减污降碳协同增效：政策困境与完善路径

我国面临实现生态环境根本好转与碳达峰碳中和两大战略任务,“协同治理”政策体系需在现有的生态环境管理制度体系上嵌入“降碳”政策目标,“降碳”和“减污”涉及的规范、资源和工具等制度性要素将在“协同增效”目标下重新协调整合。“减污降碳”在政策理念、政策工具、政策主体等层面均对传统污染防治政策系统存在路径依赖,可能导致决策科学性不足、规制失灵、政策可持续性较差、政策僵化、市场主体投入不足等问题。故此,需加快完善“协同增效”相关法律法规、强化多元政策工具统筹协同、优化差异性政策的管理协同。     

沱江流域协同推进碳达峰碳中和的路径研究

基于沱江流域生态保护、高质量发展及碳达峰碳中和远景目标分析,重构流域经济发展格局,推动沱江流域全面绿色转型、能源绿色低碳发展与产业结构优化调整。通过分析沱江流域碳达峰碳中和的人口经济发展、碳排放总量与产业结构等基础条件,发现沱江流域协同推进碳达峰碳中和存在社会主体参与不够、节能减排技术水平相对滞后等现实困境,提出协同推进沱江流域碳达峰碳中和目标实现的五大路径,以期为相关决策提供参考。     

“双碳”目标下国家高新区绿色发展研究

面向碳达峰碳中和目标和新发展理念要求,本文主要聚焦于国家高新技术产业开发区的绿色发展路径探讨。首先,概述了近20年国家高新技术产业开发区战略定位演变特征和发展取得的主要成就。其次,深入分析了国家高新技术产业开发区开展碳达峰碳中和工作面临的主要技术难点与挑战,包括园区空间范围的明确界定,减污降碳协同面临的跨供应链、产业链、价值链、多系统融合等复合型技术难题,园区对“双碳”目标与发展关系的认识不充分不到位,以及管理机制仍存在不明确等方面。进而,对国家高新技术产业开发区碳达峰碳中和与绿色发展的关系进行辨识。在此基础上,本文分别从管理部门和园区视角,提出国家高新技术产业开发区推进绿色低碳发展的8项重点任务,以期推动国家高新技术产业开发区绿色发展迈上新台阶。     

减污降碳协同增效的关键路径与政策研究

全面推动实现减污降碳协同增效是新发展阶段我国兑现碳达峰碳中和庄严承诺、深入打好污染防治攻坚战、建设美丽中国的必然要求。环境污染物与二氧化碳排放的高度同源性是实现减污降碳协同增效的理论基础。本文首先就目标指标、管控区域、控制对象、措施任务、政策工具五个方面的协同性系统讨论了减污降碳协同增效的基本内涵。其次，着眼于当前大气环境治理与碳减排在中国的重要性，本文在国家层面讨论了二者的中长期协同控制路线图，阐述了重点协同区域的识别方法和重点部门的协同治理思路，系统提出了大气环境治理与碳减排的协同路径。再次，本文还就“无废城市”建设和生态保护这两个领域与碳减排的协同治理思路展开分析讨论。最后，针对减污降碳协同治理对政策体系的需求，提出了统筹优化减污降碳协同目标、建立协同法规标准、建立减污降碳协同管理制度三个方面的建议。本研究将有助于厘清各方对减污降碳协同增效的认识，对各级政府后续推进减污降碳协同治理工作提供理论和科学基础。     

“双碳”背景下开发区发展路径探析——以沣西新城为例

实现碳达峰碳中和是推动经济社会高质量发展的重大战略决策。国家级新区作为承担国家重大发展和改革开放战略任务的综合功能区,在落实国家碳达峰碳中和目标任务上应跑在前、干在先。以国家级新区西咸新区五大组团之一——沣西新城为例,聚焦节能降碳、“两链”融合、生态城市三大方面,梳理总结沣西新城低碳发展成就与经验,并通过SWOT方法学对“双碳”目标下沣西新城实现高质量发展存在的内部优势与劣势、面临的外部机遇与挑战展开分析,初步探讨符合沣西新城实际的“双碳”发展战略,为其他开发区提供经验借鉴。     

新发展格局下碳中和目标的影响因子及实现路径北大核心

为助力我国碳中和目标的实现,基于社会—技术系统理论及相关文献,确立新发展格局下碳中和影响因子集,运用ISM模型分析碳中和目标的影响因子及实现路径。结果表明:①ISM模型是一个包含18个因子的6阶锥形系统,大致呈现从宏观环境—技术发展—市场体制的发展逻辑。②出台低碳发展激励政策、强化低碳技术专利保护等因子是实现碳中和的核心基础与动力;实现绿色现代化进程是实现碳中和最直接的影响因子与内涵;丰富碳交易市场体系、加快减碳与去碳技术等因子则是实现碳中和的关键路径。基于研究结论,提出了完善激励引导政策、健全碳市场体系和加快低碳技术创新等政策建议。     

城市减污降碳协同增效内涵、潜力与路径

在碳达峰碳中和气候承诺及深入打好污染防治攻坚战的战略目标下,现阶段我国处于社会经济全面绿色低碳转型的关键时期,时间紧任务重。城市作为政策执行的主体,必须全面协同推进减污降碳工作。大气污染物与温室气体同根同源同过程的性质决定了减污降碳协同治理的可行性,协同减污和降碳的治理政策不仅能够提高政策效率,还具备降低成本、强化公共健康等多重效益。同发达国家相比,我国仍保持以煤炭为主的一次能源消费结构,油、气消费与清洁能源比重偏低。要实现污染物与温室气体的协同防控,就必须从源头上根本改变我国以燃煤为主的能源结构,进一步推动产业结构优化升级,加快形成绿色生活方式。本文通过阐述城市减污降碳协同增效的内涵、潜力及路径,帮助理解减污与降碳之间的协同机制,为城市协同优化治理污染物与温室气体,全面提高环境治理综合效能提供参考。     

碳中和愿景的实现路径与政策体系

习近平主席在第七十五届联合国大会上郑重承诺中国将努力争取2060年实现碳中和目标，为中国未来低碳转型促进经济高质量发展、生态文明建设指明了方向、明确了目标，也提振了全球应对气候变化的信心。作为排放量全球最大的发展中国家，在2030年前达峰后用三十年左右的时间很快地实现碳中和愿景，任务异常艰巨，但总体上排放路径必然呈现尽早达峰、稳中有降、快速降低、趋稳中和的过程。支撑碳中和的技术几乎涉及所有的产业和经济活动，从控制碳排放途径的角度可以分为高能效循环利用技术、零碳能源技术、负排放技术。政府、企业、个人在迈向碳中和愿景进程中具有至关重要而又各有侧重的作用，需要科学的政策体系以形成系统有效的激励机制，促进资本和人才朝着碳中和技术创新和市场化推广应用方向快速汇集。     

新文科碳达峰碳中和人才培养目标研究

<正>本文阐述了开展新文科碳达峰、碳中和人才培养的迫切性，从知识、能力和素质三个方面设计了新文科碳达峰、碳中和人才培养目标模型，给出了实现新文科碳达峰、碳中和人才培养目标的主要路径。研究背景“双碳”目标已经成为国家性战略^[1]。随着全球碳达峰、碳中和目标的逐步推进，对具备碳达峰、碳中和理论和实践知识的专业人才的需求越来越大。然而，当前大部分高等教育机构还没有开设碳达峰、碳中和相关课程，也没有直接相关的专业设置，这导致全球碳达峰、碳中和人才培养体系相对滞后，     

海洋碳汇对环境与经济的“双重红利”效应研究

随着我国碳达峰、碳中和目标的提出,如何在保证我国经济高质量发展的基础上实现碳减排,是当前迫切需要解决的问题。海洋作为地球上最大的吸碳主体,是碳汇的重要载体,以我国沿海其中的9个省、自治区海洋渔业为研究对象,利用灰色模型预测海洋碳汇对环境的影响;并运用PVAR模型,实证分析海洋碳汇与经济增长之间的关系。研究结果表明,我国沿海9个省、自治区将会在2050年前后实现海洋领域碳中和,海洋碳汇与经济增长之间存在相互促进关系,可以同时实现环境与经济的“双重红利”。     

Taking Venezuela back to the sustainability path: The role of financial development and economic integration in low‐carbon transition

Environmental protection and sustainable development are connected. Such connection is considered highly important for Venezuela, where fossil fuel abundance has created economic and environmental challenges. Surprisingly, only limited attention has been directed to identifying policy options for charting the path to sustainable development in the economy. Contributing to filling this gap in the literature, this study examines whether financial development, de facto and de jure conditions in trade and financial integration can trigger long‐term economic shifts that will change the trajectory of carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions in the economy using a novel estimation approach—dynamic simulations of autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) models. The empirical modelling framework incorporates the impact of population, economic growth, energy intensity and government consumption expenditure. ARDL‐bounds test provides evidence that the variables are cointegrated. Long‐run estimates from the dynamic ARDL analysis show that de facto and de jure conditions in trade and financial components of economic integration offer varied policy options for carbon mitigation in Venezuela. Population size, energy intensity, government consumption expenditure and de facto condition in financial integration have increasing impact on CO₂ emissions, exacerbating suitability challenges in the economy. On the other hand, positive shocks in financial development, de facto condition in trade integration and de jure condition in financial integration have a mitigation effect on CO₂ emissions. Overall, financial development, trade integration and the control of cross‐border financial flows are needed economic conditions that can accelerate a quick transition to a low‐carbon develpoment in Venezuela.     

Strategic planning harnessing urban policy mobilities: the gradual development of local sustainability fix

The aim of our article is to follow how global policy models affect local policy making. Each city has unique local challenges in promoting development, e.g. economic growth, but also needs to find a balance between these targets and demands for sustainable city solutions. In our empirical study, we follow how ideas of waterfront development – to attract new inhabitants and promote economic growth – and global demands of carbon control were used interactively in a strategic spatial planning process in the city of Tampere, Finland. During the six-year planning process, these two policy targets became interdependent, created a new policy-making domain, and led to a combinatorial development of sustainability elements arising from this domain. These findings demonstrate the serial use of global policy models in the creation of a local urban ‘sustainability fix’. To conclude, the intertwinement of diverse global policy models in a city planning process creates easily a recursive cycle that redefines urban sustainability within cities and intercity networks. This perspective makes local policy narratives and strategic planning highly important in urban sustainability research as promoting urban sustainability becomes an inherently ambivalent practice.     

Participatory Impact Assessment of Soil and Water Conservation Scenarios in Oum Zessar Watershed, Tunisia

Environmental threats and progressive degradation of natural resources are considered critical impediments to sustainable development. This paper reports on a participatory impact assessment of alternative soil and water conservation (SWC) scenarios in the Oum Zessar watershed, Tunisia. The first objective was to assess the impact of three SWC scenarios on key social, economic and environmental land use functions. The second objective was to test and evaluate the applicability of the 'Framework for Participatory Impact Assessment (FoPIA)' for assessing scenario impacts in the context of a developing country, in this case Tunisia. The assessed scenarios included: the originally planned SWC policy implementation at 85 % coverage of arable land of the watershed, the current implementation (70 %), and a hypothetical expansion of SWC measures to the entire watershed (100 %). Our results suggest that implementation of the SWC policy at 100 % coverage of arable land achieves the maximum socioeconomic benefit. However, if stakeholders' preferences regarding land use functions are taken into account, and considering the fact that the implementation of SWC measures also implies some negative changes to traditional landscapes and the natural system, SWC implementation at 85 % coverage of arable land might be preferable. The FoPIA approved to be a useful tool for conducting a holistic sustainability impact assessment of SWC scenarios and for studying the most intriguing sustainability problems while providing possible recommendations towards sustainable development. We conclude that participatory impact assessment contributes to an enhanced regional understanding of key linkages between policy effects and sustainable development, which provides the foundation for improved policy decision making.     

Sustainable consumption and production: Trends, challenges and options for the Asia-Pacific region

This paper highlights current trends in consumption and production patterns in Asian developing countries and emerging economies. It describes the main challenges and opportunities for Asian countries making the transition towards sustainable consumption and production patterns. The main challenge for Asian economies is to address the unsustainable consumption patterns of urban consumers, which entails a policy shift from the current focus on pollution and inefficient industrial production. In view of future consumption trends and the global convergence of consumption patterns, the characteristics of the emerging 'global consumer class' are examined, with particular focus on urban ecological footprints and carbon emissions. Furthermore, the difference between urban and rural consumption is discussed, together with opportunities for low-carbon urban development in the megacities of Asian developing countries. To conclude, the paper presents an overview of current policy measures taken in Asian countries to green economic development and realise sustainable consumption and production patterns.     

The use of Ecological and Carbon Footprint Analysis in regional policy making: application and insights using the REAP model

This paper builds on and extends previous research to contribute to ongoing discussion on the use of resource and carbon accounting tools in regional policy making. The Northern Visions project has produced the first evidence-based footpath setting out the actions that need to be taken to achieve the step changes in the Ecological and Carbon Footprint of Northern Ireland. A range of policies and strategies were evaluated using the Resources and Energy Analysis Programme. The analysis provided the first regional evidence base that current sustainable development policy commitments would not lead to the necessary reductions in either the Ecological Footprint or carbon dioxide emissions. Building on previous applications of Ecological Footprint analysis in regional policy making, the research has demonstrated that there is a valuable role for Ecological and Carbon Footprint Analysis in policy appraisal. The use of Ecological and Carbon Footprint Analysis in regional policy making has been evaluated and recommendations made on ongoing methodological development. The authors hope that the research can provide insights for the ongoing use Ecological and Carbon Footprint Analysis in regional policy making and help set out the priorities for research to support this important policy area.     

Environmental Reform,Ecological Modernization and the Policy Process in Hong Kong: An Exploratory Study of Stakeholder Perspectives

A number of social surveys on environmental issues have been conducted in Hong Kong over the past 20 years but none has investigated processes of environmental reform from a stakeholder perspective. This paper reports on the findings of a survey of 120 representatives of eight stakeholder groups conducted in 2003. This exploratory study had two main objectives. First, it investigated stakeholder views on environmental policy making in Hong Kong including policy objectives and priorities, the policy instruments employed, the discourse surrounding environmental policy making and sustainable development, and the effectiveness of local environmental institutions. Second, it explored the extent to which Hong Kong is undergoing environmental reform processes consistent with the principles of ecological modernization.

The results indicate that a conventional command-and-control model focusing on pollution control drives environmental policy making in Hong Kong. Government is seen as a relatively unresponsive, ‘controller’ regime relying heavily on laws and regulation to pursue its policy objectives. Support exists among stakeholders for the use of new environmental policy instruments (NEPIs), particularly those of an economic nature, but there is scepticism about the potential effectiveness of voluntary environmental agreements. Local environmental discourse is characterized by the counter-positioning of economic development and the environment. Most stakeholders share the view that the debate surrounding sustainable development has been poorly informed and that the concept is not well-understood. Stakeholder responses suggest that there is considerable divergence between the potential and actual effectiveness of important local environmental institutions. While there is empirical evidence indicating that some environmental initiatives have produced technical outcomes consistent with ecological modernization, our findings suggest these do not reflect a conscious change in the direction of environmental policy and that the social and institutional transformations that also underpin ecological modernization have yet to become embedded in Hong Kong.     

碳中和愿景的科技需求与技术路径

碳达峰与碳中和愿景的提出为我国低碳/脱碳发展明确了新方向,也对科技创新和技术发展提出了新要求。世界各国均将科技创新作为碳中和目标实现的重要保障。我国实现碳中和目标,归根结底也需要依靠科技进步。我国碳排放总量大、强度高,实现碳中和目标的时间周期短,现有技术尚存在不足,科技发展需要付出更多努力并提前部署。我国碳中和技术发展需要为保障我国碳排放高质量达峰和实现碳中和目标提供技术可行、经济可承受的科技支撑。各部门需要结合自身特点制定技术发展路径。"十四五"是碳达峰与碳中和目标实现的关键时期,应全面加强相关脱碳、零碳、负排放技术发展的全局性部署,加快开展研发示范。为了更好地推动面向碳中和愿景的科技发展,需要强化顶层设计、完善保障机制与加强国际合作。     

碳中和愿景下中国电力部门的生物质能源技术部署战略研究

2020年9月22日,习近平主席在第七十五届联合国大会上郑重承诺,中国将提高自主贡献力度,采取更加有力的政策和措施,努力争取2060年前实现碳中和。电力部门是我国能源系统实现碳中和的关键,而生物质能源技术在电力部门的部署对于推动实现碳中和具有不可替代的重要意义。本文针对三类生物质能源的发电技术,包括生物质直燃/气化发电、生物质耦合发电、生物质与碳捕获封存技术联合发电,分析了技术的国内外发展现状,并从技术可行性、资源可行性、经济可行性和环境影响等方面评析了其在推动电力部门低碳转型过程中的可行性。同时,结合碳中和愿景下电力部门的减排要求及对相关技术潜力的最新研判,对生物质能源技术在我国电力部门的部署提出了相应的政策建议。