锌冶炼不同群落生境蟋蟀汞污染

研究了葫芦岛锌厂周围不同群落生境蟋蟀汞含量,比较了蟋蟀与其它昆虫汞含量的差异,探讨了汞在不同群落蟋蟀体内的分布特征.结果表明,蟋蟀汞含量很高,平均值为0.081 mg.kg-1,远高于对照点群落汞含量(0.012 mg.kg-1);蟋蟀体内汞的分布特征为头>翅膀>胸≈腹>足.不同群落生境中蟋蟀汞含量差异明显,蟋蟀汞含量与距离污染源的远近、植物茎汞存在显著的相关关系.与土壤汞之间无明显的相关关系.蟋蟀汞含量低于生命周期较长的蝉汞含量,与生命周期较短的其它昆虫相近.     

秋夏季黄河三角洲湿地土壤汞和甲基汞的变化

汞在湿地中的行为对湿地水生生物健康具有重要影响.于2011年和2012年分别采集干(夏初)湿(秋季)季节黄河三角洲湿地土壤样品,分析不同季节汞与甲基汞的含量差异和垂直变化.秋季总汞平均含量为0.064 mg·kg-1;夏季为0.027 mg·kg-1,总汞含量平均减少57%,湿地由积水到干旱过程中导致汞的释放.秋季各点位0~10 cm深甲基汞平均含量为0.28μg·kg-1,夏季甲基汞平均含量为0.066μg·kg-1,各点位含量平均减少76%.在秋季受湿地淹水影响,利于甲基汞的形成,水分减少和湿地干旱导致土壤中的甲基汞减少.在垂直方向上,夏季与秋季相比总汞在0~10 cm深度都有减少,土壤中的汞发生释放,因此,湿地在秋季表现为汇,而在春夏季为大气汞的源.硫酸盐还原细菌的含量秋季远高于夏季,在夏季硫酸盐还原菌与甲基汞和甲基化率均显著相关,硫酸盐还原菌、淹水环境、有机物质都会影响甲基汞产生和分布.     

湘江株潭长段江水(枯水期）和沉积物中汞的分布和形态

湘江株潭长段江水中(枯水期)的总汞含量为(1.881 ±1.854)μg·L-1,以颗粒态汞为主.总汞和溶解态汞最大值都出现在霞湾,霞湾-湘潭段衰减快,此后缓慢衰减一直到洞庭湖.沉积物中总汞平均含量为0.846 mg·kg-1,处于高的污染水平,沉积物总汞的最大值也出现在霞湾,达到3.268 mg·kg-1.远远超过国...     

中国北方燃煤型和工业复合型城市汞污染对比研究

文章研究了中国北方燃煤型城市长春市和工业复合型城市葫芦岛市汞污染状况。长春市表层土壤汞含量为0.030~0.272 mg.kg-1,土壤汞具有从市中心向城市外围递减的趋势;葫芦岛市土壤汞污染严重,表层土壤汞含量为0.055~14.575mg.kg-1,土壤表层汞含量以锌冶炼厂和氯碱厂及其附近为中心,向外围辐散降低,呈双中心分布;燃煤型城市长春市水中汞含量为0.089~0.567μg.L-1,沉积物汞含量0.042~3.183 mg.kg-1;葫芦岛市历史上受纳氯碱厂污水的五里河水中汞含量0.102~0.716μg.L-1,沉积物汞含量0.254~52.510 mg.kg-1。工业城市汞污染是我国汞污染最重的地区之一,其生态风险应引起重视。     

通风控制方式对动物粪便堆肥过程中氮、磷变化的影响

以动物园内的动物粪便和水杉落叶为原料,分别采用时间-温度联合控制(Ⅰ号堆体)、时间控制(Ⅱ号堆体)的强制通风控制方式进行堆肥试验,考察了2种强制通风控制方式对动物粪便堆肥过程中氮、磷元素变化的影响.研究结果表明,经过51d的堆肥化以后,Ⅰ、Ⅱ号堆体的NH4 -N平均含量分别从0.95 g·kg-1和0.78 g·kg-1下降到0.36 g·kg-1和0.62 g·kg-1,NO3--N平均含量分别从152mg·kg-1和120mg·kg-1增加到351 mg·kg-1和243 mg·kg-1.由于"浓缩效应",堆肥过程中TN、TP、速效磷的含量均有所增加,Ⅰ、Ⅱ号堆体的TN平均含量分别从16.05 g·kg-1和15.71 g·kg-1增加到19.70 g·kg-1和21.41 g·kg-1,TP平均含量分别从8.17 g·kg-1和8.23 g·kg-1增加到9.38 g·kg-1和9.62 g·kg-1,速效磷平均含量分别从1.83 g·kg-1和1.99 g·kg-1增加到2.81 g·kg-1和3.57 g·kg-1.统计分析结果表明,这2种强制通风控制方式对堆肥过程中速效磷含量变化有着显著的影响(p=0.002),但对其它指标(C/N比、NH4 -N、TN、NO3--N、TP)含量变化的影响却不显著(p＞0.05).     

重金属Zn和Cd对翅碱蓬生长及抗氧化酶系统的影响

通过测定翅碱蓬生长和生理指标,研究了不同含量Zn和Cd对翅碱蓬的发芽率、苗高、苗重、体内超氧阴离子自由基(O-2)、过氧化氢(H2O2)的产生及对抗氧化酶(超氧化物歧化酶SOD、过氧化氢酶CAT、过氧化物酶POD)活性的影响,以探讨盐生植物翅碱蓬对重金属胁迫的反应.结果表明,两种重金属均不同程度地加快了超氧阴离子自由基的产生速率;翅碱蓬对Zn胁迫的耐受阈值为100 mg·kg-1,Zn含量低于100 mg·kg-1时,发芽率和苗高、苗重保持良好;含量高于100 mg·kg-1实验组,翅碱蓬生长及体内酶活性机制受到不同程度抑制,SOD 、POD反应迅速,CAT相对缓慢.翅碱蓬对Cd污染抵御能力差,含量高于0.4 mg·kg-l即可造成严重伤害,阻碍翅碱蓬生长,降低抗氧化酶活性.Zn和Cd共同作用(200 mg·kg-1 +0.2 mg·kg-1)时,表现为协同作用,发芽率仅为对照组的50.5％、苗重仅为49.2％,实验50 d后,SOD、CAT均失活,影响极显著.     

三峡库区涪陵和忠县两地居民发汞含量水平及影响因素分析

为评价三峡库区居民汞暴露风险,在三峡库区腹心地带的涪陵和忠县两地采集了238份当地居民头发样本,分析了总汞(THg)和甲基汞(Me Hg)含量.结果表明,两地居民头发THg、Me Hg平均含量分别为(0.50±0.54)μg·g~(-1)、(0.35±0.25)μg·g~(-1).其中,涪陵居民头发THg、Me Hg平均含量分别为(0.71±0.87)μg·g~(-1)、(0.53±0.46)μg·g~(-1),均高于忠县居民头发THg[(0.41±0.36)μg·g~(-1)]、Me Hg[(0.28±0.26)μg·g~(-1)]平均含量水平,但两地头发总汞平均含量均低于美国EPA安全参考剂量(1μg·g~(-1)).不同年龄段的居民发汞含量存在显著性差异(P0.05),其中40~50岁年龄段居民发汞含量最高;不同性别间发汞含量差异不显著(P0.05),但女性发汞含量略高于男性.居民发汞含量与食鱼频率呈正相关,渔民发汞含量显著高于非渔民发汞含量(P0.01),且渔民头发样本总汞含量均值(1.44±0.79)μg·g~(-1)超过了EPA安全参考剂量.两地吸烟者头发总汞含量[(0.55±0.24)μg·g~(-1)、(0.58±0.54)μg·g~(-1)]均显著高于非吸烟者头发总汞含量[(0.51±0.30)μg·g~(-1)、(0.36±0.26)μg·g~(-1)].三峡库区居民汞暴露风险总体较低,但渔民存在一定的汞暴露风险.     

葫芦岛市不同污染源河流汞污染特征研究

研究了葫芦岛市区不同污染源的三条河流水体及沉积物中汞的分布特征,探讨了氯碱厂、锌冶炼厂及非点源污染引起的河流汞污染特征的差异。研究表明曾经接受过氯碱厂废水污染的五里河,表层沉积物中汞浓度为0.03700~16.07 mg.kg-1,平均值9.241 mg.kg-1;河水中总汞浓度为0.08400~10.45μg.L-1,平均值为1.530μg.L-1,水中汞源于河流沉积物溶出。受锌冶炼厂废水污染的茨山河,表层沉积物中汞浓度为0.3440~132.5 mg.kg-1,平均值52.45 mg.kg-1;水中总汞浓度为0.05800~11.04μg.L-1,平均值为2.377μg.L-1,水中汞源于锌冶炼厂直接排放。无典型点源污染的连山河总汞源于面源污染,表层沉积物中汞浓度为0.2150~19.55 mg.kg-1,平均值5.126 mg.kg-1;降水冲刷带入河流造成的总汞浓度为0.3200~17.32μg.L-1,平均值为4.642μg.L-1。     

巢湖沉积物氮磷分布及污染评价

以巢湖为研究对象,分析了沉积物中氮磷等营养盐的分布特征及储量信息,并对巢湖沉积物氮磷污染指数进行评价.结果表明,巢湖表层沉积物总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)平均含量为1 088 mg-kg-1和585 mg·kg-1,底层为666 mg·kg-1和509 mg·kg-1,表层总氮含量显著高于底层(P＜0.01);总氮、总磷...     

巢湖表层沉积物磷的空间分布差异性研究

通过对巢湖表层沉积物磷形态、有机质及粒径分布特征分析,与沉积物总磷历史数据进行对比,结合不同形态磷的剖面变化,探讨了内源磷释放风险.结果表明,巢湖表层沉积物TP自西向东呈递减趋势,平均含量为790 mg.kg-1,比20世纪80年代平均增加了55%,其中东半湖增加211 mg.kg-1、西半湖增加386 mg.kg-1.表层沉积物磷形态含量和分布有较大差别:铁铝结合磷(NaOH-Pi)和活性有机磷(NaOH-Po)含量占TP含量的42%,分别介于55～648 mg.kg-1和27～468 mg.kg-1范围,西半湖平均含量分别为331 mg.kg-1和225 mg.kg-1显著高于东半湖(147 mg.kg-1和91 mg.kg-1,P<0.01);相对而言,钙镁结合磷(Ca-P)和惰性磷(Res-P)含量在东西部湖区没有显著差别,分别占TP含量的18%和40%.沉积物TP含量随深度减少而增加,西半湖增加量高于东半湖,各种磷形态中NaOH-Pi和NaOH-Po的垂直变化规律与TP相似,是沉积物磷增加的主要形态.西半湖高活性磷、高有机质和多砂质粉砂的特征共同作用极大增加了沉积物中磷向上覆水中释放的风险.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.