大理市花甸坝药材栽培基地土壤及中药材中重金属含量状况及评价

正Cd、Pb等有害微量元素在低浓度时对药用植物生长发育与品质提高有一定促进作用,但浓度稍高会导致其自身的生长发育和次生代谢产物的积累,从而影响药效[1].因此,研究有害微量元素在土壤中的积累规律具有重要现实意义.本文对大理花甸坝典型中药材及其产地土壤中重金属含量的迁移规律进行系统分析,研究重金属在土壤-药用植物系统中的迁移累积特征,其研究结果可为无公害中药材清洁化生产及产地环境评价提供参考依据.     

不同林龄杉木人工林药用植物多样性恢复动态

野生药用植物资源是我国中医药事业和产业的重要物质基础,并与生态平衡密切相关,然而药用植物资源和物种多样性在人工林恢复中随林龄的变化知之甚少.以广东省乐昌林场选取近自然经营杉木（Cunninghamia lanceolata）人工林（5、10、15、20、30和60年林龄）为研究对象,分析药用植物多样性及组成结构随林龄的变化轨迹.结果表明：（1）6个林龄下共有林下植被74科131属和178种,其中药用植物有58科86属105种.（2）杉木人工林林下植被和药用植物物种丰富度随林龄无显著的线性关系,林下植被灌木层物种多丰富度最大值出现在林龄10年（22.33）,草本层出现在林龄20年（14.33）.灌木层药用植物物种丰富度最大值出现在10年和20年的林龄（16.00）,草本层为20年林龄（8.67）.(3)杉木林草本层和灌木层的药用植物Jaccard和Morisita-Horn相似性指数比林下植被的草本层和灌木层更高;杉木人工林林下植被灌木层、草本层和灌木层药用植物随林龄间隔Jaccard相似性指数降低,而草本层药用植物增加.综上,近自然经营的杉木人工林可以培育较多药用植物,停止人为扰动后药...     

青蒿毛状根分支生长的动力学模型

近年来，用m质粒转化药用植物诱导毛状根生产有用代谢产物的研究日益增多，转化产生的毛状根不仅生长迅速，分支多，而且遗传性和生理、生化特性稳定，具有较强的次生代谢合成能力，因此可望应用于大规模生产有用的次级代谢产物［‘－’］．青蒿毛状根可产生大量的次生代谢产物     

湘早优1号苦瓜杂交制种高产栽培技术

由于湘早优1号苦瓜大面积在推广过程中遇到了实际问题,通过对杂交种子生产过程中的播种期、种植密度、植株药物处理等研究,采用侧枝进行二次制种的方法,提高了种子产量,降低了制种成本,总结了二次制种高产栽培技术.参4.     

安徽省颍上县小张庄村生态农业建设中调整耕作制度的研究

根据农业环境和资源条件,调整耕作制度适应生产发展水平,能够实现对种植业子系统以至整个农业生态系统的有效调节,以便更好地适应环境条件及合理利用资源,从而改善生态系统功能和生态平衡。本文对一个行政村在生态农业建设中,改变传统耕作制度,优化调节机制,建立具有地方特色的农业种植模式进行了研究和总结,并就进一步优化种植结构问题提出意见。     

四种岭南水果种植系统的能值、经济与土壤整合分析

综合运用能值、经济与土壤生态学分析方法,定量研究了番石榴(Psidium guajava Linn)、黄皮(Clausena lansium Skeels)、枇杷(Eriobotrya japonica Lindl)、葡萄柚(Citrus paradisi Maef)4种岭南水果种植系统的物质流、能最流和货币流,综合分析其自然资源基础、经济发展状况及可持续发展程度,并将土壤有机质的消耗纳入不可更新自然资源能值投人分析,为岭南水果业的可持续发展提供科学依据.能值分析表明,4个水果种植系统的可持续发展能力依次为:葡萄柚(0.94)>枇杷(0.15)>番石榴(0.14)>黄皮(0.10).土壤有机质分布与变化分析表明,4种水果种植系统的土壤有机质消耗量依次为:葡萄柚>黄皮>枇杷>番石榴.经济分析表明,4个水果种植系统的经济效益依次为:葡萄柚>番石榴>枇杷>黄皮.综合分析表明,番石榴、黄皮、枇杷三个系统的水果生产效率有待进一步提高;葡萄柚种植系统的水果生产效率、可持续发展能力和经济效益较高,但其对土壤有机质的消耗强度在四个系统中是最高的,这一点在水土流失严重的丘陵地区显然是不容忽视的.同时,如何降低系统在市场交换中的交换性资产流失是四个系统共同面对的问题.     

热带森林-砂仁生态系统可持续性的环境经济学分析

以曼么村为例 ,从环境经济学的观点出发 ,对热带森林 -砂仁生态系统的可持续性从经济及环境、生态等方面进行了分析。发现种植砂仁后 ,砂仁的经济效益的递增率不如资源环境成本的递增率快。生态环境的破坏 ,大大降低了砂仁的产量 ,从而更使得种植砂仁的经济效益停滞不前。由砂仁的外延式生产转为内涵式生产 ,采用轮作的经营方式 ,能很好地实现砂仁的持续种植     

人血清白蛋白功能化的磁性纳米粒子对掌叶大黄的配体垂钓

掌叶大黄是中国传统的药用植物,其主要活性成分为蒽醌类化合物.利用人血清白蛋白(Human serumalbumin,HSA)功能化的磁性纳米粒子(Magnetic nanoparticles,MNPs)为固相萃取材料,对掌叶大黄的水提取液进行配体垂钓研究,从中捕获到两个HSA的配体;结合质谱鉴定其结构分别为大黄素和大黄酚.基于磁性纳米粒子的配体垂钓技术可为从传统药用植物中寻找HSA的小分子配体提供一个简便有效的方法.     

热带森林—砂仁生态系统可持续性的环境经济学分析

以曼么村为例,从环境经济学的观点出发,对热带森林－砂仁生态系统的可持续性从经济及环境、生态等方面进行了分析。发现种植砂仁后,砂仁的经济效益的递增率不如资源环境成本的递增率快。生态环境的破坏,大大降低了砂仁的产量,从而更使得种植砂仁的经济效益停滞不前。由砂仁的外延式生产转为内涵式生产,采用轮作的经营方式,能很好地实现砂仁的持续种植。     

药用植物三七对土壤中砷的吸收运转及形态转化

以栽培药用植物三七(Panax notoginseng)为主要研究对象,采用高效液相色谱-原子荧光联用(HPLC-HGAFS)技术,研究了三七产地土壤及植株样品中砷(As)含量及其赋存的化学形态,以及三七对As的吸收运转及形态转化。结果表明,无机态的As(Ⅴ)和As(Ⅲ)是三七种植土壤中的主要赋存形态,且As(Ⅴ)含量远高于As(Ⅲ),约占总量的95%。三七植株中总As的分布规律表现为根条剪口主根叶茎,说明根部吸收是土壤As进入三七的主要途径;而三七植株中各形态As分布规律因植株部位的不同而存在较大差异,As(Ⅲ):叶根条剪口茎主根;As(Ⅴ):剪口根条主根叶茎;二甲基砷(MMA):根条茎剪口叶主根。降低三七种植土壤As的生物有效性,深入研究As(Ⅴ)、As(Ⅲ)和MMA在三七不同部位相互转化的调控机制是缓解三七As毒害的重要途径。     

Allee Effect and the Uncertainty of Population Recovery

Recovery of depleted populations is fundamentally important for conservation biology and sustainable resource harvesting. At low abundance, population growth rate, a primary determinant of population recovery, is generally assumed to be relatively fast because competition is low (i.e., negative density dependence). But population growth can be limited in small populations by an Allee effect. This is particularly relevant for collapsed populations or species that have not recovered despite large reductions in, or elimination of, threats. We investigated how an Allee effect can influence the dynamics of recovery. We used Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) as the study organism and an empirically quantified Allee effect for the species to parameterize our simulations. We simulated recovery through an individual‐based mechanistic simulation model and then compared recovery among scenarios incorporating an Allee effect, negative density dependence, and an intermediate scenario. Although an Allee effect significantly slowed recovery, such that population increase could be negligible even after 100 years or more, it also made the time required for biomass rebuilding much less predictable. Our finding that an Allee effect greatly increased the uncertainty in recovery time frames provides an empirically based explanation for why the removal of threat does not always result in the recovery of depleted populations or species. El Efecto Allee y la Incertidumbre de la Recuperación de Poblaciones     

Optimization of tourism impacts within protected areas by means of genetic algorithms

The search for a balance between nature conservation and tourism development within protected areas is becoming an increasingly multifaceted problem worldwide, as outlined by an increasing number of authors and highlighted at several international events. Since it is unlikely that all management objectives will reach their optimum values simultaneously, an optimization approach is required to meet multiple, conflicting goals and to obtain an overall trade-off in terms of the conceived objectives.     

海口市南渡江河岸带生态修复策略与技术路径研究

河流作为自然界的一部分,是人类文明的摇篮,也是人类活动的重要区域.河岸带是河流生态系统的重要组成部分,在维系生态平衡中发挥着巨大作用.本文以南渡江河岸带生态修复为例,提出了河岸带的3种生态修复策略和5种生态修复模式,并对未来河流生态修复重点提出了相关建议,以期为国内河流生态修复与综合管理提供参考与借鉴.     

Genuine saving rate: An integrated indicator to measure urban sustainable development towards an ecocity

The construction of an ecocity is gradually gaining attention as an indicator of sustainable development. Genuine saving rate (GSR), which takes account of various impacts of economic activities including depletion of natural resources, costs of environmental pollution and long-term environmental damage, can be used as an integrated indicator to measure the status quo and potential of sustainability for an ecocity. This paper discusses the concept of an ecocity; and analyses the time-series of GSR in Suzhou between 1991–2001 as a case study used to develop a standard method of measuring sustainability. The status quo and trends in urban sustainability in six case study cities in China are then evaluated and compared. The results show the current status: Suzhou (23.6%), Guangzhou(18.9%), Ningbo (14.7%), Yantai (13.1%), Yangzhou (11.7%) and Sanming (7.9%). The study demonstrates that GSR provides not only a linkage by which local governmental departments for resources management, environmental protection, finance and planning can be connected directly, but also an effective analytical tool for the planning and construction of an ecocity as well as decision-making support for local governments.     

Testing the Internal Consistency of Contingent Valuation Surveys

For an internal consistency check, one can examine WTP responses to different surveys. Holding an environmental problem constant, concave preferences imply WTPconcavein the success of a remedy. The same preferences imply WTPconvexin the magnitude of an environmental problem, assuming a successful remedy. Having opposite signed curvature of these two WTP patterns is general, not requiring concave preferences. For an adding-up test, an environmental commodity can be divided. Then, WTP for one part plus WTP for the second part, conditional on already having the first part, equals WTP for the whole, adjusted by an income effect.     

An ecdysteroid (22-acetyl-20-hydroxyecdysone) from the defense gland secretion of an insect: <Emphasis Type="Italic">Chrysolina carnifex</Emphasis> (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Summary. 22-Acetyl-20-hydroxyecdysone was identified as a major component in the secretion of elytral and pronotal glands of Chrysolina carnifex, at an estimated concentration of 1.5 x 10^-1 M. This unexpected high concentration of an ecdysteroid in an exocrine secretion of an insect is discussed in terms of its potential defensive function, and in the light of steroid production in similar glands of closely related leaf beetles.     

Super-individuals a simple solution for modelling large populations on an individual basis

Modelling populations on an individual-by-individual basis has proven to be a fruitful approach. Many complex patterns that are observed on the population level have been shown to arise from simple interactions between individuals. However, a major problem with these models is that the typically large number of individuals needed requires impractically large computation times. The common solution, reduction of the number of individuals in the model, can lead to loss of variation, irregular dynamics, and large sensitivity to the value of random generator seeds. As a solution to these problems, we propose to add an extra variable feature to each model individual, namely the number of real individuals it actually represents. This approach allows zooming from a real individual-by-individual model to a cohort representation or ultimately an all-animals-are-equal view without changing the model formulation. Therefore, the super-individual concept offers easy possibilities to check whether the observed behaviour is an artifact of following a limited number of individuals or of lumping individuals, and also to verify whether individual variability is indeed an essential ingredient for the observed behaviour. In addition the approach offers arbitrarily large computational advantages. As an example the super-individual approach is applied to a generic model of the dynamics of a size-distributed consumer cohort as well as to an elaborate applied simulation model of the recruitment of striped bass.     

Optimal policy instruments for externality-producing durable goods under present bias

When consumers exhibit present bias, the standard solution to market failures caused by externalities—Pigouvian pricing—is suboptimal. I investigate policies aimed at externalities for present-biased consumers. Optimal policy includes an instrument to correct the externality and an instrument to correct the present bias. Either instrument can be an incentive-based policy (e.g. a tax on fuel economy) or a command-and-control policy (e.g. a fuel economy mandate). Under consumer heterogeneity, a command-and-control policy may dominate an incentive-based policy. Calibrated to the US automobile market, simulation results suggest that the second-best gasoline tax is 3–30% higher than marginal external damages. The optimal price policy includes a gasoline tax set about equal to marginal external damages and a fuel economy tax that increases the price of an average non-hybrid car by about $550–$2200 relative to the price of an average hybrid car.     

Integrated water resource management at the industrial park level: A case of the Tianjin Economic Development Area

Water reuse and wastewater minimization are becoming increasingly important strategies for industrial parks. However, integrated industrial water management systems at an industrial park level have not yet been adequately investigated to determine synergies. This paper employs a case study of the Tianjin Economic Development Area (TEDA) to examine the importance of developing an integrated water resources management framework at the industrial park level. The paper presents a framework for effective and efficient management of water resources within an industrial park by taking a systems approach to conventional water management practices, designed to minimize industrial water use and maximize wastewater reuse among different tenants of an industrial park. The framework is composed of four elements: a management information system, policies and regulations, economic instruments and capacity building. The paper then considers how to implement such an integrated approach.     

洞庭湖生态功能保护的必要性和效益评估

保护具有重要生态功能地区的生态环境，是我国实施可持续发展战略的重要措施。洞庭湖是长江流域极重要的调蓄滞洪区，在维系长江江湖水系和水域生态平衡等方面，发挥着巨大的作用，是国家进行生态功能保护区建设的重点地区之一。文章对洞庭湖生态功能保护的必要性和效益进行了分析和评估。