高氯废水中有机物污染指标CODcr测定方法研究

CODcr作为评价有机物污染的重要指标,高氯及无机还原性耗氧物质是影响CODcr测试结果准确性的主要干扰因素.提出用0.1mol/L的K2Cr2O7为氧化剂,HgSO4为掩蔽剂并辅以空白扣除法消除高氯的影响;用酸化吹气法去除S2-等无机还原物质的影响.所用方法科学准确,测定结果可靠.     

含植物油废水中CODcr分析的探讨

通过对含动植物油废水CODcr测定的实验，指出了影响CODcr测定的因素，提出了减少影响的建议。     

氯气校正法测定高氯废水中化学需氧量方法的改进

高氯废水中化学需氧量的测定通常采用氯气校正法,该方法消除了氯离子对CODcr.测定的影响,但在实践中发现这种方法对测定结果仍可产生正误差.如果采用含氯空白校正的方法进行测试,结果表明相对误差在0.1%～1.1%之间,加标回收率为102%～105%,可提高方法的准确度.     

沉积物CODcr的测定

基于水质CODcr的测试方法,提出了沉积物CODcr的测试方法,并探讨了酸度、K2Cr2O7浓度、加热回流时间和取样量对沉积物CODcr测定的影响。     

高盐榨菜生产废水中化学需氧量的测定方法探讨

针对高盐榨菜生产废水中氯离子对CODcr测定的干扰问题,研究了完全氧化—差减法,运用该法对高盐标样和实际样品进行测定,准确度高、精密度好,适合于高盐榨菜生产废水CODcr的测定。     

革基布废水中TOC和COD的相关研究

通过对革基布企业废水中CODcr和TOC测定结果相关性分析,结果表明,革基布企业的CODcr和TOC相关性良好,为污水中有机污染物的TOC监测代替COD监测提供了实践依据。     

催化快速法测定CODcr定量下限

该法规定的检出范围是 6 0 mg/L～ 1 0 0 0 mg/L ,废水浓度高于 1 0 0 0 mg/L须定量稀释后测定 ,而低于 6 0 mg/L时 ,即使能准确测定也不能报准确结果 ,只能按 6 0 mg/L的一半报出。分光光度计在低吸光度时分值较宽 ,易分辨且催化快速法在COD浓度较低时曲线有很好线性关系 ,使得降低定量下限成为可能。实验表明 ,催化快速法测定CODcr的定量下限为 1 0 mg/L。这样 ,地表水、低浓度 CODcr的废水均可用快速法测定 ,扩大了该法应用范围 ,减轻了测定低浓度 CODcr使用经典回流法、密封消解法劳动强度 ,节省成本和时间。催化快速法测定COD…     

CODcr测定中废水取样量与浓度的关系

ＣＯＤｃｒ测定中废水取样量与浓度的关系周能芹（江苏东台市环境监测站，东台２２４２００）分析近几年本市各厂家废水的ＣＯＤｃｒ测定数据，有如下表的经验规律：CODcr测定中废水取样量与浓度的关系@周能芹$江苏东台市环境监测站...     

化学耗氧量测定的最佳方案

微波密封催化消解——全差示光度法测CODcr能克服回流法的缺点 (诸如增强对 Cl- 的抗干扰能力、不用 Hg SO4 等 )并扩展测定范围 ,检测下限可到微量水平。若再配备几只不同光程的光纤探头 ,取消比色皿 ,即可组成最佳测定方案化学耗氧量测定的最佳方案@彭炎春$湘潭市环境监测站!湖南湘潭411104     

测定CODcr加热时间的探讨

在不改变标准方法中的其它因素情况下,将加热时间由原来的120min缩减至60min.经对比实验,结果均在标样给定范围内,其精密度亦较好(相对误差0.20%～1.65%).用于污染源水样测定,加热回流60min的CODcr 值与120min的结果基本一致.     

阴离子表面活性剂测量因素的探讨

针对亚甲蓝分光光度法测定阴离子表面活性剂较难处理的乳化现象,采用破乳剂－异丙醇消除,方法回收率良好,准确度为95％－105％。     

生活废水中悬浮物对挥发酚测定的影响及其消除

针对用4-氨基安替比林直接光度法测定未经处理的生活污水中,预蒸馏后仍有悬浮物存在这一现象,进行了预处理后蒸馏和预蒸馏后用中速定量滤纸过滤的对比实验。结果证明预处理后蒸馏和预蒸馏后过滤均能达到消除悬浮物的目的。     

气相分子吸收光谱法测定海水中氨氮的干扰因素识别及预处理方法研究

采用气相分子吸收光谱法测定海水样品中的氨氮,重点考察海水中共存离子对氨氮测定结果的影响规律,识别测定过程中主要的干扰因素,并提出消除干扰的预处理方法.研究结果表明,碘离子会对氨氮的测定产生负干扰,当样品中碘离子质量浓度达到0.0765 g/L时,氨氮的测定结果与标准值相比明显降低,且在碘离子质量浓度达到0.1910 g...     

燃煤电厂石膏雨污染排放实测

对上海市8台燃煤机组开展了石膏雨和相关污染物排放监测,考察部分燃煤电厂石膏雨排放对周边居民生活和电厂生产造成的影响。结果表明,采用GGH并加热到一定温度,同时对除雾器进行优化的机组烟尘和可凝结颗粒物浓度均较低,石膏雨沉降和液滴均未检出,无冷凝回流液;虽然装有湿式电除尘器和GGH的机组石膏雨沉降未检出,但液滴浓度较高;仅装有湿式电除尘器的2台机组中1台检出石膏雨沉降;对照机组石膏雨沉降和液滴浓度均较高。建议电厂提升排烟温度,同时采取措施消除烟气中石膏夹带,彻底消除石膏雨,在标准制定时应充分考虑目前燃煤电厂多种污染物排放情况及其对环境的影响,尤其是石膏雨和可凝结颗粒物,制定相应的监测方法和评价体系,将其纳入火电厂排放标准中。     

Water quality assessment programs in Australia deciding what to measure,and how and where to use bioindicators

Effective water quality assessment programs require the formulation of common objectives between managers who are making decisions and scientists who are obtaining the information on which those decisions are to be made. The data collected must be apropriate for use in the decision making process. After the objectives have been formulated a number of testable hypotheses can be proposed and evaluated in terms of what information is required for decision making.From a management perspective it is important to know if an impact occurs and what management strategy to adopt to reduce or eliminate the impact. When bioaccumulators are used to indicate environmental quality the organisms proposed need to be fully evaluated before being used. Communities, which are often used to assess levels of impact, have the capacity to assimilate pollutants and they will function under pollutant stress. Thus managers need to make value judgements about when a community structure or function has shifted from acceptable to adverse. Bioassays in which the effects of pollutants on growth, biochemistry and behaviour are measured, give an indication of the sub-lethal effects of a pollutant, but it is difficult to set meaningful levels that are not to be exceeded for use by managers.Difficulties in using chemical and biological data mainly arise from a lack of appreciation of environmental heterogeneity. The data obtained must meet the needs for statistically testing hypotheses. Before programs can be designed to meet statistical needs the potential sources of variability must be considered. Once the minimum differences that are seen as important have been determined, the number of replicates needed can be calculated. Data verification is also needed, as if the validity of data is questioned, so will any decisions that have been made based on those data. Finally programs should be designed to minimize the sampling effort/cost to meet the objectives.     

提高环境水中纳克级超痕量汞测定灵敏度的研究

对ｎｇ／Ｌ级超痕量汞测定中的消解、测定各步骤对灵敏度的影响进行了研究。得出结论：采用高纯氩气作载、屏气，选择高负压值和高扩展倍率能明显提高灵敏度；选择合适的消解时间和缩短测定时间能使灵敏度略有提高；试剂和玻璃器皿所带给空白的痕量汞对提高灵敏度不利，应作除汞处理。     

水和废水中阴离子表面活性剂测定干扰因素试验研究

对二氮杂菲萃取分光光度法测定水和废水中阴离子表面活性剂的主要干扰因素进行了试验研究.设计了温度过低、浑浊带色和混溶乳化3种干扰试验方案,探讨了各干扰因素在不同工况下的试验结果、影响程度及消除措施.提出温度过低须在测定前提高环境温度,以确保显色反应完全;浑浊带色须在测定中采用色(浊)度校正法消除干扰;混溶乳化可在测定中利...     

Potential effects of large linear pipeline construction on soil and vegetation in ecologically fragile regions

Long-distance pipeline construction results in marked human disturbance of the regional ecosystem and brings into question the safety of pipeline construction with respect to the environment. Thus, the direct environmental impact and proper handling of such large projects have received much attention. The potential environmental effects, however, have not been fully addressed, particularly for large linear pipeline projects, and the threshold of such effects is unclear. In this study, two typical eco-fragile areas in western China, where large linear construction projects have been conducted, were chosen as the case study areas. Soil quality indices (SQI) and vegetation indices (VI), representing the most important potential effects, were used to analyze the scope of the effect of large pipeline construction on the surrounding environment. These two indices in different buffer zones along the pipeline were compared against the background values. The analysis resulted in three main findings. First, pipeline construction continues to influence the nearby eco-environment even after a 4-year recovery period. During this period, the effect on vegetation due to pipeline construction reaches 300 m beyond the working area, and is much larger in distance than the effect on soil, which is mainly confined to within 30 m either side of the pipeline, indicating that vegetation is more sensitive than soil to this type of human disturbance. However, the effect may not reach beyond 500 m from the pipeline. Second, the scope of the effect in terms of distance on vegetation may also be determined by the frequency of disturbance and the intensity of the pipeline construction. The greater the number of pipelines in an area, the higher the construction intensity and the more frequent the disturbance. Frequent disturbance may expand the effect on vegetation on both sides of the pipeline, but not on soil quality. Third, the construction may eliminate the stable, resident plant community. During the recovery period, the plant community in the work area of the pipeline is replaced by some species that are rare or uncommon in the resident plant community because of human disturbance, thereby increasing the plant diversity in the work area. In terms of plant succession, the duration of the recovery period has a direct effect on the composition and structure of the plant community. The findings provide a theoretical basis and scientific foundation for improving the environmental impact assessment (EIA) of oil and gas pipeline construction as it pertains to the desert steppe ecosystem, and provide a reference point for recovery and management of the eco-environment during the pipeline construction period.     

离子色谱法测定环境空气中氯化氢降低空白值的方法

用离子色谱法测定环境空气中低浓度氯化氢,是通过测定氯离子质量浓度间接测定氯化氢的质量浓度,测定过程极易受外来氯离子的干扰,使空白值偏高。通过试验确定测定过程中可能存在氯离子干扰的环节,并采取一系列方法消除前期准备、采样和分析全过程中的干扰,以降低空白值。     

气相色谱法测定元素磷时应注意的几个问题

阐述了气相色谱法测定水中元素磷时盐析剂、振荡次数（幅度）、振荡时间和干扰物对测定的影响,确定了最佳测定条件及消除干扰的方法。