丙烯酰胺接枝木薯淀粉的合成及橡胶废水的絮凝处理

以丙烯酰胺为单体,过硫酸铵为引发剂,十二烷基磺酸钠为乳化剂,采用乳液聚合法合成丙烯酰胺接枝木薯淀粉(接枝淀粉)。实验结果表明:当m(淀粉)∶m(单体)为1.0∶1.5、合成温度为60℃、引发剂加入量(质量分数)为2.4%时,单体转化率、接枝率和接枝效率分别为74.7%,69.8%,74.9%;当接枝淀粉的加入量为0.35g/L时,絮凝处理后橡胶废水的吸光度由0.164降为0.073,脱色率为55.5%。     

Influence of Fibers on the Mechanical Properties of Cassava Starch Foams

The utilization of renewable resources in packaging can provide solutions to ecological problems such as waste quantity. Agricultural resources are alternative raw materials, among which there is starch, a natural polysaccharide that can be used to form resistant foam under wet and warm conditions. The starch foam is obtained by thermo pressing process where cassava starch, water and additives are processed to form a rigid structure by swelling, gelatinization and network formation. Natural fibers can be used to improve the mechanical properties of starch foams. In this project was investigated the influence of the addition of fibers in the levels of 1, 2 and 3% of cassava (short fiber) and 1, 2 and 3% of wheat fiber (powered fiber) in the starch dough. The foams were characterized by physical methods of strength, flexibility, density and by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The increase in fibers quantity has resulted in foams with higher density and less flexibility, whatever the fiber type. Most fibers quantity did not improve the foam strength. Foam made with 1% of cassava fiber showed higher compression strength; by increasing the percentage quantity there was a decrease on the compression resistance. Foam made with wheat fiber presented a lower result in 2%. The fiber type had no statistical significance in strength, flexibility and density foam. Only the fiber quantity was significant. The results showed that both fibers presented limited dimensions to improve the reinforcement of the starch foams up to 1%.     

Bio-Based Plastic Based on Ozonated Cassava Starch Produced by Extrusion

Journal of Polymers and the Environment - Green methods of modification, such as ozone, can bring new functionalities to starch. In this study, starch-based plastics were produced by extrusion,...     

A Novel Packaging Film from Cassava Starch and Natural Rubber

Currently, there is an environmental pollution problem generated in part by packaging materials produced from non-biodegradable synthetic polymers made from petroleum. However, these can be replaced with biodegradable materials made from cassava starch (CS) and natural rubber (NR). In the work described, a novel biopolymer film was obtained from the CS and NR using glycerol (GE) as a plasticizer in a water-based system. The physical properties of an 95/5 CS/NR blend films with the addition of NR and with varying GE contents were studied based on their swelling ratio, moisture content, moisture absorption, mechanical properties and biodegradability in soil. The results showed that the moisture content and moisture absorption tended to be directly proportional to the GE content, while the moisture content and moisture absorption of the sample decreased as a function of the NR content. The swelling ratio of the 95/5 CS/NR blend slightly decreased as a function of the NR and GE content. Surprisingly, the best swelling ratio of 350% was found at 10% NR. The elongation at break of the CS/NR blend was improved by the addition of GE. The contact angle of the 95/5 CS/NR blend decreased as a function of the GE. With increased NR in the composite, an increasing, trend in the contact angle was found. Further, the 95/5 CS/NR blend exhibited good transparency when it was applied as a coating to delay the ripening of bananas, the results were positive. Moreover, the film showed decomposition well in natural soil.     

Effect of Manufacturing Process and Xanthan Gum Addition on the Properties of Cassava Starch Films

The objective of this work was to manufacture biodegradable films by two different processes (casting and extrusion), from different combinations of cassava starch and xanthan gum. These films were produced by casting and by extrusion from six different starch-xanthan gum combinations (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10% w/w), containing glycerol as plasticizer (20% w/w) and were also characterized according to their microstructure, optical, mechanical, and barrier properties. Scanning electron microscopy of the starch-xanthan gum extruded films showed reticulated surface and smooth interior, suggesting that xanthan was driven to the surface and gelatinized starch to the interior of the films during extrusion. Films manufactured by casting were entirely homogeneous. In general, casted films presented lower opacity and water vapor permeability and higher stress at break than films manufactured by extrusion. Xanthan gum addition affected mechanical properties of starch films, improving their stress and strain at break, especially for extruded samples, but these properties did not show stability at different RH conditions.     

Baked Foams Based on Cassava Starch Coated with Polyvinyl Alcohol with a Higher Degree of Hydrolysis

The aims of this work were to produce trays based on cassava starch, coated with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) with a higher degree of hydrolysis (98%), and to study the effects of the coating on the mechanical and water sorption properties of the trays. Two types of PVA were tested: SELVOL? 325 (degree of polymerization?=?1000–1500) and SELVOL? 107 (degree of polymerization?=?350–650). A decrease in the water absorption capacity of 50% was observed when the coated samples were compared with the control sample after 30 min of immersion in water. It was observed in both coated samples a reduction of the initial rate of water adsorption sorption and a decrease in hydrophilicity compared with the control sample. Tensile strength and elongation were increased with application of the coatings. The use of the two types of PVA resulted in materials with similar mechanical and water sorption properties.     

Review on Anti-cancer and Anti-microbial Applications of Curdlan Biomaterials

Journal of Polymers and the Environment - Polysaccharides are polymers of natural origin that are formed by microorganisms, animals and plants. Polysaccharides play an important part in the...     

Physical Properties, Photo- and Bio-degradation of Baked Foams Based on Cassava Starch, Sugarcane Bagasse Fibers and Montmorillonite

The objectives of this work were to develop biodegradable trays from cassava starch, sugarcane fibers and Na-montmorillonite (Na-MMT) using a baking process and to study the effects of these components on the physical properties, photo- and bio-degradation of the trays. The sample F20 (produced with 20 g fiber/100 g formulation) showed the maximum yield production (100 %). All formulations resulted in well-shaped trays with densities between 0.1941 and 0.2966 g/cm³. The addition of fibers and Na-MMT resulted in less dense and less rigid trays compared to control samples (only starch). The studied processing conditions resulted in good nanoclay dispersion, leading to the formation of an exfoliated structure. The evaluation of the photo-degradation stability of the trays under UV exposure for 336 h showed that a sample produced with a specific combination of fiber and nanoclay (20 g fiber and 5 g nanoclay/100 g formulation) had the highest loss in stress at break (91 %). Biodegradation assays showed that Control trays (starch) and F20 (20 g fiber/100 g formulation) lost a greater percentage of their weight after 90 days of incubation in soil, with losses of up to 85.50 and 82.70 %, respectively.     

用铁泥制氧化铁红

研究了以染化厂废料铁泥和工业废硫酸为原料,采用高温干法制取氧化铁红的工艺,简要介绍了该法生产氧化铁红的反应机理,探讨了氧化剂,氧化时间,氧化温度等对产品质量的影响,确定了适宜工艺条件,提出了工业生产流程和尾气治理方案。     

氰化钠生产中聚合废料的利用

对氰化钠生产中的聚合废料进行了吸附试验和氰化钠含量分析，试验结果表明，聚合废料中含有２８％左右的氰化钠，其中黑褐色杂质可用活性炭吸附脱除。生产规模试验证明，用聚合废料为原料生产的硫氰酸钠，产品质量可达到装置设计指标，满足腈纶装置的使用要求。     

7-氨基-3-脱乙酰氧基头孢烷酸生产固体废物的处理

采用活性炭脱色—蒸馏—萃取—氯气置换的新工艺处理7-氨基-3-脱乙酰氧基头孢烷酸(7-ADCA)生产固体废物.实验结果表明:适宜的活性炭与7-ADCA生产固体废物的质量比为0.8％;以二氯甲烷作为溶剂萃取吡啶,萃取效率较高;在n(氯)∶n(溴)为1.2时,溴回收率为86.3％;在真空度为0.04 MPa、蒸馏温度为95℃的条件下,对釜底液进一步蒸馏浓缩,最终得到尿素和氯化铵混合固体肥料.与传统方法相比,该工艺不仅提高了经济效益,而且实现了7-ADCA生产固体废物的综合利用.     

利用多晶硅生产废物制备偏硅酸钠

利用多晶硅生产废物制备偏硅酸钠.将多晶硅生产废物水解生成偏硅酸沉淀,水解温度应控制在40℃以下,水与多晶硅生产废物质量比10～12为宜,溶液pH应控制在2.0～2.5.向偏硅酸中加入质量分数为45%的NaOH溶液制备偏硅酸钠,pH控制在12.5,降温速率控制在1.0℃/min.采用该方法制备的偏硅酸钠完全符合HG/T2568-94<工业偏硅酸钠化工行业标准>的优等品指标.     

Improvement of Waste Recycling in PET Fiber Production

Production of polyethylene teraphtalate (PET) fiber in the world is increasing every year and reached to an amount of about 20 million tons a year in 2001. The wastes occur in the production of PET fiber in the amount of about 3–5% of total production. The PET does not degrade for a long time in nature. Since PET is a derivative of petroleum, the wastes of PET are valuable and must be recycled. One of the recycling method of PET wastes is re-melting. Thus, various properties of the PET wastes were improved using the re-melting method by employing an extruder manufactured for the work. Degradation during re-melting decreases the properties of the final product. The results indicate that the properties of recycled PET wastes can be monitored by designing the parameters of the extruder. Also, the further degradation of the material can be prevented and the recycling costs are minimized.     

二甲基二硫醚废气的处理

研究了二甲基二硫醚（DMDS）废气的处理技术，先将废气冷凝成废液，废液经蒸馏回收二甲基二硫醚，利用双氧水将废残液中二甲基硫醚（DMS）氧化为二甲基亚砜（DMSO），考察了反应溶剂及其用量，反应温度、原料配比、双氧水滴加速度等反应的影响。确定的适宜工艺条件：以丙酮为溶剂，二甲基硫醚，双氧水，丙酮的体积配比为0．75：1：1，双氧水的流量为2．0mL/min，反应时间为3．0－3．5h，反应温度为20－30℃，在此工艺条件下二甲基亚砜的产率为90．7％。     

邻氨基苯甲酸生产废液的循环利用

采用离子交换和加入石灰的方法处理邻氨基苯甲酸生产废液，去除其中的Ｎａ＾＋和ＳＯ４＾２－，保留其中的ＮＨ４＾＋和邻硝基苯甲酸，处理后的废液回用于生产过程中，不仅消除了废液外排所产生的污染，还回收了ＮＨ４＾＋和ＯＮＡ，有较好的经济效益。     

间接电合成对甲基苯甲醛减废工艺

采用间接电合成法生产对甲基苯甲醛,不仅产品的产率高,而且由于实现了电解媒质的循环使用,使整个过程无废液排放,既节省了资源,又保证了环境。该法以对二甲苯为原料,其反应过程为：Ｍｎ（Ⅱ）电解氧化生成Ｍｎ（Ⅲ）;Ｍｎ（Ⅲ）氧化对二甲苯生成对甲基苯甲醛。上述反应,前者的电流效率较高,为８５％左右;后者的产品产率较高,约为６９％。     

废旧塑料催化裂解制备汽油

介绍了由废旧塑料通过热裂解和催化裂解制备汽油的方法,着重介绍了由废旧塑料制得的重油经催化裂解获取汽油的反应装置,催化剂、反应条件,产物分析和可能的反应途径。     

利用钢铁酸洗废液生产三氯化铁

利用钢铁酸洗废液和钢铁厂的粉尘平炉灰生产三氯化铁试验结果表明，该工艺废治废，方法简单，其产品可用于饮用水净化，污水处理和工业生产，实现了利用，化害为利，具有较好的经济，社会和环境效益。     

没食子酸生产废炭渣的处理

采用热水洗涤法回收没食子酸生产废炭渣中的没食子酸,过滤炭渣经热再生处理得到热再生活性炭。研究了热水洗涤法回收没食子酸和热再生法再生活性炭的最佳工艺条件。实验结果表明,热水洗涤法回收没食子酸的优化工艺条件:废炭渣质量与热水体积比为0.15g/mL,热水洗涤时间为60min,热水洗涤温度为60℃。在此最佳工艺条件下,没食子酸回收量达52mg/g。热再生法再生活性炭的最佳工艺条件为:热再生温度500℃,热再生时间120min。在此条件下制备的热再生活性炭对亚甲基蓝的吸附量达168mg/g,热再生活性炭平均得率为57.1%。     

钼酸铵生产废液的综合治理

钼酸铵生产过程中产生的酸性废液,经中和,过滤,滤渣热碱浸取、滤液蒸发浓缩等步骤,可回收废液中的７９％的钼,并获得ＮＨ４ＮＯ３、ＮＨ４Ｃｌ混合液体肥料。