天津市环境空气中一氧化碳污染特征及变化趋势研究

文章通过对2010年天津市12个环境空气质量监测国控点(不含清洁对照点)实时连续监测的CO数据的深入分析,探讨了其浓度趋势变化和污染特征。结果表明:CO日变化规律呈典型的双峰型,冬季CO浓度最高,夏季最低,CO与O3和温度均呈较好的负相关性。     

瑞丽城区一氧化碳污染的现状

经监测，瑞丽市城区街道空气中一氧化碳的日平均浓度己超过国家二级标准，其主要来源是汽车尾气排放，而且其浓度与汽车流量呈线性正相关。主导风与街道斜交，在街道峡谷内形成旋涡流场，使ＣＯ向背风面扩散并沿街道输送，导致局部测点浓度过高。目前控制ＣＯ浓度宜限制尾气超标汽车入城并合理分流入城汽车。     

民用建筑室内环境污染检测及控制方法

室内环境质量的优劣,很大程度上关系到人民群众的生活质量。本文针对目前我国民用建筑室内环境污染的具体实际情况,深入探讨了室内环境污染检测及控制方法,对降低室内环境污染提出了相应的对策和建议。     

砷的污染、检测与防治

在环境化学污染物中,砷是最常见、最严重的污染物之一.随着现代工农业生产的发展,砷对环境的污染日趋严重.为了更好地评价砷污染对环境和人体的影响,介绍了砷污染的来源、对人体的危害、标准的检测方法和目前砷污染治理的现状.     

农产品产地土壤重金属污染形势及检测分析

如今,我国的经济不断地的发展,重工农业产业也在高速的发展,这就对环境造成很大的影响,直接导致流出的工业用水及重金属污染物流进农产品产地土壤中,使农产品土壤受到极大的重金属污染,逐渐的形成粮食受到污染,引发食品安全等一系列的问题,使人们的健康,财产,及身体受到安全受到极大的威胁。因此,解决农产品产地土壤受重金属污染的问题已经是我国农业在践行可持续发展方面上一项刻不容缓的问题。对于这个问题,相关的研究人员应该及时的对受污染的农产品产地土壤进行检测,积极地寻找解决的方法,有效的控制住污染的源头。     

废水处理中膜污染的检测方法

膜分离技术在废水处理领域的应用越来越广泛,而膜污染已经成为响膜分离技术应用和推广的主要瓶颈。要解决膜污染的问题,首先就要准确的检测出膜污染的情况及污染性质。文中总结了几种膜污染检测的方法,如表观分析法,理论模型法和间接表征法等方法,并分析了各种膜污染检测方法及其特点、应用情况,为膜污染的检测提供参考。     

全氟辛酸污染及检测方法的研究进展

全氟辛酸(PFOA)是一类典型的新型有机污染物,由于其独特的物理化学性质而广泛被生产和使用,对环境的影响越来越受到人们关注。近些年,国内外学者对全氟辛酸在环境、生物以及人类生活方面的影响开展了大量研究工作。文章介绍了全氟辛酸的性质及特征,概述了目前全氟辛酸在不同环境介质中的污染现状,并对全氟辛酸的检测方法和萃取技术进行了归纳、总结和展望。     

规范机动车尾气检测 加强汽车污染排放管理

为了保护环境、改善空气质量,各国纷纷加强汽车污染排放管理,其中规范机动车尾气检测是一项重要举措。本文将就规范机动车尾气检测、加强汽车污染排放管理进行分析,探讨其重要性和实施策略。通过加强汽车污染排放管理,可以有效降低机动车尾气污染,减少对环境和人类健康的危害,为实现可持续发展做出积极贡献。     

非职业性一氧化碳中毒事件成因分析

通过对燃煤量的调查结果和呼和浩特CO浓度值监测结果分析了CO排放源的分布特征和CO浓度的变化特征,得出高燃煤地区和采暖期CO浓度值较高但低于标准值。对CO中毒事件案例与气象条件关系进行了分析得出逆温、高湿、小风和低气压时不利于一氧化碳浓度扩散,容易引起一氧化碳中毒事件的发生。     

Predicted and measured concentrations of traffic carbon monoxide over Delhi

Carbon monoxide concentration due to vehicular traffic in urban Delhi has been computed by using an analytical dispersion model (IITCO), Pollution Episodic Model (PEM) and Intersection Midblock Model (IMM). While IITCO has been developed in IIT, the other two are operational models in the U.S.A. Computations from models are compared with observations collected at ITO, Janpath, Nazafgarh and Townhall. On-site measurements of CO are taken by using real time analyzers and meteorological parameters are obtained from a micrometeorological tower at IIT Delhi. The model results compare well with observations. The performance of IITCO is compared with PEM and IMM and found to be quite satisfactory. The diurnal variation of concentration is also found to be in good agreement with the diurnal variation of traffic volume.     

南京城区上空大气一氧化碳的观测分析

利用南京大学城市大气环境观测站(32°03′20″N,118°46′32″E)2011年1~12月一氧化碳(CO)连续观测资料,分析南京市CO浓度变化特征;利用后向轨迹模式和聚类分析方法研究影响南京市的主要气团及其化学性质;基于MOPITT资料分析南京市CO的垂直分布.研究表明,南京市CO的年均浓度为(757.5±410.5)×10-9.CO浓度具有明显日变化特征,早上8:00浓度最高,下午16:00浓度最低.CO日变化具有季节差异性,春季最为明显,夏季幅度最小.一周之中CO在周五的浓度最高.CO存在明显季节变化,冬季1月浓度最高,夏季6月浓度最低.HYSPLIT4把影响该观测站的主要气团分为6类,其中来自江苏南部、浙江、上海的气团的污染物浓度最高,对南京市CO浓度贡献最大;源于西伯利亚高原,伴随强冷空气迅速向南移动的气团对南京市CO贡献最小.卫星数据分析结果表明,南京市夏季CO的垂直分布与其他3个季节有较大差异.与地面观测站相比,卫星反演的CO地面浓度要明显偏低.     

Electrochemical measurement of carbon monoxide in breath: Interference by hydrogen

The purpose of this study was to determine the concentration of carbon monoxide (CO) in blood (COHb) and breath to demonstrate that breath hydrogen (H₂) can be a significant interferant. For this purpose, we measured blood COHb with CO-oximetry and breath CO with an electrochemical analyzer. In addition, the samples were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC). The concentration of CO in breath, collected with a Priestley tube after a 20 s breath hold, from healthy, nonsmoking adult males (n = 20) and females (n = 10) had a mean ± SD (range) of 2.6 ± 0.4 ppm (2.0–3.9), respectively, when measured by GC. However, these same samples when measured with an electrochemical (EC) analyzer showed elevated CO values of 4.7 ± 2.9 ppm (2.6–17.6). The concentration of H₂, a prominent trace gas in breath known to interfere with EC analyzers, correlated strongly with the observed EC analyzer response [EC (ppm CO) = 0.336 H₂ (ppm) + 1.93, r² = 0.98]. The EC analyzer was linear for H₂ concentrations up to 40 ppm, with a sensitivity of 0.035 V ppm⁻¹. The analyzer sensitivity to CO was 0.10 V ppm ⁻¹. Blood from this population showed COHb concentrations of 0.56 ± 0.11% (0.40–0.97), as measured by GC, but elevated values were found when measured by CO-oximeter (Ciba Corning Diagnostics Corp., Models 2500 and 270), 1.3 ± 0.2% (1.1–1.6) and 1.0 ± 0.3% (0.1–1.6), respectively. When breath CO was compared to blood COHb, only measurements by GC significantly correlated [COHb% = 0.241 CO(ppm) — 0.076, r² = 0.78]. We conclude that, relative to quantitative analysis by GC, (1) EC analyzers are susceptible to H₂ interference that cause falsely elevated CO measurements, and (2) CO-oximeters overestimate COHb concentrations in the range typical for healthy nonsmokers.     

Intercomparison of tunable diode laser and gas filter correlation measurements of ambient carbon monoxide

An intercomparison that involved a standards intercomparison, interferant spiking tests and simultaneous ambient measurements was carried out between two CO measurement systems: a tunable diode laser absorption spectrometer (TDLAS) and a gas filter correlation, non-dispersive infrared absorption instrument (GFC). Both the TDLAS and the GFC techniques responded to CO. No major interferences were found for the TDLAS system; tested species included H₂O, O₃ and OCS. The GFC instrument exhibited no interference from H₂O or O₃, but only a relatively high upper limit could be placed on the O₃ interference. For CO measurements in ambient air at levels from 100 to 1500 ppbv, the results from the two instruments agreed within their combined uncertainties. On average the GFC technique was 6% higher than the TDLAS system, and there was no systematic, constant offset. The precision of the GFC instrument was about 10%, and the precision of the TDLAS system was better than 4%.     

Creating a market for reduced carbon monoxide emissions from mobile sources

Marginal cost curves are developed for carbon monoxide abatement from mobile sources through the use of a hypothetical incentive program. Highway toll discounts are provided to drivers who install abatement devices beyond those required to comply with state emissions standards. With participation rates and toll demand derived from data on the Garden State Parkway, New Jersey, marginal costs would be $78 per ton CO to abate emissions from current stationary sources, and would require a toll discount of $0.015 per toll. Marginal costs increase due to the inelastic demand for transportation services (tolls) from the Parkway.     

CO中毒的环境气象因子分析及预测方法研究

利用2006年9月~2007年3月全国CO中毒病例资料,选取日发病人数为8人以上的CO中毒事件发生日作为样本,对CO中毒的气象条件进行了分析研究.结果表明,微风或者静风、大气层结稳定的气象条件不利于CO气体的扩散,同时,气温变幅较小、气压下降、云量多和气体湿度大也可能间接导致CO中毒事件的发生.用风速、大气稳定度、24h变温、24h变压、总云量和相对湿度作为预报因子,利用阈值加权平均的方法,初步建立了区域性CO中毒气象潜势预报模型.     

瓦里关山大气CO本底变化

利用1992 01～2002 12期间的实测资料,分析了瓦里关全球基准站(36°17′N,100°54′E,海拔3816m)大气CO本底特征,并探讨了与源汇过程的关系.结果表明,瓦里关山大气CO体积分数本底范围与北半球平均水平基本相符,但增长趋势及年增长率波动与北半球平均状况并不完全一致,多年平均季节变化与同纬度海洋边界层(MBL)参比值以及北半球平均值也有较大差异,是所在地区多种CO源汇和大气输送共同作用的结果.瓦里关山大气CO本底观测资料既能体现亚洲内陆地域特点又具有全球代表性,辅以其它相关资料,还可进一步揭示中国内陆高原大气CO本底特征的成因.