果,在确定液固比为5∶1和复合酶加酶量为5.23%的条件下,以剩余污泥蛋白质的提取率为指标,通过对SDS投加量、反应温度、初始pH值和反应时间因素进行单因素试验和响应面优化试验,确定SDS促进复合酶水解法提取剩余污泥蛋白质的最佳提取条件和各因素对SDS促进复合酶水解法提取剩余污泥蛋白质提取率的影响显著性大小。结果表明:最佳提取条件为液固比5∶1、复合酶加酶量5.23%、初始pH值7.4、反应温度56.9℃、反应时间2.6h、SDS投加量8.16%;在最佳提取条件下剩余污泥蛋白质提取率的最大值可达69.12%,比仅使用复合酶的提取率(60.83%)提高了8.29%;各因素对SDS促进复合酶水解法提取剩余污泥蛋白质的影响显著性由强至弱表现为反应温度初始pH值SDS添加量反应时间。     

响应面法优化印染废水的脱色研究

以肼黄染料废水为模拟对象,在单因素试验的基础上通过响应面法优化Fenton氧化的脱色效果,研究了初始pH值、Fe2+投加量和H2O2投加量3个因素在该废水脱色过程中的显著性和交互性.结果表明,这3个因素对肼黄染料废水的脱色率的影响均具有显著性,且初始pH值与Fe2+投加量的交互影响、Fe2+投加量与H2O2投加量的交互影响也具有显著性.响应面法优化得到的最佳脱色工艺:初始pH值为3.19,Fe2+质量浓度为23.2 mg/L,H2O2质量浓度为345.4 mg/L,反应温度45℃,反应时间5 min;在此条件下的理论脱色率为90.85％,与3次实际平行试验的脱色率均值仅相差2.30％.     

Fenton试剂与骨架构建体复合调理剂对污泥脱水性能的影响

将Fenton试剂与骨架构建体联用作为复合调理剂开展了污泥调理及脱水试验.结果表明,赤泥与水泥作骨架构建体调理后,污泥脱水性能和脱水液pH均优于石灰与水泥调理污泥.以污泥比阻(SRF)为评价指标,开展了Fenton反应时间、初始pH及调理剂投加量对污泥脱水性能影响的单因素试验.当Fenton反应时间为90 min,初始pH为5,水泥、赤泥、Fe²⁺和H₂O₂的投加量(以污泥干固体质量计)分别为300、300、40和32 mg·g^-1时,污泥比阻降低率可达94.25%±0.21%.在此基础上,以泥饼含水率为响应指标,利用表面响应法对调理剂投加量进行优化.结果表明,水泥、赤泥、Fe²⁺和H₂O₂的投加量分别为287、287、46和37 mg·g^-1,泥饼含水率可降至47.7%±0.8%.调理后污泥的粒径减小,比表面积增大,粘度减小,Zeta电位由负变正,说明该复合调理剂能有效地破解胞外聚合物(EPS),提高污泥脱水性能.     

VUV/Fe3+体系对水中全氟辛酸(PFOA)脱氟影响因素研究

采用VUV/Fe3+光催化体系对全氟辛酸(PFOA)进行脱氟处理,考察了PFOA初始浓度、Fe3+浓度、体系pH值对体系脱氟的影响,并运用响应面正交法(RSM)优化分析了最佳反应条件.结果表明,VUV/Fe3+体系对PFOA具有明显的脱氟作用.PFOA浓度与Fe3+浓度比为1.8∶1～1.2∶1和pH为3～4时,有利于体系的脱氟.基于Box-Behnken响应曲面法,各影响因子显著性排序为pH>Fe3+投加量>PFOA初始浓度,pH值和Fe3+投加量交互作用显著.模型回归性良好,最佳运行条件组合为:pH=3.41,Fe3+投加量为30μmol·L-1和PFOA初始浓度为38.6μmol·L-1(16mg·L-1)条件下,反应4h的脱氟率达到54.13%,与预测值相比偏差为0.36%.在VUV体系引入Fe3+提高了PFOA及中间产物对紫外光利用的效率.     

Fenton试剂氧化法处理印染废水实验研究

通过将Fenton法应用于印染废水的处理,研究pH值、温度、反应时间、Fe2+投加量以及H2O2投加量对Fenton试剂处理印染废水的影响,同时确定Fenton法处理印染废水的最适反应条件。实验结果表明:(1)最适反应条件,即pH值、温度、反应时间、Fe2+投加量、H2O2投加量分别为3,50℃,45 min,70 mg/L,2.5 mL/L,此时COD的去除率最高,为66.60%。(2)pH值为3时,下列因素对COD的去除率影响程度大小依次为H2O2投加量Fe2+投加量反应时间反应温度。     

碳酸盐岩处理AMD生成的污泥除磷初步研究

选取碳酸盐岩处理矿山酸性废水的污泥作为水中磷的去除材料,研究pH、温度、污泥投加量和接触时间对磷去除作用的影响,以及在此过程污泥中重金属的释放情况.试验表明:当水中磷浓度为10 mg/L,温度25℃,接触时间10 min,污泥投加量0.5 g,pH为7时,磷的去除率达到99.9％以上.实验中污泥有少量重金属的释放,但仍...     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.