粉煤灰对染料废水的脱色研究

研究了粉煤灰对活性染料、酸性染料、直接染料、阳离子染料、硫化染料和还原染料的脱色能力,确定了脱色率为９１％－９９％时的工艺条件,用粉煤灰处理实际废水既能降低色度又能除去大量ＣＯＤ。     

粉煤灰碎砖颗粒除磷实验研究

磷含量过高会导致水体富营养化。人工湿地除磷简单经济,但常用填料砾石除磷能力有限。通过等温吸附实验和人工湿地模型实验研究粉煤灰碎砖颗粒的除磷效果,实验结果表明,Langmuir和Freundlich吸附方程可较好地描述吸附过程,粒径为4～6 mm的粉煤灰碎砖颗粒对磷素的理论饱和吸附量为21 277 mg/kg。当初始溶液...     

Phosphate removal from digested sludge supernatant using modified fly ash

The removal of phosphate in digested sludge supernatant by modified coal fly ash was investigated in this study. Modification of the fly ash by the addition of sulfuric acid could significantly enhance its immobilization ability. The experimental results also showed that adsorption of phosphate by the modified fly ash was rapid with the removal percentage of phosphate reaching an equilibrium of 98.62% in less than 5 minutes. The optimum pH for phosphate removal was 9 and the removal percentage increased with increasing adsorbent dosage. The effect of temperature on phosphate removal efficiency was not significant from 20 to 40 degrees C. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope analyses showed that phosphate formed an amorphous precipitate with water-soluble calcium, aluminum, and iron ions in the modified fly ash.     

粉煤灰负载铁离子催化氧化活性黄染料废水

以粉煤灰为载体,制备铁/粉煤灰负载型催化剂,并利用该催化剂催化H2O2氧化降解活性黄染料废水,探讨了H2O2投加量、催化剂投加量、染料初始浓度和初始pH值等因素对染料废水COD去除率和脱色率的影响。结果表明,当染料废水COD初始浓度为200 mg/L,初始pH值为1.7,投加0.5 g/100 mL催化剂及加入1.0 mL浓度为1.13 mol/L的H2O2溶液时,处理效果最好,此时染料废水的COD去除率和脱色率分别达到63%和99%,并且废水的可生化性得到很大的提高。利用该负载催化剂能够有效地减少活性黄染料废水中Fe3+的残留量。     

Improving phosphate removal of sand infiltration system using alkaline fly ash

Septic tank effluent is customarily disposed of by soil infiltration. Coarse, sandy soil such as those found in Perth, Western Australia, exhibit low attenuation capabilities for phosphate (PO4(3-)) during effluent infiltration. Amendment of such soil with different amounts of alkaline precipitator and lagoon fly ashes was investigated as a means of reducing phosphorus (P) leakage to ground water. Alkaline precipitator fly ash possessed the highest P sorption capacity in terms of its Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm parameters during initial batch tests. The test materials were repeatedly contacted with fresh PO4(3-) solutions over 90 contacting cycles to gain a better indication of long-term P sorption capability. Again, precipitator fly ash exhibited higher P sorption capacity than lagoon fly ash and Spearwood sand. Column studies assessed the influence of various application rates of alkaline precipitator and lagoon fly ashes on the P removal of septic tank effluent. Septic tank effluent was applied at the rate of 4 cm/day to the column for 12 weeks. Concentrations of P were monitored in the column effluent. All the fly ash columns were more efficient in reducing P migration compared to the sand column. Increased levels of fly ash in the soil columns resulted in increased P attenuation. Lagoon fly ash was inferior to precipitator fly ash for P removal; high application rates of fly ash caused clogging of the infiltration bed apparently due to their lower permeability. It is reasoned that 5-15% precipitator fly ash, and less than 30% lagoon fly ash could be added to coarse sands to produce an infiltration bed, which would result in a better quality effluent than can be obtained with untreated sand alone.     

含砷污泥的粉煤灰固化研究

硫酸废水处理系统的中和污泥属于有害废渣,其中As浸出率超标.采用固化的方法处理某冶炼厂硫酸废水中和污泥,发现以水泥∶粉煤灰∶污泥=1∶1∶2的配比固化后,固化块浸出液浓度达到国标规定(1.5 mg/L).研究表明,粉煤灰替代水泥50%可达到较好的固化效果,浸泡24 d后浸出浓度达到稳定值,pH值为7时浸出浓度最小,外加剂对固化有负影响,采用湿养护可获得更好的效果.     

A comparative study on the recovery of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from fly ash and lignite coal

The recovery of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from lignite coal burnt in Greek power stations and the fly ash produced is examined comparatively using Soxhlet, ultrasonic and accelerated solvent extraction procedures with various organic solvents. Soxhlet using toluene/methanol mixture and accelerated solvent extraction/toluene were found to be the most efficient methods for fly ash PAHs, yielding average recoveries of about 80%. The accelerated solvent extraction/toluene procedure was superior for lignite PAHs, yielding 96% average recovery, whereas ultrasonic and Soxhlet extraction yielded relatively lower recoveries (75% and 67%, respectively).     

合成条件对粉煤灰合成沸石除磷特性的影响

利用不同钙含量的3种粉煤灰采用碱熔融-水热法合成沸石,研究了不用合成条件对3种粉煤灰合成沸石除磷性能的影响,并分析了除磷机理。3种粉煤灰合成沸石中沸石的种类各不相同,低钙粉煤灰合成沸石主要以NaP1型沸石为主,中钙粉煤灰合成沸石主要以一种无名沸石为主,高钙粉煤灰合成沸石则主要以加藤石为主,沸石含量几乎为零。碱灰比、熔融时间、熔融温度、固液比、结晶时间等合成因素中,对3种粉煤灰合成沸石固磷能力影响相对较大的是碱灰比和熔融时间。3种合成沸石的除磷能力顺序依次为高钙粉煤灰合成沸石> 中钙粉煤灰合成沸石> 低钙粉煤灰合成沸石,并且3种沸石的固磷能力与初始原料粉煤灰中的CaO含量成正比。固磷机理是合成沸石溶于水后向水中释放Ca2+,释放出来的Ca2+即可与磷酸根生成磷酸钙沉淀,从而达到固磷的目的。合成的沸石最大固磷能力为92.24 mg/g。     

优选粉煤灰制备人工合成沸石及去除氨氮研究

7种粉煤灰样品的物理化学性质,如元素组成、结晶相组成、比表面积、灼失量、阳离子交换容量和pH得到表征。采用熔融法提取硅铝效率作为粉煤灰原料优选的依据,并通过L9（34）正交实验研究氢氧化钠投加量、熔融温度、氢氧化钠提取液浓度和体积对于硅铝提取效果的影响。结果表明,湿式除尘技术收集的低品位粉煤灰比电除尘技术所收集粉煤灰更...     

Chlorobenzenes removal from municipal solid waste incineration fly ash by surfactant-assisted column flotation

The organic contaminants in municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) fly ash, including chlorinated aromatic compounds and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, have high toxicity and a potential negative impact on the environment. An effective and low energy consumption technique to remove the organic contaminants from MSWI fly ash is required urgently. Organic contaminants, such as chlorobenzenes (CBzs), in MSWI fly ash are known to become enriched in the unburnt carbon (UC) fraction. It is proposed that removal of UC from fly ash will result in the effective removal of most organic micropollutants. In this research, we use a technique of surfactant-assisted column flotation to decontaminate MSWI fly ash by removal of the CBzs-enriched UC from MSWI fly ash. We find that 39.8% of CBzs can be removed from fresh MSWI fly ash with 61.7% UC removal efficiency, whereas only 33.2% of CBzs can be removed from weathered MSWI fly ash with a low UC removal efficiency of 33.7%. By adding a mixture of two kinds of surfactants: sorbitan mono-oleate and polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan mono-oleate to the weathered fly ash, 47.0% of CBzs were removed at the hydrophile lipophile balance value of 13.5, while the UC removal efficiency increased to 49.0%. The results show that surfactants can enhance CBzs and UC removal efficiencies during the column flotation process. Higher CBzs and UC removal efficiencies can be expected by further optimizing the conditions of surfactant-assisted column flotation.     

粉煤灰合成沸石去除城市暴雨径流中氨氮

采用粉煤灰为原料,通过耦合碱熔-两步合成法制得3种合成沸石产品,并以合成沸石制备大粒径的功能填料。通过氨氮吸附速率实验和等温吸附实验探讨了合成沸石及功能填料的氨氮吸附速率和最大吸附容量(Qm),以功能填料构建模拟人工快速渗滤系统,研究其对城市暴雨径流中氨氮的去除效果。结果表明,合成沸石对氨氮的吸附速率极快,5min去除率约达到75%,氨氮最大吸附容量为11.36～16.13 mg/g;功能填料对氨氮的最大吸附容量有所下降,但氨氮吸附速率仍较快,应用于模拟人工快速渗滤系统时能在较高的水力负荷下快速去除城市暴雨径流中的氨氮。碱处理再生法更适于进行合成沸石功能填料原位再生,氨氮吸附容量一次再生率达到67%～87%。     

几种常见离子对粉煤灰合成沸石除磷效果影响研究

研究了几种常见无机离子(SO2-4、HCO-3、NO-3、SiO2-3、Ca2 、Mg2 )对3种阳离子饱和的粉煤灰合成沸石(Ca沸石、Al沸石和Fe沸石)除磷效果的影响.结果表明,与纯水比较,NO-3和SO2-4的存在能提高沸石的磷去除率;HCO-3对沸石除磷起抑制作用;高浓度的SiO2-3显著提高溶液pH,从而促进Ca沸石的除磷,但抑制Al沸石和Fe沸石的除磷作用;Ca2 的存在能够显著提高沸石的磷去除率;Mg2 能促进Al沸石和Fe沸石除磷,但对Ca沸石除磷有一定抑制作用.     

粉煤灰合成分子筛及处理含氟废水的研究

实验利用工业废渣——循环流化床粉煤灰合成出较高结晶度的X型和P型分子筛,合成过程无须高温焙烧预处理.通过XRD分析表征,发现该法合成分子筛结晶度较高,X型和P型分子筛相对结晶度分别达68%～75%和55%.实验应用合成分子筛进行载铁改性,并对NaF模拟的工业含氟废水进行了除氟实验.结果表明,载铁X型分子筛处理工业含氟废水效果良好,除氟率可达74%～98%,除氟容量达25.0～30.0 mg/g.在处理含氟废水过程中,载铁合成分子筛与其他除氟剂相比较,具有除氟率高、除氟容量大、反应迅速的特点.     

粉煤灰制备高纯分子筛及对氨氮的去除

结合碱熔处理和引入晶种的方法,用粉煤灰制备出高纯的分子筛。运用XRD,SEM和BET等技术手段对制备的纯分子筛的晶体类型,形貌结构和物理参数等进行表征。通过续批实验,研究了pH值,投加量和初始氨氮浓度对氨氮去除的影响。实验结果表明,这些实验参数对于制备的分子筛去除氨氮有着重要的影响。其动力学行为非常符合准二级动力学方程。Langmuir方程能较好描述分子筛对氨氮的等温吸附过程,相关系数为0.9919。因此,利用粉煤灰制备高纯分子筛可以高效去除氨氮并达到"以废治废"的价值。     

Kinetic and adsorption study of acid dye removal using activated carbon

The adsorption of three acid dyes, Acid Red 97, Acid Orange 61 and Acid Brown 425 onto activated carbon was studied for the removal of acid dyes from aqueous solutions at room temperature (25 degrees C). The adsorption of each dye with respect to contact time was then measured to provide information about the adsorption characteristics of activated carbon. The rates of adsorption were found to conform to the pseudo-second-order kinetics with a good correlation. The experimental isotherms obtained, except for Acid Orange 61 studied in mixture, were of the S-type in terms of the classification of Giles and co-workers. The best fit of the adsorption isotherm data was obtained using the Freundlich model. When a comparative study was made of the results obtained with single and mixed dyes, it can be seen that some of them affect others and modify their behavior in the adsorption process. The results indicate that activated carbon could be employed for the removal of dyes from wastewater.     

Removal of PCBs from wastewater using fly ash

Liquids and sludges containing polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) can be treated to concentrate the PCBs in a solid residue. The latter can then be handled to destroy the PCBs. A study on sorption kinetics of PCBs on fly ash was conducted in controlled batch systems. TCB and HeCB are removed at 25 degrees C by adsorption on fly ash up to 97% at pH 7, with an adsorbent dose of 5 g/l. An examination of the thermodynamic parameters shows that the adsorption of TCB and HeCB by fly ash is a process occurring spontaneously at ambient conditions. Activation energies for the sorption process ranged between 5.6 and 49.1 kJ/mol. It was observed that the rate at which TCB and HeCB are adsorbed onto fly ash showed a diffusion limitation. The uptake rate of TCB and HeCB increases with increasing initial concentration and gradually tends to a constant value. A decrease in the adsorption of TCB and HeCB was observed when interfering ions and other PCB congeners were present. Changing the pH in the aqueous solution from 2 to 10 had no effect on the adsorption process. Overall, fly ash can be used for an efficient removal of PCBs from several aqueous solutions.     

Filtration of fly ash using a fluidized-bed filter

This study focuses on the control of particulates with a fluidized-bed filter in exhaust gas stream. The fluidized-bed filter classified in the granular bed filtration technology was employed to demonstrate the performance for removal of fly ash at indicated operating velocities, fixed bed heights, and bed temperatures; then the collecting mechanisms of particulates by fluidized-bed filter were studied. The size distribution of fly ash passing through the fluidized-bed filter was also analyzed. The results indicate that at higher operating velocities and fixed bed heights, the removal of fly ash is more efficient and inertial impaction is the main mechanism when the fluidized-bed is operated at room temperature (25 degrees C). While operating at higher temperatures (200 degrees C), efficiency of 93.2% to 99.4% can be achieved for submicron particles. It is supposed to be the diffusion mechanism that is responsible for collecting such small particles, and high temperature is a favorable condition because of diffusion.     

A comparative study of removal of fluoride from contaminated water using shale collected from different coal mines in India

Low-cost water defluoridation technique is one of the most important issues throughout the world. In the present study, shale, a coal mine waste, is employed as novel and low-cost adsorbent to abate fluoride from simulated solution. Shale samples were collected from Mahabir colliery (MBS) and Sonepur Bazari colliery (SBS) of Raniganj coalfield in West Bengal, India, and used to remove fluoride. To increase the adsorption efficiency, shale samples were heat activated at a higher temperature and samples obtained at 550 °C are denoted as heat-activated Mahabir colliery shale (HAMBS₅₅₀) and heat-activated Sonepur Bazari colliery shale (HASBS₅₅₀), respectively. To prove the fluoride adsorption onto different shale samples and ascertain its mechanism, natural shale samples, heat-activated shale samples, and their fluoride-loaded forms were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, X-ray diffraction study, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The effect of different parameters such as pH, adsorbent dose, size of particles, and initial concentration of fluoride was investigated during fluoride removal in a batch contactor. Lower pH shows better adsorption in batch study, but it is acidic in nature and not suitable for direct consumption. However, increase of pH of the solution from 3.2 to 6.8 and 7.2 during fluoride removal process with HAMBS₅₅₀ and HASBS₅₅₀, respectively, confirms the applicability of the treated water for domestic purposes. HAMBS₅₅₀ and HASBS₅₅₀ show maximum removal of 88.3 and 88.5 %, respectively, at initial fluoride concentration of 10 mg/L, pH 3, and adsorbent dose of 70 g/L.     

Adsorption kinetics and modeling of H2S by treated waste oil fly ash

Waste oil fly ash (OFA) collected from disposal of power generation plants was treated by physicochemical activation technique to improve the surface properties of OFA. This synthesized material was further used for potential hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) adsorption from synthetic natural gas. The raw OFA was basically modified with a mixture of acids (20% nitric acid [HNO₃] and 80% phosphoric acid [H₃PO₄]), and it was further treated with 2 M potassium hydroxide (KOH) to enhance the surface affinity as well as surface area of synthesized activated carbon. Correspondingly, it enhanced the adsorption of H₂S. Crystallinity, surface morphology, and pore volume distribution of prepared activated carbon were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analyses. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) study was also performed to identify the functional groups during different synthesis stages of modified activated carbon. The Langmuir, Freundlich, Sips, and dual-site Langmuir (DSL) models were used to study the kinetic and breakthrough behavior of H₂S adsorption over alkali-modified activated carbon. Modeling results of isotherms indicated that OFA has dual sites with high and low affinity for H₂S adsorption. The Clark model, Thomas model, and Yoon-Nelson model were used to examine the effects of flow rate and inlet concentration on the adsorption of H₂S. Maximum uptake capacity of 8.5 mg/g was achieved at 100 ppm inlet concentration and flow rate of 0.2 L/min.

Implications: Utilization of worthless oil fly ash from power plant is important not only for cleaning the environment but also for solid waste minimization. This research scope is to eradicate one pollutant by using another pollutant (waste ash) as a raw material. Chemical functionalization of synthesized activated carbon from oil fly ash would lead to attachment of functional groups of basic nature to attract the acidic H₂S. Such type of treatment can enhance the uptake capacity of sorbent several times.     

钙质煤渣吸附剂脱除烟气中二氧化硫的实验研究

利用锅炉本身排出的煤渣作脱硫剂的基本核粒,配人少量的石灰,加水搅拌均匀,使石灰裹覆在煤渣颗粒表面,制成具有较大比表面积的钙质煤渣脱硫剂,用于烟气脱硫实验研究.实验结果表明,钙制煤渣脱硫剂比未经处理的煤渣脱硫率高,在一定的石灰添加范围内(10%～20%),脱硫率随石灰添加量的增加而增加,并存在一最佳用量.