利用方式对红壤硝化作用的水分效应的影响

风干过程是土壤水分丢失的过程,研究亚热带酸性土壤硝化作用对水分水平的响应,有助于分析干土效应对硝化作用影响.本试验以分别发育于第四纪红土(Quaternary red earth,Q)和红砂岩(Tertiary red sandstone,S)、利用方式为水稻(rice,R)与旱地(upland,U)的4个农田土壤的风干土为供试材料,分别加入铵态氮0和150mg·kg-1,在5个即时水分含量下室内培养35d.结果表明,土壤水分水平显著影响供试土壤的硝化作用(p0.01),但影响程度因利用方式而异.对供试条件下无外源铵输入的处理而言,旱地土壤QU和SU硝化率的极差分别为11%和8%,显著低于水稻土的硝化率极差(QR与SR分别为35%和20%).外源铵的加入增加了土壤硝化率的极差,土壤QR、QU、SR和SU硝化率的极差分别达到56%、26%、31%、26%,且随水分水平的增高,加铵有促进土壤酸化的趋势.总之,利用方式显著影响了土壤硝化作用对水分效应的响应,进而体现为干土效应的差异.     

人为干扰对闽江河口湿地土壤硝化-反硝化潜力的影响

选择闽江河口芦苇湿地为研究对象,研究了人为干扰活动(养殖塘、污染物排放和农业活动)对湿地土壤硝化-反硝化潜力的影响.结果表明,人类干扰活动对湿地土壤硝化和反硝化潜力均具有显著影响,4种土壤的硝化潜力表现为水稻田>养殖塘>排污闸口>芦苇湿地,其最大硝化率分别为103.45%、99.38%、12.58%和4.16%,而反硝化作用的变化规律则与之相反,24d内的最大反硝化率分别为21.89%、26.95%、78.15%和88.28%,说明人类干扰和管理程度越大,土壤硝化潜力越大,反硝化潜力越弱.土壤NO3--N含量是闽江河口地区不同人为干扰方式下土壤硝化-反硝化作用差异的重要指示指标,土壤pH值与土壤硝化-反硝化作用也具有密切关系,而土壤有机质、全氮、全磷和可溶性碳含量以及电导率等则与土壤硝化-反硝化作用不具有显著的相关关系.人类干扰活动导致土壤硝化能力的提高,反硝化能力的降低,能够增加土壤氮素以硝态氮形式淋失的风险.     

不同生物炭用量对酸性菜地土硝化作用的影响

采集了种植过蕹菜(60 d)的不同生物炭用量(0、2%、5%、10%干土重)的盆栽酸性菜地土,在60%土壤持水量和温度25℃培养条件下对土壤硝化作用进行了研究,并探讨了土壤硝化作用与土壤性质的关系.结果表明,通过Logistic修正模型(延滞期为0)拟合得出土壤NO-3-N随时间的变化为"S"型增长,与不施氮肥(CK)和施氮肥(NB0)处理相比,生物炭处理土壤NO-3-N累积量较高,生物炭提高土壤最大硝化速率(Kmax)同时减少达到最大硝化速率所需时间(t0)是其主要原因.Kmax与土壤pH、氨氧化细菌数量、NO-3-N、微生物生物量碳、氮,t0与微生物生物量氮、氨氧化细菌数量,最大硝化潜势(Np)与脲酶活性间显著相关.尽管生物炭提高Kmax,但却降低Np,生物炭对酸性菜地土硝化作用的影响以及NO-3-N淋失风险还需要进一步研究.     

水稻土对磷的吸持能力及环境风险研究

以湖南Cd污染区水稻土为供试土壤,研究了土壤活性Al(Al_(ox))、活性Fe(Fe_(ox))、磷吸持指数(PSI)、吸持饱和度(DPSS)和释放风险指数(ERI)及其相关性关系.结果表明:供试水稻土中Al_(ox)和Fe_(ox)含量变异性较大,分别为55.67~1495.90 mg·kg~(-1)和1.50~13.63 g·kg~(-1),但有效磷含量变化幅度不大.水稻土吸持磷能力较弱,全部样品中PSI均低于30,但水稻土磷的吸持饱和度较低,85%的土壤样品DPSS低于磷淋失临界值(15%),且磷释放失风险(ERI)较小.水稻土中Al_(ox)含量和Fe_(ox)含量与PSI存在显著正相关关系(p0.05),而与DPSS之间表现为显著负相关关系(p0.01),DPSS和PSI呈现为显著负相关关系(p0.01).     

臭氧浓度升高对冬小麦田土壤呼吸、硝化和反硝化作用的影响

为研究臭氧浓度升高对农田土壤呼吸、硝化和反硝化作用的影响,采用开顶箱(OTC)法设置3个臭氧浓度处理,分别为对照CK、T1(100 nL.L-1臭氧)和T2(150 nL.L-1臭氧).以便携式土壤CO2通量观测仪测定不同臭氧浓度处理下的冬小麦田土壤呼吸速率,并采用气压过程分离(BaPS)法测定不同处理的土壤CO2产生速率、硝化速率和反硝化速率.结果表明,在本实验阶段内,CK、T1、T2处理的土壤呼吸速率之间无显著差异(p0.05),其平均土壤呼吸速率分别为(5.36±0.72)、(5.08±0.04)、(4.94±0.18)μmol.(m2.s)-1.CK和T2处理的硝化速率和反硝化速率也均无显著差异(p0.05).不同臭氧浓度处理下的土壤呼吸速率与土壤温度的指数回归关系均达显著水平(p0.05),CK、T1和T2处理的土壤呼吸的Q10值分别为1.72、1.58和1.51.Pearson相关分析结果表明,CK处理中土壤硝化速率与反硝化速率和土壤含水量之间均存在显著相关关系(p0.05),其相关系数分别为0.828和0.890;T2处理中硝化速率与土壤含水量之间存在显著相关关系(p0.05),其相关系数为0.772.本研究表明,臭氧浓度升高未显著改变冬小麦田土壤呼吸、硝化和反硝化速率,但臭氧浓度升高显著降低了土壤呼吸的温度敏感性.     

长期不同施肥量对全程氨氧化细菌丰度的影响

全程氨氧化细菌(Comammox Nitrospira)的发现彻底改变了对传统硝化作用的认知,其在生物地球化学氮循环中可能具有很重要的作用,并为硝化作用研究提供了新的思路,故需要有更多的工作去评估Comammox Nitrospira在不同生态系统中的分布,本试验选取西南大学长期定位试验田的3种不同施肥量的水稻土,分别为对照组(blank control)、常规施肥量(NPK)、高量施肥(1.5NPKS)处理土壤,进行硝化势及硝化微生物尤其是全程氨氧化细菌的测定.结果表明:(1)3种施肥量处理土壤中均检测出较高数量级的Comammox,分支A(Clade A)丰度(以干土计,下同)分别为9.0×107、1.7×108、7.2×108copies·g~(-1),而分支B(Clade B)丰度分别为1.5×107、1.2×107、1.7×107copies·g~(-1).(2)3种施肥土壤中AOA丰度为1.5×107~1.2×108copies·g~(-1),AOB丰度分别为2.0×105~9.3×107copies·g~(-1),均低于Comammox丰度,而不施肥条件下Comammox丰度与AOA、AOB的比值最大,分别为7.2、524.4.(3)Comammox Clade A丰度与Comammox Clade B的比值随施肥量增加而增加,且比值依次为6.1、14.4、43.1.(4)NPK、1.5NPKS两种N肥施用量下全程氨氧化细菌分支A丰度分别为对照组的1.9、8.0倍,氨氧化古菌(AOA)分别是对照组的3.2、7.2倍,氨氧化细菌(AOB)均比对照组显著增加2个数量级;硝化势也随施肥量增加而增大;但不同施肥量对分支B丰度却无显著影响.本试验结果表明Comammox广泛分布于中性紫色水稻土中,在水稻土中丰度均比AOA、AOB高,因此Comammox很有可能在中性紫色水稻土的硝化作用中有一定贡献;水稻土中Comammox以Comammox Clade A为主.     

稻田土壤不同水分条件下硝化/反硝化作用及其功能微生物的变化特征

以湖南桃源县一长期种植水稻的酸性土壤为研究对象,在微宇宙培养条件下设置了4个水分梯度处理,分别为田间持水量(water holding capacity,WHC)的30%、60%、90%和淹水2 cm深.考察了水分条件变化对硝化和反硝化作用影响,并结合定量PCR和限制性末端片段长度多态性(T-RFLP)技术研究了硝化-反硝化微生物的响应特征.结果表明,30%WHC处理土壤无明显的硝化和反硝化作用发生,硝化作用主要发生于60%WHC和90%WHC处理土壤,90%WHC处理土壤硝化作用明显强于60%WHC,并检测到明显的N2O释放,表明该水分条件可能发生了硝化-反硝化耦合作用.淹水处理土壤氧化还原势Eh显著低于非淹水处理土壤,无明显的硝化作用发生,但能检测到N2O释放且释放量小于90%WHC处理土壤.除培养初期(7 d)外,反硝化功能基因nirS和nirK,以及氨氧化细菌(AOB)amoA基因的丰度先随着水分增加而增加,并在淹水处理中小幅下降,三者之间呈明显的正相关关系,且AOB amoA、nirS和nirK基因丰度均在90%WHC处理中最高,与该处理中硝化和反硝化活性最高相一致.T-RFLP结果表明,培养2周后,nirS基因为代表的反硝化微生物群落组成对水分梯度变化产生明显响应,Eh和含水率Cw是影响其群落组成的主要因子.     

丁铵黑药在水稻土中的降解及其影响因素研究

通过室内模拟实验,探讨了水稻土中丁铵黑药的降解规律及影响因素.结果表明,水稻土中丁铵黑药的降解率随着初始浓度的增大而降低,其半衰期均小于4d.丁铵黑药的降解率在一定范围内随着土壤含水量和温度的升高而显著提高,当含水量为60%、温度为25℃时,培养7d内丁铵黑药的最高降解率达84%.水稻土中丁铵黑药的降解机制主要是微生物的降解作用(约占80%),其次是光降解作用(约占20%).     

长期施肥酸性旱地土壤硝化活性及自养硝化微生物特征

构建微域培养结合梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)、Illumina MiSeq高通量测序、生物信息学分析等分子生态学技术,以不施肥土壤为对照(CK),研究长期施化肥(NPK)和有机肥(OM)对酸性旱地土壤硝化活性及自养硝化微生物群落的影响,并认知其与土壤理化因子间的关系.结果表明,施化肥和有机肥显著提高土壤有机碳和无机氮含量,施有机肥提高土壤pH和总氮含量、降低C/N;供试土壤自养硝化作用占据主导(73.60%~85.32%),施肥显著提升土壤自养硝化活性,且施有机肥提升效果更为明显;微域培养后,OM土壤氨氧化古菌(AOA)和细菌(AOB)amoA基因绝对丰度及16S rRNA基因相对丰度显著上升,而CK和NPK土壤仅AOA相对丰度显著上升,即3种土壤AOA均有明显活性(主要类群为Nitrososphaera,99.30%),而AOB仅在OM土壤有活性(主要类群为Nitrosospira,99.99%),另外还发现OM土壤中亚硝酸盐氧化细菌(NOB)有较强活性(主要类群为Nitrospira,96.69%);逐步回归分析显示自养硝化活性显著受总氮含量影响,AOA和AOB amoA基因丰度分别受有机碳含量和pH影响,Nitrososphaera相对丰度与NO_3~--N含量显著正相关,而Nitrosospira和Nitrospira相对丰度则与C/N显著负相关.可见,长期施肥后土壤总氮含量的提升显著刺激自养硝化活性;以Nitrososphaera为主的AOA在酸性旱地土壤硝化作用中发挥了重要作用,施有机肥土壤pH上升及C/N下降刺激了Nitrosospira(AOB)生长,从而改变了酸性旱地土壤中活跃的自养硝化微生物类群.     

Cd对我国不同类型土壤硝化活性影响的主控因子研究

硝化作用是土壤中存在的一个重要生物学过程,其对环境条件的变化表现出极高的敏感性,其中包括重金属污染.本文选取我国10种不同类型土壤,采用室内模拟方法,研究硝化活性对不同Cd污染程度的响应特征以及影响Cd毒性的主要控制因素.结果表明:除红壤和黑土外,土壤硝化活性随外源Cd的增加而降低,采用Logistic模型和完全抑制模型可很好的表征两者之间的关系;通过Logistic模型获得的不同土壤ED25和ED50值分别为2.44~363.03 mg·kg~(-1)、10.99~553.64 mg·kg~(-1),由完全抑制模型拟合结果表明Cd对硝化活性的作用机理为完全抑制作用;基于土壤性质和ED50值建立的多元回归预测模型表明,pH和阳离子交换量(CEC)共同解释了回归模型变异的95.6%.综上表明在一定范围内土壤硝化活性可表征土壤Cd污染程度,土壤CEC和p H是影响Cd毒性的主控因素,可较好地预测土壤中外源Cd对硝化活性的毒性阈值.     

Sources of nitrous and nitric oxides in paddy soils：Nitrification and denitrification

Rice-paddies are regarded as one of the main agricultural sources of N 2O and NO emissions. To date, however, specific N2O and NO production pathways are poorly understood in paddy soils. ^15N-tracing experiments were carded out to investigate the processes responsible for N2O and NO production in two paddy soils with substantially different soil properties. Laboratory incubation experiments were carried out under aerobic conditions at moisture contents corresponding to 60% of water holding capacity. The relative importance of nitrification and denitrification to the flux of NaO was quantified by periodically measuring and comparing the enrichments of the N2O, NH~-N and NO3-N pools. The results showed that both N2O and NO emission rates in an alkaline paddy soil with clayey texture were substantially higher than those in a neutral paddy soil with silty loamy texture. In accordance with most published results, the ammonium N pool was the main source of N2O emission across the soil profiles of the two paddy soils, being responsible for 59.7% to 97.7% of total N2O emissions. The NO3-N pool of N2O emission was relatively less important under the given aerobic conditions. The rates of N2O emission from nitrification （N2On） among different soil layers were significantly different, which could be attributed to both the differences in gross N nitrification rates and to the ratios of nitrified N emitted as NzO among soil layers. Furthermore, NO fluxes were positively correlated with the changes in gross nitrification rates and the ratios of NO/N2O in the two paddy soils were always greater than one （from 1.26 to 6.47）. We therefore deduce that, similar to N2O, nitrification was also the dominant source of NO in the tested paddy soils at water contents below 60% water holding capacity.     

Effects of chlorothalonil and carbendazim on nitrification and denitrification in soils

The effects of chlorothalonil and carbendazim on nitrification and denitrification in six soils in upland and rice paddy environments were investigated. Laboratory aerobic (60% water holding capacity) and anaerobic (flooded) conditions were studied at 25°C and fungicide addition rates of 5.5 mg/kg A. I. (field rate, FR), 20 times (20FR) and 40 times (40FR) field rate, respectively. The results indicated that chlorothalonil at the field rate had a slight inhibitory effect on one soil only, and that soil did ...     

有机负荷对垃圾沥滤液短程硝化系统影响及微生物相探析

以短程硝化系统为研究对象,实际垃圾沥滤液为反应物,序批式生物反应器(Sequencing Batch Reactor,SBR)为基础,研究了短程硝化反应系统的启动过程及不同进水有机负荷对短程硝化系统的影响,并对经高有机负荷冲击后短程硝化系统恢复期污泥的脱氮功能基因和微生物群落进行分析.结果表明:采用实际垃圾沥滤液在较短的时间内成功启动了短程硝化反应系统,于第15.5 d时系统的氨氮去除速率(ARR)达到652 mg·L~(-1)·d~(-1),亚硝酸盐积累率(NAR)达到91.4%.该系统在受高有机负荷冲击后,降低有机负荷,系统仍能恢复高效短程硝化反应.对受冲击后恢复稳定的短程硝化系统中微生物相进行分析,结果发现,短程硝化系统具有完整的脱氮功能基因(AOB amoA、nxrB、nirS、nor、nosZ).污泥中细菌主要功能菌属是索氏菌属(Thauera)和亚硝化单胞菌属(Nitrosomonas),前者为异养菌,可进行反硝化,相对丰度为27.6%,后者是氨氧化菌(AOB),相对丰度为9.6%;此外,还存在一定比例的其他功能菌属.研究表明,采用短程硝化系统处理实际垃圾沥滤液,增强其脱氮效能具有潜在的研究价值.     

Ammonium removal pathways and microbial community in GAC-sand dual media filter in drinking water treatment

A GAC-sand dual media filter (GSF) was devised as an alternative solution for drinking water treatment plant to tackle the raw water polluted by ammonium in place of expensive ozone-GAC processes or bio-pretreatments. The ammonium removal pathways and microbial community in the GSFs were investigated. The concentrations of ammonium, nitrite and nitrate nitrogen were monitored along the filter. Total inorganic nitrogen (TIN) loss occurred during the filtration. For 1 mg ammonium removal, the TIN loss was as high as 0.35 mg, DO consumption was 3.06 mg, and alkalinity consumption was 5.55 mg. It was assumed that both nitrification and denitrification processes occur in the filters to fit the TIN loss and low DO consumption. During the filtration, nitritation, nitrification and nitritation-anaerobic ammonium oxidation processes probably occur, while traditional nitrification and denitrification and simultaneous nitrification and denitrification processes may occur. In the GSFs, Nitrosomonas and Nitrospira are likely to be involved in nitrification processes, while Novosphingobium, Comamonadaceae and Oxalobacteraceae may be involved in denitrification processes.     

红壤丘陵区土壤有机碳组分对土地利用方式的响应特征

土地利用方式影响土壤有机碳(SOC)及其组分,进而决定了碳库的稳定性.以林地为参照,分析我国红壤丘陵区农田(水田和旱地)SOC及其活性组分[可溶性有机碳(DOC)、微生物生物量碳(MBC)和颗粒有机碳(POC)]和惰性组分[矿物结合态有机碳(MAOC)]含量,探讨土壤有机碳组分对土地利用方式的响应特征.结果表明,与旱地和林地相比,水田SOC、 MBC、 POC和MAOC含量均为最高.DOC含量以林地显著高于旱地和水田(P0.001).SOC各组分占SOC的比例,即DOC/SOC、 MBC/SOC、 POC/SOC和MAOC/SOC范围分别为0.22%～0.93%、 1.62%～2.70%、 31.08%～40.00%和43.22%～56.82%.活性组分(MBC和POC)含量与占比趋势一致,均以水田林地旱地.MAOC含量以水田最高、旱地最低,MAOC/SOC则以旱地最高、水田最低.相关分析表明,水田、旱地和林地中MBC、 POC和MAOC分别与SOC呈极显著正相关(P0.001),而DOC与SOC及其它组分均无显著相关性(P0.05);旱地、林地中POC与MBC呈极显著正相关(P0.001);水田、旱地MAOC与MBC呈极显著正相关(P0.001);3种土地利用方式下POC与MAOC呈极显著正相关(P0.001),POC/MAOC以水田最大,旱地最低.因而,与旱地和林地相比,水田SOC的活性组分比例高、惰性组分比例低,且其活性组分POC与微生物生物量关系不紧密,而惰性组分与微生物生物量显著相关.综上,农业利用显著改变红壤丘陵区土壤有机碳及其组成,水田虽有利于SOC固持,但其不稳定性组分占比较高,可能容易因不当耕作管理而丢失.     

稻田与旱地土壤中真菌和细菌对秸秆碳的利用特征

微生物将植物残体矿化为CO₂和同化为微生物细胞组成部分是新鲜有机物料转化为土壤有机质的关键环节.以亚热带两种典型农业利用（稻田和旱地）土壤为对象,采用40 d室内模拟培养试验结合磷脂脂肪酸-稳定同位素示踪联用(¹³C-PLFA-SIP)技术,研究¹³C标记秸秆的矿化特征以及参与秸秆降解的细菌和真菌类群变化规律.结果表明,培养前期（0.25～1 d）,秸秆碳在稻田土壤中的矿化速率高于旱地土壤,中期（2～20 d）以稻田土壤低于旱地土壤（P<0.05）,后期（21～40 d）两者矿化速率相当.培养结束时,秸秆碳在稻田土壤中的累积矿化率（11%）约为旱地（20%）的一半.尽管稻田土壤中总微生物量（PLFA总量）比旱地高,但两种土壤中秸秆碳被微生物同化为细胞组分的量(¹³C-PLFA)相当,且稻田中秸秆碳的富集比例(PLFA中¹³C占总碳量的百分比)低于旱地,说明稻田土壤中参与秸秆碳降解的活性微生物占比少.整个培养期内,稻田土壤中秸秆碳被微生物利用的优势类群为细菌(占^1...     

Adsorption and desorption of Cu(Ⅱ) and Pb(Ⅱ) in paddy soils cultivated for various years in the subtropical China

The adsorption and desorption of Cu(Ⅱ) and Pb(Ⅱ) on upland red soil,and paddy soils which were originated from the upland soil and cultivated for 8,15,35 and 85 years,were investigated using the batch method.The study showed that the organic matter content and cation exchange capacity (CEC) of the soils are important factors controlling the adsorption and desorption of Cu(Ⅱ) and Pb(Ⅱ).The 15-Year paddy soil had the highest adsorption capacity for Pb(Ⅱ),followed by the 35-Year paddy soil.Both the 35-Year paddy soil and 15-Year paddy soil adsorbed more Cu(Ⅱ) than the upland soil and other paddy soils.The 15-Year paddy soils exhibited the highest desorption percentage for both Cu(Ⅱ) and Pb(Ⅱ).These results are consistent with the trend for the CEC of the soils tested.The high soil CEC contributes not only to the adsorption of Cu(Ⅱ) and Pb(Ⅱ) but also to the electrostatic adsorption of the two heavy metals by the soils.Lower desorption percentages for Cu(Ⅱ) (36.7% to 42.2%) and Pb(Ⅱ) (50.4% to 57.9%) were observed for the 85-Year paddy soil.The highest content of organic matter in the soil was responsible for the low desorption percentages for the two metals because the formation of the complexes between the organic matter and the metals could increase the stability of the heavy metals in the soils.