室内空气污染分析方法研究进展

本文对室内空气污染分析方法进行了详细综述，以期对开发室内空气污染分析的新方法及新技术提供参考。     

土壤和沉积物中多氯联苯污染的生物修复机理研究进展

概述了多氯联苯 (PCBs)生物修复过程中影响因素和机理的研究进展 ,重点讨论了PCBs厌氧脱氯 ,好氧降解、真菌对PCBs降解、表面活性剂对PCBs降解的促进及抑制机理 ,以及完全矿化PCBs基因工程菌的构建 ,提出了今后工作展望     

土壤和沉积物中多氯联苯污染的生物修复机理研究进展

概述了多氯联苯(PCBs)生物修复过程中影响因素和机理的研究进展，重点讨论了PCBs厌氧脱氯，好氧降解、真菌对PCBs降解、表面活性剂对PCBs降解的促进及抑制机理，以及完全矿化PCBs基因工程菌的构建，提出了今后工作展望。     

水和废水中多氯联苯(PCBs)的测定方法及进展

本文引用了七十余篇近几年国内外的有关著文,对水和废水中的多氯联苯(PCBs)的测定方法进行了评述,全面系统地介绍了水样的采集、富集、净化和分析测定等操作程序,着重于样品的前处理和气相色谱分析,并提出了这一领域今后的发展趋势。     

鼠李糖脂洗脱土壤中多氯联苯影响因素的研究

研究了由铜绿假单胞菌发酵产生的代表性生物表面活性剂鼠李糖脂（RL）对土壤中PCBs解吸的影响。结果表明,RL的种类与浓度、土壤污染类型、解吸时间、洗脱次数、pH以及离子强度对土壤中PCBs的洗脱有一定的影响,而温度对PCBs的洗脱影响很小。当RL浓度低于CMC时,对PCBs的洗脱没有明显的促进作用;当RL浓度高于CMC后,对PCBs的洗脱有显著的促进作用。具有较低HLB的单鼠李糖脂R2对PCBs的洗脱效果要优于二鼠李糖脂R1。人工污染土壤中PCBs的洗脱效果要高于陈化土壤。污染土壤中TOC的含量越高,PCBs的洗脱率越低。延长解吸时间和增加洗脱次数可增加土壤中PCBs的洗脱率。碱性环境（pH＞7）或增加RL溶液中的离子强度均有利于土壤中PCBs的洗脱。     

环境中金属有机化合物形态分析方法近期进展

本文综合了环境中金属有机化合物形态分析方法的近期进展。在分离方面,高效液相色谱法(HPLC)的应用逐渐增加;等离子体激发的原子发射光谱作为检测器其应用也不断增长;HPLC与炉式原子吸收在接口上的困难已经解决;新的衍生技术已用于非挥发性物质的衍生以便于气相色谱分离;序列分析系统如GC/HPLC—AAS、GC/HPLC—AED、GC/HPLC—MS等的应用逐渐增多,所有这些联用系统都是相当灵敏的,而且很特效。     

多氯联苯污染沉积物质量评价研究进展

介绍了多氯联苯污染沉积物质量评价的研究进展 ,其中 ,简单介绍了多氯联苯的有关概况及环境行为、沉积物质量评价方法及基准研究进展 ;最后 ,重点介绍了包括多氯联苯在内的憎水性有机物污染沉积物质量评价的研究现状及存在问题。     

多氯联苯污染沉积物质量评价研究进展

介绍了多氯联苯污染沉积物质量评价的研究进展，其中，简单介绍了多氯联苯的有关概况及环境行为、沉积物质量评价方法及基准研究进展；最后，重点介绍了包括多氯联苯在内的憎水性有机物污染沉积物质量评价的研究现状及存在问题。     

利用紫外光降解多氯联苯(PCBs)的研究进展

本文综述了PCBs在各种溶剂中的紫外光化学反应特性和降解途径 :PCB的光化学反应以氢取代氯的脱氯反应为主 ,除此之外 ,在水或醇等极性溶液中 ,还存在羟基化反应 ;PCB的光化学反应活性与其氯原子的数量和取代位置有关。文章最后还简述了光降解在治理受PCB污染土壤方面的应用     

多氯联苯醚类化合物污染研究进展

综述了当前国际上多氯联苯醚的研究现状,详细论述了环境中多氯联苯醚的来源、毒性效应、污染状况、迁移转化和生物富集规律以及多氯联苯醚形成机制.我国关于多氯联苯醚类污染物的研究相对滞后,当前开展适合我国国情的多氯联苯醚物质的环境水平、生态安全与毒理学研究十分必要.     

Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) in Mussels along the Chilean Coast

- DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1065/espr2006.01.011 Goal, Scope and Background Chile signed the Stockholm Convention, which establishes measures to reduce or eliminate Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) release into the environment, including the prohibition of their use and reduction of secondary products release, as well as management related with waste treatment. Among POPs, PCBs are a family of 209 compounds that differ in chlorine level and position. These substances present a wide variability in their physicochemical properties such as vapor pressure, water solubility and partition coefficients that determine their behavior and mobility within the different environmental compartments. In Chile, as in other countries, the use of these compounds were and continue to occur in diverse industrial applications such as dielectric fluid in transformers and condensers, with a use in Chile of approximately 550,000 L. A sampling of bivalves was performed during the years 2000-2002 in order to obtain information on the spatial distribution of the PCB levels for the length of the long Chilean coast (180–540 South latitude, 4,200 km), contributing in this way to a better understanding of the PCB trend and eventual fractionation along latitudinal gradients in Chile, using as the bivalve Perumytilus purpuratus ('Chorito Maico') bioindicator. Methods The marine bivalves Perumytilus purpuratus were collected in 16 localities in northern and southern Chile. All samples were lyophilized, and PCBs (51 congeners) were extracted in a Soxhlet system (24 h) with n-hexane. Samples were cleaned in florisil and analyzed by GC-ECD. Blanks, certified reference materials and standards were processed along with the samples. Results and Discussion The results obtained for P. purpuratus indicate a congeneric distribution profile associated to a latitudinal gradient, and the statistical analysis of the congeneric composition of the PCBs indicated five groups in relation to the molecular weight (number of chlorines), where the lighter congeners were observed in areas corresponding to high latitudes with total PCB values of 298 ng/g dry weight. Conclusion P. purpuratus turns out to be a good bioindicator of PCB levels in the coastal areas of Chile due to its wide distribution. The highest concentrations and the more volatile congeners were found in southern Chile, which could be the result of processes of long-range transport or illegal discharge occurring in such remote areas. These results confirm previous data from the International Mussel Watch project ten years ago. Recommendation and Outlook Future studies are needed to confirm our findings utilizing another environmental matrix such as soil/sediments and air samples.     

Analysis of dioxin-like compounds in vegetation and soil samples burned in Catalan forest fires. Comparison with the corresponding unburned material

Only a few data are reported about the formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD) and dibenzofurans (PCDF) in forest fires. However, the inventories of sources undertaken by several European and American countries consider natural fires as a possible source of PCDD/F and, in some cases, as one of the most important. In our work we have analysed vegetation and soil samples burned in four forest fires which happened in Catalonia in the summer of 1998. The concentration of dioxin-like compounds (PCDD/F, non-ortho polychlorinated bi-phenyls (PCB) and mono-ortho PCB) has been compared to the concentration present in the corresponding unburned material collected in places near the fires but not affected. The results of this preliminary study show very low concentrations in all the samples, both burned and unburned. Although a change in the profile (proportional increase of tetrachlorinated congeners in PCDD/F) is observed in burned samples compared to unburned ones, the absolute values of concentration decrease in most samples. Therefore, natural fires seem not to be an important source of dioxin-like compounds. These results will be confirmed with air emissions measurements in future studies.     

PCBs污染土壤的CaO诱导低温热处理脱氯研究

研究了低温热处理脱氯技术对废弃电容器封存点附近污染土壤中多氯联苯脱氯的效果,考察反应温度、反应时间及CaO添加比例对PCBs去除率、脱氯率的影响以及反应前后土壤中污染物的组分变化.实验土样中PCBs浓度为107.7 mg/g,属于罕见高浓度PCBs污染土壤.当反应温度为400℃、停留时间4h、CaO添加比例为10%,PCBs的去除率为87.7%,脱氯率为85.3%.土壤样品中五氯联苯和四氯联苯反应后含量降低或未检出,部分反应后样品检出一氯联苯和联苯,说明在CaO诱导PCBs低温热处理脱氯反应中存在逐步脱氯/加氢反应途径.     

表面活性剂冲洗修复多氯联苯污染土壤多相流研究

多氯联苯(PCBs)是一种具有持久性、抗生物降解性、脂肪溶性和明显的生物毒性等特性的持久性有机污染物,PCBs在土壤中难于准确定位、难被分解和强烈吸附,去除土壤中PCBs比较困难.表面活性剂冲洗法可以通过提高PCBs溶解度和降低水-PCBs界面张力来实现PCBs从土壤中去除;表面活性剂冲洗PCBs污染土壤涉及气相、水相、NAPLs相和固相等物质,是多相共存并相互发生作用的过程,发生相对渗透率、饱和度和毛细压力的变化;另外,为研究表面活性剂冲洗土壤中PCBs的去除机理,并降低PCBs对研究人员的危害,采用微观孔隙结构网络模型是一种较新颖的和效果显著的研究方法.开展表面活性剂冲洗PCBs污染土壤多相流研究,可以为PCBs污染场地修复提供理论基础和实验支持,并促进我国POPs履约工作的顺利进行.     

超声波处理难降解有机物影响参数研究

考察了多种操作参数对多氯联苯、溴苯超声波降解的影响。结果表明,高频率、高声强、高流速、混合气体可以提高超声反应速率, 358kHz下降解速率比20kHz提高了848%, 34mL/min流速下比4 4mL/min提高了140%,参入Ar比单纯使用O2 提高83% ( +80%Ar)或66% ( +50%Ar)。然而高声强也造成了较多的能量消耗。自由基清除剂的存在则较大地降低了超声反应速率, 200mmol/LCO2- 存在时反应速率下降了79%。     

Detailed study on the levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins,polychlorinated dibenzofurans and polychlorinated biphenyls in Yusho rice oil

One bottle of Yusho rice oil was obtained from a Yusho family in 1998. The levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the causal oil were investigated with two different approaches and the individual concentrations of all the 17 2,3,7,8-substituted PCDD/F and 14 coplanar PCB (Co-PCB) congeners were elucidated for the first time. The concentrations of PCDDs and PCDFs were found to be 0.60 and 8.8 ppm, respectively. For PCBs, more than 130 PCB peaks were observed and a total concentration of 850 ppm including 170 ppm of Co-PCBs was obtained. The toxic equivalents (TEQs) of PCDDs, PCDFs, and Co-PCBs were calculated to be 17, 470, and 120 ppb, respectively. The relative contribution of these classes to the total TEQ in Yusho oil is 3%, 77%, and 20%, respectively, indicating that PCDFs play a major role in the toxicity of Yusho oil. Furthermore, it was confirmed that 2,3,4,7,8-penta-CDF contributes 58% to the total TEQ, supporting the view that this compound is the principal causal agent in Yusho poisoning. It is noteworthy that the most toxic 2,3,7,8-tetra-CDD was newly discovered, although it contributes only 0.1% to the total TEQ. Based on our data, the smallest TEQ intake during the latent period was estimated to be 0.067 mg for Yusho patients. This value is about 60% of that previously reported, suggesting a lower minimum threshold level for the development of the toxic symptoms of Yusho.     

Occurrence of pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in water of the Nile river at the estuaries of Rosetta and Damiatta branches,north of delta,Egypt

Abstract

A study was conducted from summer 1995 to summer 1997 to assess the seasonal occurrence of pesticide residues and other organic contaminants, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), in water at the estuaries of Rosetta and Damiatta branches of the Nile river. The results indicated that organochlorine compounds (OCs) including HCB, lindane, p,p‘‐DDE, p,p‘DDD, p,p‘‐DDT, aroclor 1254 and aroclor 1260 were present in all the water samples at concentration levels ranging between 0.195–0.240, 0.286–0.352, 0.035–0.067, 0.019–0.033, 0.024–0.031, 0.390–0.70 and 0.166–0.330 μg/l, respectively. The levels of these compounds were higher in water of Damiatta branch than those found in water of Rosetta branch. Aldrin, dieldrin and endrin were not detected in all water samples. Only 4 compounds from 36 organophosphorus insecticides, fungicides and s‐triazine herbicides tested were detected in water samples collected during summer and autumn seasons from Rosetta branch. The concentration levels of these detected compounds, dimethoate, malathion, captan, and ametryne, ranged from 0.011 to 0.340 μg/l, respectively. Similar compounds during the same seasons as found in water of Rosetta branch were also detected in water of Damiatta branch except ametryne. The levels of the detected compounds (dimethoate, malathion and captan) ranged between 0.030 and 0.330 μg/l. The levels of detected organophosphorus insecticides, fungicides and s‐triazine herbicides were in the order: dimethoate > malathion > captan > ametryne.     

生物与化学表面活性剂协同洗脱土壤中PCBs的研究

通过序批实验和土柱淋洗实验研究了由生物表面活性剂鼠李糖脂(RL)与非离子化学表面活性剂十二烷基醇聚氧乙烯(6)醚(POE(6))混合得到的复配试剂洗脱污染土壤中多氯联苯(PCBs)的作用效果及其作用机理。结果表明,同一土样中,从批实验得到的PCBs洗脱率略高于土柱淋洗实验。RL与POE(6)两种单一试剂对人工污染土样中的PCBs洗脱率均大于60%,而对陈化土样中的洗脱率均不到20%,且土壤中的TOC含量越高,PCBs的洗脱率越低。在质量浓度为301 mg/L(10 CMC)及1 505 mg/L(50 CMC)的RL-POE(6)复配试剂中,RL与POE(6)对人工污染土壤中PCBs的洗脱具有一定的协同作用。当复配试剂的浓度为301 mg/L时,RL与POE(6)对陈化土样中PCBs的洗脱没有协同作用;但当RL-POE(6)的浓度增加到1 505 mg/L时,RL与POE(6)对陈化土样中PCBs的洗脱具有明显的协同作用。