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1.
用矿化垃圾作为吸附剂吸附处理生化后的垃圾渗滤液,利用单因素变量法研究了改性温度、pH、吸附剂投加量和反应时间对吸附效果的影响,并采用红外光谱和电镜扫描对矿化垃圾进行表征。结果表明:矿化垃圾改性温度为700℃,水样pH值为9,吸附剂用量为60 g/L,反应时间为10 h时,COD和氨氮去除率分别达到58.38%和79.77%,平衡吸附量分别为11.68 mg/g和1.58 mg/g;动力学数据拟合COD和氨氮吸附过程均符合拟二级动力学方程即吸附速率被化学吸附所控制;等温方程拟合表明,矿化垃圾对COD和氨氮的吸附分别属于多层吸附和单层吸附;红外光谱分析结果显示,吸附过程中OH、CO和C-O 3种基团起主要作用;电镜扫描结果显示,矿化垃圾改性前、后和吸附前、后内部结构均发生变化。  相似文献   

2.
在碱性条件下,β-环糊精与2,3-环氧丙基三甲基氯化铵合成了阳离子化的β-环糊精(CCD),并用于改性沸石获得环糊精改性沸石(CDMZ).研究了CCD合成条件对CDMZ吸附对.硝基苯酚性能的影响.结果表明,在2,3-环氧丙基三甲基氯化铵与β-环糊精的配比为7:1,溶液pH=13的合成条件下,合成的CCD改性沸石所得CDMZ对对-硝基苯酚的吸附能力最佳.同时研究了沸石改性前的活化处理,CCD改性沸石的初始浓度和改性时间对CDMZ吸附对-硝基苯酚性能的影响.实验表明,改性前用NaCl溶液活化沸石有助于CDMZ吸附性能的改善;当CCD改性沸石的初始浓度和改性时间分别为15 g/L(以β-环糊精计)和8 h时,所得CDMZ对对-硝基苯酚(120 mg/L)的吸附能力可达263.7μg/g.  相似文献   

3.
为探讨两种生物表面活性剂皂苷和鼠李糖脂对污染塿土中苯酚的淋洗修复机制,采用批次试验方法,初步探究了塿土对苯酚及两种生物表面活性剂的吸附特征、两种生物表面活性剂在不同淋洗条件(生物表面活性剂浓度、时间、温度)下对塿土中苯酚的淋洗效果。结果表明:(1)塿土对苯酚的吸附量较低,吸附等温线符合Langmuir等温方程;(2)在较低浓度范围,塿土对皂苷和鼠李糖脂的吸附属于单分子层物理吸附,能较好地用Langmuir等温方程拟合;(3)塿土对鼠李糖脂的吸附与其对苯酚的吸附在相同的数量级,在研究鼠李糖脂对塿土中苯酚的淋洗时应予以考虑,塿土对皂苷的吸附与其对苯酚的吸附相比可以忽略;(4)室温(25℃)下,塿土对皂苷和鼠李糖脂两种生物表面活性剂的吸附量最小;(5)两种生物表面活性剂对塿土中苯酚的最佳淋洗条件为:淋洗时间8h,温度25℃,皂苷和鼠李糖脂的质量浓度分别为0.5、0.6g/L;对于轻度污染塿土,两者对苯酚的淋洗率均可达到100.00%,而对中度和重度污染塿土修复效果相对不佳。  相似文献   

4.
以工业中生产煤气时产生的煤气炉炉渣为原料,采用手工分选法将炉渣中的炭及残渣分离,再采用酸碱浸渍方法对炉渣残渣进行改性,研究了改性后的炉渣残渣及炉渣中分离出的炭对溶液中苯酚的吸附性能。吸附实验结果表明,分离炭的吸附性能最好,其次为碱改性炉渣残渣和酸改性炉渣残渣,未改性炉渣残渣吸附性能最差。改性的炉渣残渣及分离炭对苯酚吸附过程符合二级吸附动力学模型。吸附等温线研究表明,改性炉渣残渣及分离炭对苯酚的吸附符合Lang-muir吸附等温式。  相似文献   

5.
陈卓  许丹  张敏  夏世斌 《环境工程学报》2014,8(5):1727-1731
用氢氧化钠水溶液预处理,以乙二胺作交联剂,采用环氧氯丙烷和二甲胺对网状植物丝瓜络纤维进行化学改性,制备出改性丝瓜络阴离子交换纤维(LS-AEF),重点探讨了LS-AEF的形态特征并对其形态特征进行了表征分析,还考察了碱预处理对产品吸附水体中的NO-3的影响。研究结果表明,(1)LS-AEF引入带正电的胺基基团,可以提高对NO-3的吸附性能;(2)乙二胺剂量对产品吸附性能影响比较大,最佳剂量为9 mL,吸附率达到75%;(3)碱性预处理能够显著提高产品的吸附性能,碱处理前后的产品吸附率分别为76%和85%;(4)吸附过程符合伪二级动力学方程。  相似文献   

6.
为高效去除废水中的苯酚,制备了十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTMAB)改性沸石(以下简称改性沸石),研究了改性沸石投加量、废水pH、反应时间等对废水中苯酚去除的影响,分析了改性沸石吸附废水中苯酚的动力学过程、等温线过程以及热力学特征,探讨了吸附作用机制。结果表明,CTMAB质量分数为1.2%时,改性沸石对苯酚的吸附量达到7.2mg/g,明显高于天然沸石(1.1mg/g);改性沸石投加量6g/L、反应时间40min、pH=10的条件下,废水中苯酚的去除率可达98.4%;二级动力学方程和Langmuir方程能更好地拟合改性沸石吸附废水中苯酚的过程,且吸附是自发、放热、熵增的过程。改性沸石吸附废水中苯酚的作用机制为:CTMAB中的R—N~+(R为基团)与天然沸石表面双电层中的H~+、K~+发生交换后,R—N~+与沸石表面结合,而CTMAB结构中的疏水基则向外(废水相),由此CTMAB在沸石表面形成了有机相,苯酚通过分配作用进入到沸石表面的CTMAB有机相中与R—N+缔合而得以去除。  相似文献   

7.
矿化垃圾除磷特性及其影响因素的研究   总被引:4,自引:1,他引:4  
主要研究了KH2PO4溶液在矿化垃圾中的吸附性能,静态和动态试验研究表明在静态试验条件下,初始浓度越高,固液比越小,矿化垃圾吸附磷量越多;pH对磷吸附性能具有较大的影响,当pH在8左右时,矿化垃圾吸磷量达到最大吸附量.在动态实验条件下,湿干比减小,配水速率减小,都有利于矿化垃圾除磷率的增加,当初始溶液的磷质量浓度为50 mg/L时,矿化垃圾有最佳除磷率.  相似文献   

8.
粉末状和颗粒状有机膨润土对克百威的吸附   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
用十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTMAB)和十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)制得粉末状CTMAB阳离子有机膨润土(简称CTMAB-膨润土)和CTMAB-SDBS阴阳离子有机膨润土(简称CTMAB-SDBS-膨润土),并利用聚乙烯醇(PVA)包埋固定化技术将2种粉末状有机膨润土制成颗粒状有机膨润土,研究了粉末状与颗粒状有机膨润土对水中克百威的吸附性能.结果表明:粉末状CTMAB-膨润土和CTMAB-SDBS-膨润土对克百威的吸附效果较好,最终去除率分别为90.9%和92.5%,颗粒状CTMAB-膨润土和CTMAB-SDBS-膨润土对克百威的最终去除率分别为55.5%和60.3%;有机膨润土对克百威的吸附等温线符合Freundlich方程;颗粒状有机膨润土吸附克百威最多可重复利用6次.  相似文献   

9.
利用氢氧化钠对天然沸石进行改性,将天然沸石和改性沸石用于吸附去除水中的Cu~(2+),分析了p H、温度、Cu~(2+)初始浓度、吸附时间对Cu~(2+)吸附性能的影响,并对吸附过程的吸附等温模型及吸附动力学进行研究。结果表明,改性沸石对Cu~(2+)的吸附性能明显优于天然沸石,当沸石投加量为10 g/L,Cu~(2+)为200 mg/L,p H为6.67,温度为50℃时,天然沸石和改性沸石对Cu~(2+)的吸附量分别为2.02、2.69 mg/g。Langmuir和Freundlich吸附等温模型均能较好地描述两种沸石对Cu~(2+)的吸附过程。天然沸石对Cu~(2+)的吸附行为更符合准一级动力学方程,而准二级动力学方程对改性沸石的吸附行为拟合度更好。两种沸石对Cu~(2+)的吸附均为非均相吸附,且内扩散过程不是唯一的速控步骤。  相似文献   

10.
以十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)为改性剂,制备了CTAB改性沸石,并用于对腐殖酸的吸附性能研究。考察了pH、吸附时间及腐殖酸初始浓度对CTAB改性沸石吸附腐殖酸的影响,采用吸附等温方程和反应动力学方程进行拟合分析,并利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)、傅立叶转换红外光谱分析仪(FTIR)对沸石改性前后进行结构表征。结果表明,在温度为25℃、转速为200r/min的条件下,选择pH为7.0、腐殖酸初始质量浓度为10mg/L、吸附时间为180min,此时CTAB改性沸石对腐殖酸的平衡吸附容量为0.16mg/g。相比Freundlich吸附等温方程(R2=0.967),CTAB改性沸石对腐殖酸的吸附更符合Langmuir吸附等温方程(R2=0.998),吸附机制为单分子层吸附。准一级反应动力学方程和准二级反应动力学方程均可以描述CTAB改性沸石对腐殖酸的吸附(R2=0.978)。吸附实验后的CTAB改性沸石上出现了甲基、亚甲基、羟基与羰基伸缩振动吸收峰,说明沸石已负载了CTAB,且腐殖酸已被CTAB改性沸石吸附。  相似文献   

11.
Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.  相似文献   

12.
The ability of two biodegradable surfactants, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) and sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate (Aerosol MA), to recover a representative dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL), trichloroethene (TCE), from heterogeneous porous media was evaluated through a combination of batch and aquifer cell experiments. An aqueous solution containing 3.3% Aerosol MA, 8% 2-propanol and 6 g/l CaCl(2) yielded a weight solubilization ratio (WSR) of 1.21 g TCE/g surfactant, with a corresponding liquid-liquid interfacial tension (IFT) of 0.19 dyn/cm. Flushing of aquifer cells containing a TCE-DNAPL source zone with approximately two pore volumes of the AMA formulation resulted in substantial (>30%) mobilization of TCE-DNAPL. However, a TCE mass recovery of 81% was achieved when the aqueous-phase flow rate was sufficient to displace the mobile TCE-DNAPL toward the effluent well. Aqueous solutions of Tween 80 exhibited a greater capacity to solubilize TCE (WSR=1.74 g TCE/g surfactant) and exerted markedly less reduction in IFT (10.4 dyn/cm). These data contradict an accepted empirical correlation used to estimate IFT values from solubilization capacity, and indicate a unique capacity of T80 to form concentrated TCE emulsions. Flushing of aquifer cells with less than 2.5 pore volumes of a 4% T80 solution achieved TCE mass recoveries ranging from 66 to 85%, with only slight TCE-DNAPL mobilization (<5%) occurring when the total trapping number exceeded 2 x 10(-5). These findings demonstrate the ability of Tween 80 and Aerosol MA solutions to efficiently recover TCE from a heterogeneous DNAPL source zone, and the utility of the total trapping number as a design parameter for a priori prediction of DNAPL mobilization and bank angle formation when flushing with low-IFT solutions. Given their potential to stimulate microbial reductive dechlorination at low concentrations, these surfactants are well-suited for remedial action plans that couple aggressive mass removal followed by enhanced bioremediation to treat chlorinated solvent source zones.  相似文献   

13.
Book review     
The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.  相似文献   

14.
Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.  相似文献   

15.
Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.  相似文献   

16.
Abstract

The pH‐disappearance rate profiles were determined at ca. 25°C for 24 insecticides at 4 or 5 pH values over the range 4.5 to 8.0 in sterile phosphate buffers prepared in water‐ethanol (99: 1 v/v). Half‐lives measured at pH 8 were generally smaller than at lower pH values. Changes in half lives between pH 8.0 and 4.5 were largest (>1000x) for the aryl carbamates, carbofuran and carbaryl, the oxime carbamate, oxamyl, and the organophosphorus insecticide, trichlorfon. In contrast, half lives of phorate, terbufos, heptachlor, fensulfothion and aldicarb were affected only slightly by pH changes. Under the experimental conditions described half lives at pH8 varied from 1–2 days for trichlorfon and oxamyl to >1 year for fensulfothion and cyper‐methrin. Insecticide persistence on alumina (acid, neutral and basic), mineral soils amended with aluminum sulfate or calcium hydroxide to different pH values and four natural soils of different pH was examined. No correlation was observed between the measured pH of these solids and the rate of disappearance of selected insecticides applied to them. These observations demonstrate the difficulty of extrapolating the pH dependent disappearance behaviour observed in homogeneous solution to partially solid heterogeneous systems such as soil.  相似文献   

17.
The occurrence of particle associated PAH and other mutagenic PAC was determined in 1996 in the street air of Copenhagen. In addition, particle extracts were tested for mutagenicity. The measurements were compared with previous measurements in 1992/1993. The levels had decreased in this period. The decrease was caused by an implementation of light diesel fuels for buses and the exchange of older petrol-driven passenger cars with catalystequipped new ones. About 65% of the reduction was caused by the application of the light diesel fuels. Under special conditions, chemical processes in the atmosphere produced many more mutagens than the direct emissions. The concentrations of S-PAC and N-PAC were 10 times lower than those of PAH, while the levels of oxy-PAH were in the same order of magnitude as those of PAH. Benzanthrone, an oxy-PAH, is proposed to be formed in the atmosphere in addition to direct emissions. Benzo(a)pyrene, often applied as an air quality criteria indicator, was photochemically degraded in the atmosphere. A strong increase in the mutagenic activities was observed to coincide with a depletion of benzo(a)pyrene.  相似文献   

18.
Abstract

In the last decades, the use and misuse of pesticides in the agriculture have increased, having a severe impact on ecosystems and their fauna. Although the various effects of pesticides on biodiversity have been already documented in several studies, to our knowledge no consistent overview of the impact of pesticides in vertebrates, both terrestrial and aquatic, is available. In this review, we try to present a concise compilation of the teratogenic effects of pesticides on the different classes of vertebrates – mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish.  相似文献   

19.
Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of 3H, 137Cs, 90Sr, totU, 238Pu, 239, 240Pu, and241 Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of 3H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.  相似文献   

20.
Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of 14C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative 14CO2 was less than 1.5% of applied 14C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.  相似文献   

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