规划环境影响评价探讨

以《中华人民共和国环境影响评价法》为依据 ,对实施规划环境影响评价的意义进行了分析 ,并提出了规划环境影响评价应遵循的原则、方法和基本程序     

规划环境影响跟踪评价初探

2003年开始实施的<中华人民共和国环境影响评价法>对跟踪评价提出了明确规定.对跟踪评价方法在规划环境影响评价中的运作程序进行了分析,包括判别规划是否需跟踪评价、现状调查、环境影响识别、回顾性评价、有效性分析、预测评价和战略调整7个步骤.并基于压力-状态-响应(PSR)模型建立了指标体系,采用指标体系法有效简化了跟踪评价工作的复杂性.并以<上海市某区国民经济和社会发展第十一个五年规划纲要>跟踪评价为例,进行了规划环境影响跟踪评价的案例研究.通过回顾性评价和预测评价,识别出了主要环境问题以及环境制约因素,并根据规划总目标、阶段目标和环境保护规划、环境功能区划,进一步提出环境保护对策和措施,且对规划目标进行了调整.     

长江下游海门段水域的水质调查

经对长江下游海门段水域涨落潮的水质进行的调查和评价,表明上游来水未对该水域产生明显污染,而生活污水和工业排污及农业面源污染,是近岸水质恶化的主要原因。海水倒灌对渔业和居民饮水已构成威胁,其重金属的检出更应引起重视,因此提出了建议,应切实关注长江水环境质量,以保障居民饮用水的安全。     

聚酯废水处理方法综述

对国内聚酯废水治理技术进行了综述和评价，并提出了对该类废水综合治理的建议。     

基于预警视角的南京市资源环境承载力评价研究

参考国家相关指南并结合南京市实际,以区级行政区为评价单元对南京市进行资源环境承载力评价。基于预警视角从资源、环境、生态等维度选取典型指标构建评价指标体系,分别进行针对资源、环境与生态的基础评价和针对农产品主产区的专项评价。采取"短板效应",结合基础、专项评价结果进行南京市资源环境承载力集成评价,为南京市资源环境承载力评价预警工作提供基础数据支撑,并从水资源、土地资源、大气环境、水环境、生态系统等方面进行超载因子识别与分析,提出相应的管控对策建议。     

高等级公路环境敏感点的大气影响评价方法探索

1 评价要求高等级公路的大气环境影响分析除了对一般路段进行大气污染现状及预测评价外,对于评价范围内特殊的环境敏感点还必须作特殊分析,这样才能完整地表达整条线路的大气环境影响情况.浙江省环境保护局制定的公路评价规范对此提出了较高的要求,这些要求主要包括三方面内容:一是如果在环境敏感点附近有比较方案,则应通过计算说明哪个方案对环境敏感点的影响较小,从而为选定路线方案提供环保上的意见.二是在环境敏感点应进行现状背景实测,从而为预测叠加提供本底浓度值.三是在环境敏感点的预测评价上考虑附近地理位置及气象条件的变化,结合实际情况选     

基于支持向量机的地下水质量综合评价

提出基于支持向量机(SVM)机器学习算法的地下水质量评价模型。首先给出了训练样本生成和数据规范化处理的具体方法,然后采用支持向量机的多分类算法构建模型,并使用k折交叉核实方法对参数进行验证优化。最后通过实证分析,并与单因子指数法、模糊综合评价法和BP神经网络法的评价结果对比分析可知,该方法简便易行,评价结果客观且准确度较高,具有很强的实用性。     

郑东新区龙湖水环境污染防治措施

根据龙湖水系水质监测数据和水资源状况，对龙湖的水质现状进行了科学评价，并提出了相应的防治措施。     

城镇生态承载力评价方法构建与应用

提出了评价对象、评价目标和评价方法三位一体的城镇生态承载力综合评价方法,构建了递阶多层生态承载力评价指标体系和面向应用对象的、融合多指标评语信息的生态承载力综合评价模型.以浙江省义乌市为例,对2000-2007年义乌市的生态承载力状况进行了评价与分析.结果表明,义乌市2000 2007年的生态承载力得分在60～70分,且呈逐年增加的趋势,说明其承载力状况良好;各支持力要素中,环境支持力得分一般,虽然随时间呈现一定波动但基本保持不变.资源支持力得分最差,人类支持力得分最高,且随时间逐年增加.结合研究区域实际情况对其生态承载力影响因素进行了剖析,并提出了生态承载力提高措施,为其可持续发展提供理论指导.     

淮安市里运河底质重金属污染状况及评价

介绍了淮安市里运河底质污染的现状,运用单项和内梅罗指数评价方法系统地对里运河底质中重金属污染状况进行了分析研究,并提出了污染防治措施。     

Towards a renewed research agenda in ecotoxicology

New concerns about biodiversity, ecosystem services and human health triggered several new regulations increasing the need for sound ecotoxicological risk assessment. The PEER network aims to share its view on the research issues that this challenges. PEER scientists call for an improved biologically relevant exposure assessment. They promote comprehensive effect assessment at several biological levels. Biological traits should be used for Environmental risk assessment (ERA) as promising tools to better understand relationships between structure and functioning of ecosystems. The use of modern high throughput methods could also enhance the amount of data for a better risk assessment. Improved models coping with multiple stressors or biological levels are necessary to answer for a more scientifically based risk assessment. Those methods must be embedded within life cycle analysis or economical models for efficient regulations. Joint research programmes involving humanities with ecological sciences should be developed for a sound risk management.     

Panel Discussion on Energy Efficiency

The session on energy efficiency had no formal presentations and was organized as a panel discussion with four panelists. It was concluded that energy efficiency and saving measures on the short term is the most effective way to contribute to a sustainable energy system. Measures to improve and encourage energy efficiency should be implemented at all levels; municipal/local, national and super-national. Prices can be an effective instrument but need to be combined with systemic level measures. The transport sector was identified as the one with largest near future potential for increased energy efficiency. Agriculture and food is also an area with very large energy consumption and large potential for increased energy efficiency. The global population issue is yet another relevant, challenging and complex issue. It was noted that energy audits for end users in business and society increase awareness and insights into what they pay for, and they are likely to promote actions to save energy. Many measures are believed to suffer from Jevin’s paradox, i.e., that more efficient use of energy just leads to more energy consumption somewhere else. Many examples were given, however, where this does not happen. Another point put forward was that measures to make the energy system more efficient do not only mean constraints and regulations but also create great opportunities for market actors and societies.     

Assessment of the Commercial Potential for the High Intensity Ionizer in the Electric Utility Industry

The high intensity ionizer (HII) has reached a level of development where projections can be made of its potential for enhancing electrostatic precipitator (ESP) performance within the electric utility industry. Future ESP performance requirements are forecast based on a scenario of possible changes in regulations for mass emissions, fine particulate, and opacity. An assessment is made of the alternative means of upgrading ESP performance over the next 15 years. It is concluded that of 570 ESP estimated to require upgrading by 1995 to meet possibly more stringent regulations, approximately 20%—or 117 units—may employ HII.     

Is the evaluation of “traditional” physicochemical parameters sufficient to explain the potential toxicity of the treated wastewater at sewage treatment plants?

Water scarcity is one of the most important environmental and public health problems of our century. Treated wastewater reuse seems to be the most attractive option for the enhancement of water resources. However, the lack of uniform guidelines at European and/or Mediterranean level leaves room for application of varying guidelines and regulations, usually not based on risk assessment towards humans and the environment. The benefits of complementing the physicochemical evaluation of wastewater with a biological one are demonstrated in the present study using Cyprus, a country with extended water reuse applications, as an example. Four organisms from different trophic levels were used for the biological assessment of the wastewater, namely, Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, Daphnia magna, Artemia salina and Vibrio fischeri. The physicochemical assessment of wastewater based on “traditional” chemical parameters indicated that the quality of the wastewater complies with the limits set by the relevant national guidelines for disposal. The ecotoxicological assessment, however, indicated the presence of toxicity throughout the sampling periods and most importantly an increase of the toxicity of the treated wastewater during summer compared to winter. The resulting poor correlation between the physicochemical and biological assessments demonstrates that the two assessments are necessary and should be performed in parallel in order to be able to obtain concrete results on the overall quality of the treated effluent. Moreover, a hazard classification scheme for wastewater is proposed, which can enable the comparison of the data sets of the various parameters deriving from the biological assessment in a comprehensive way.     

中国固体废物法规体系框架分析

固体废物污染与其它环境污染不同,具有综合性、长期性和潜在性。固体废物管理更为强调综合利用和全过程管理,必须通过立法建立科学完善的法律制度来加强固体废物的管理。有关固体废物污染防治的法律、法规、部门规章、地方法规和环境技术标准构成了固体废物法规体系的基本框架。在系统分析现有固体废物法规中存在的问题的基础上,对固体废物管理的法规框架进行了探讨。通过立法,以“统一协调,分工负责”的原则规范各部门对固体废物的管理职能。还强调通过立法、健全监督机制、从法律上限制个人对行政权的滥用、制订技术政策与环境技术标准。除了行政责任外,论文还着重强调了环境违法者的民事责任和刑事责任。     

Environmental risks of chemicals and genetically modified organisms: a comparison. Part II: Sustainability and precaution in risk assessment and risk management

The principles of precaution and sustainability require more consideration in the assessment of environmental risks posed by chemicals and genetically modified organisms. Instead of applying risk reduction measures when there are serious indications for damage, full scientific certainty is often waited for before taking action. The precautionary principle particularly should be applied in those cases in which the extent and probability of damage are uncertain, e.g. in the case of persistent chemicals which are additionally bioaccumulative or highly mobile. Based on these principles, environmental action targets for risks associated with GMOs and chemicals can be developed. Risk management not only includes statutory measures but also instruments designed to influence behaviour indirectly are important to achieve the goals. Particularly for risks of GMOs which provoke fear, risk communication is important. Some rules to which attention should be paid in communication with the public are presented.     

Temporal trends (2005-2009) of PCDD/Fs, PCBs, PBDEs in rice hulls from an e-waste dismantling area after stricter environmental regulations

Primitive e-waste dismantling activities have been of increasing concern due to serious environmental and human health problems, and therefore authorities in China have strengthened the regulations on illegal e-waste recycling activities. In this work, we used rice hull as a passive sampler and investigated temporal trends of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in areas near e-waste recycling sites after the stricter regulations. Furthermore, the distribution patterns and composition profiles of these contaminants were also discussed. The average concentrations of the three groups of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in rice hulls have markedly decreased during the period of 2005-2009. Specifically, from 12.9 (average value in 2005) to 0.37 pg WHO-TEQ/g (dry weight, dw) (in 2009) for PCDD/Fs, 47.6 (2005) to 7.10 ng g⁻¹ dw (2009) for PCBs, and 2.51 (2005) to 0.89 ng g⁻¹, dw (2009) for PBDEs. The significant decrease of combustion markers 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF, 1,2,3,6,7,8HxCDF and PCB126, and the PCDD/PCDF ratio from 1:9 (2005) to 7:3 (2009) is likely a result of stricter regulations on open combustion activities. This study suggests that stricter control measures, strengthened laws and regulations and more environmental friendly techniques could be effective measures in reducing the release and formation of related POPs in typical e-waste dismantling sites, and these measures could further improve the quality of the environment and health of the local inhabitants.     

次级河流水污染事件应急处置程序及环境损害评估技术路线

近年来,随着我国经济的发展,次级河流突发性水污染事件频繁发生,对生态环境及居民生活造成了严重的影响。次级河流突发性水污染事件发生后,为减少污染造成的损失和影响,保证受损的环境资源得到恢复和补偿,不仅要立即采取行之有效的应急处置措施,而且应当积极开展环境损害鉴定评估工作,全面追究污染者的环境责任。根据次级河流本身的特点,结合各省市在环境应急处置过程中的具体做法,建立了一套应对突发性次级河流水污染事件的应急处置工作程序;阐述了环境损害鉴定评估的必要性、工作方法和技术路线,同时从受损环境资源的确认、污染源和污染物的识别以及暴露途径的建立3个方面构建了开展次级河流突发性水污染事件环境损害鉴定评估工作的因果关系链条,对实际开展相关工作具有重要意义。     

An Alternate Compliance Strategy for Title III of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments

ABSTRACT

An alternate compliance strategy (ACS) is developed which incorporates pollution prevention and flexibility to replace traditional end&#x002D;of&#x002D;pipe (EOP) control strategy regulation. The ACS takes into consideration the intent of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) to incorporate pollution prevention into regulations and provides a viable mechanism for implementation. This proposed new compliance strategy was developed after studying the CAAA regulations, related compliance issues, and pollution prevention literature. The ACS is defined by amending language in the Hazardous Organic National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (HON) regulation into a performance&#x002D;based standard permitting regulated facilities to design compliance programs to meet all requirements.

A change in regulation is considered reasonable only if it forces the same emission reductions, reduces risk a comparable amount, and is acceptable to the public, the regulators, and the regulated industry. In order to demonstrate that the ACS can meet all these requirements, an example application is summarized from an ethylene oxide&#x002D;ethylene glycol plant. The example demonstrates that the ACS reduces hazardous air pollution (HAP) emissions more than the HON rule requires. Three evaluation methods are developed and applied to further demonstrate the acceptability of the ACS. They include a qualitative evaluation matrix, a total cost assessment, and

a risk reduction measurement model. Results indicate that the ACS provided a preferable compliance program.

The ACS should be adopted as an alternative method of compliance. It provides a major step in the progression of regulations from the traditional EOP treatment philosophy to pollution prevention performance&#x002D;based standards.     

The New Clean Air Act Operating Permit Program: EPA’s Proposed Regulations

The 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments added a new Title V to the Act which establishes an operating permit program for numerous sources of air pollution. Certain sources are currently required to obtain a construction or “new source review” permit; the 1990 Amendments will require many more sources to apply for a permit which will give them permission to operate. CAA Title V was modeled on the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit provisions of the Clean Water Act, but there are important differences between the two statutes.

Although many states already have their own operating permit programs, by late 1993 every state must establish a program that meets the requirements of Title V and EPA’s implementing regulations. EPA recently proposed these regulations, and by the statutory deadline of November 15, 1991 hopes to issue final regulations establishing the minimum elements of state operating permit programs. These regulations will significantly affect implementation of air pollution measures for years to come because a Title V operating permit will have to assure compliance with all applicable CAA requirements. In addition, permitted sources will be required to pay fees to cover the costs of the permit program.