环境意识培养与中小学素质教育浅析

环境保护是中国的一项基本国策,在中小学开展环境教育,是贯彻这一基本国策的一项战略任务。文中介绍了环境意识的内涵与特征,阐述了环境意识教育与中小学实施素质教育之间的关系,并对加强中小学环境意识教育,提高学生环境素质,提出了见解。     

大学环境教育与环境建设

从中国生态环境的现状和大学传授学生知识、确立学生观念的特殊地位说明了在高校进行环境教育的必要性。环境教育是让学生了解人类生活和文明发展历程中的环境状况和问题，思考环境保护的意义和价值，进而确立环境观念。提出了建设环境友好型大学。建议在高校中建立讲座、选修、必修三位一体的环境教育教学体系。     

环境新闻是提升公众环境意识的重要途径

环境新闻因与人的切身利益关系密切而备受关注,其传播提高了公众的环境意识。文中探讨了环境新闻的目的和特点,阐述了在当前环境形势下,公众期待新闻媒体在环境保护中扮演怎样的角色,以及如何提高环境新闻报道营造社会良好舆论的几种途径。     

对中小学、幼儿园开展环境教育的思考

从一个环境教育管理工作者的角度出发,阐述了目前对中小学、幼儿园开展环境教育工作所面临的一些误区,并针对这些误区采取的解决办法和途径,提出对中小学、幼儿园开展环境教育,不仅仅是为了让学生掌握丰富的环境科学知识,更重要的是培养孩子们的良好环境情感和环境素养,自觉地形成健康的环境价值观和对环境的态度,增强环保责任感,培养他们理想的环境行为。     

房地产开发与环境意识

当前全国各地掀起的房地产业方兴未艾,然而忽视房地产开发中的环境保护意识的短期行为,必将造成未来域市发展的战略失误。文内列举古、今、中、外有关资料并调查了某些城市房地产开发热中忽视环境保护的典型事例,试图对改革开放形势下的房地产业发展方向有所借鉴。     

环境资源市场配置在浙江省的实践与探索

全面总结了浙江省污染物排放总量管理和市场配置环境资源试点的主要实践措施(包括创新构建总量管理和激励制度、全面构建市场配置环境资源制度、探索建立协同管理和交易机制和深入推进监管执法机制建设)和实施成效(包括市场倒逼污染减排、促进经济转型升级、市场拓宽融资渠道、提升环境管理水平和增强生态环境保护意识),提出了完善环境资源市场配置模式总体设想,为全面推进中国环境资源市场配置实践提供借鉴。     

浙江省公众环境意识万卷调查报告

通过浙江省公众环境意识万卷调查活动，了解公众对环境问题的认识和看法，以及他们对环境保护事业的希望和要求，为环境保护工作的决策提供了信息。1调查概况1.1调查的形式、范围及步骤调查采用现场问卷形式，在浙江省内发放近12000份问卷。调查大致分为4个阶段：（1）调查研究，设计问卷；（2）发放问卷；（3）收集问卷，统一编号。输入计算机进行统计分析；（4）撰写浙江省公众环境意识万卷调查的分析报告。1.2被调查公众的基本情况调查共计发放11800份问卷，回收9367份，其中有效问卷8599份。被调查公众的基本情况如下：（1）被调查公众…     

广东省新华镇公众环境意识调查

采用问卷调查与社会访问相结合的方法,对广东省新华镇居民的环境意识进行了调查,并进行较为系统的分析。     

论环境基础素质教育

论述了我国中小学基础环境教育的现状及存在的问题,提出了中小学环境教育的内容、途径以及实施原则.     

金坛市后阳化工园区环境管理的实践

后阳化工园区是一个面积仅为34 hm^2、由18家精细化工生产企业组成的化工集中区。该化工园区通过建立环境管理机构、环保自律制度、自治巡查组、技术指导组等手段,采取严格入园条件、清污全面分流、废气全面吸收、环境全面整治等环境管理措施,促进了环境与经济的协调发展,为探索小型化工集中区的环境管理提供了有益的尝试。     

ISO14000环境管理标准对我国企业发展的促进作用

ISO14000环境管理系列标准是国际标准化组织制定的关于环境管理体系的国际通用标准。目的在于激发企业自觉采取预防措施和持续性改善措施来改善环境。推行ISO14000认证不仅可以规范环境管理行为,而且提高绿色管理水平和资源利用效率,从而促进中国经济发展。需要政府进一步采取积极措施推广ISO14000环境管理体系认证。     

清洁生产审核在企业ISO14000环境管理体系实施中的应用

对清洁生产、ISO14000环境管理体系的内涵作了简介，着重从理论到实践经验上探讨清洁生产审核在ISO14000环境管理体系推进过程中，环境因素和重大环境因素识别；目标、指标、环境管理方案建立；具体实施过程中的应用。     

建设生态滨湖的实践与思考

结合地区经济、社会的状况和特殊的地理位置，分析了环境保护的现状和存在的问题，系统阐述了建设生态滨湖的必要性和可行性。     

关于宾馆行业环保设施验收监测的实践及思考

阐述了宾馆行业在环保设施竣工验收监测中应采取的关键步骤、运营过程中污染物的来源，提出了合理的监测因子和监测时段；同时从管理的角度，提出了验收监测应具备的基础条件。     

工业企业环保工作规范化建设的实践和思考

依据管理学范畴的规范化理论,简明介绍了工业企业环保工作规范化的概念及特征,重点阐述了工业企业环保工作规范化建设的内容、要求及实施的过程,力图建立新型的工业企业环保管理工作的模式。     

An environmental forensic investigation at a bio-medical waste treatment and disposal facility in Kerala,India

Indian statutes identify twelve different types of biomedical wastes and give the treatment and disposal options for each. Since it is not possible for every generator of biomedical waste to go for their own treatment and disposal facility, the small-scale generators take the service of centralized treatment and disposal facilities available to them on payment. In the state of Kerala in India, where the basic health indicators match those of many developed countries, the centralized biomedical waste treatment facility is run by Indian Medical Association (IMA), Kerala, under the banner IMAGE (IMA Goes Eco-Friendly) at a place called “Kanjikode” in the Palakkad District. The facility receives biomedical waste from around 4500 hospitals across the State and an equal number of medical laboratories. The plant incinerates the incinerable waste and the other kind of waste are disinfected and decontaminated. The residual ash and dried sludge are then moved to the landfill area. Recently, the facility was in the middle of a controversy due to the alleged health hazards it posed to the surrounding population. An environmental forensic investigation was carried out at the site to establish the merits of the allegation. The reported study is a part of the investigation where groundwater was analysed for the presence of heavy metals. As the biomedical waste contain heavy metals like Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr, and Hg, the presence of these were analysed to establish contamination of groundwater by the facility. The study area is bounded by Malampuzha dam and Korayar river. Groundwater contaminant transport modelling was done for a 3430 m × 3960 m area surrounding the waste treatment facility using Visual MODFLOW and MODPATH. Ground water flow direction and particle pathlines were computed to track the movement of contaminants. Groundwater samples were collected from the area shown to be polluted by the model, if metals were discharged by the facility, and also from outside this area. Water samples were collected conforming to the guidelines in the “Pollution Crime Forensic Investigation Manual” published by INTERPOL. The collected water samples were tested for heavy metal concentration using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). The water sample analysis showed that the groundwater is not contaminated by heavy metal discharge from the biomedical treatment facility.     

用空气弹簧降低变压器结构噪声的工程实践

绿岛华庭变压器安装于居民住宅楼一层,其运行噪声长期对楼上居民产生干扰。文中详细分析了变压器产生结构噪声的机理,介绍了一种自适应装置的空气弹簧减振器,用该减振器对变压器结构噪声进行了卓有成效的治理。     

Fragrances in the Environment: Pleasant odours for nature? (9 pp)

Goal, Scope and Background Fragrance preparations or perfumes are used in an increasing variety of applications, as for example washing, cleansing, personal care products, consumer goods or in applications to modify indoor air. However, up to now, little is known to the general or scientific public about their chemical identity and the use pattern of single substances, not even for high production volume chemicals. Some toxicological data are published for a comparatively small number of substances with a focus on sensitisation and dermal effects, while other effects are neglected. Information on ecotoxicity and environmental fate are rare, especially for long-term exposure. Data for a detailed hazard and risk analysis are available in exceptional cases only. According to the current legal situation, fragrance industry is self-regulated, which means that pre-market risk evaluation is not required for most fragrances. Odour and the ability to smell play a major role for wildlife for all taxonomic groups. Reproductive and social behaviour, defence, communication and orientation depend on volatile compounds which can be identical to those used in fragrance preparations. Our interdisciplinary approach leads to the question of whether and, if so, to what extent anthropogenic fragrances may influence life and reproduction of organisms in the environment. Main Features Information from literature on use, exposure and biological effects was combined to analyse the state of knowledge. Following an overview of the amounts of fragrances used in different consumer products and their release into the environment, the roles of odours in nature are shown for a selection of compounds. Existing regulation was analysed to describe the data basis for environmental risk evaluation. Finally, recommendations for further action are derived from these findings. Results Three main results were elaborated: First, fragrance substances are continuously discharged in large amounts into the environment, especially via the waste water. Second, there are some indications of negative effects on human health or the environment, although the data basis is very thin due to the self regulation of the fragrance industry and the regulatory situation of fragrance substances. Third, many odoriferous substances used by man are identical to those which are signal substances of environmental organisms at very low concentrations, thus giving rise to specific mode of actions in the ecosystem. Recommendations For the adequate risk assessments of fragrances, test results on their unspecific as well as their specific effects as signal substances are needed. This would imply prioritisation methods and development of useful test methods for specific endpoints for appropriate risk assessments. Before a comprehensive testing and evaluation of results has been finished, a minimization of exposure should be envisaged. Eco-labelling of products containing acceptable fragrance ingredients could be a first step and provide consumers with the respective information. Transparency concerning the fragrance ingredients used and their biological potency will help to build up confidence between producers and consumers. Conclusions and Perspectives The interdisciplinary approach, bringing together chemical, biological, toxicological and ecotoxicological data with information provided by manufacturers and with legal and consumer aspects, offers new insights into the field of fragrance substances used in consumer products. The amounts and application fields of fragrance substances increases while fate and effects in the environment are hardly known. The current legal situation is not suited to elucidate the effects of fragrances on human health and the environment sufficiently, especially as it was shown that fragrances may play a considerable role in the ecosystem on the behaviour of organisms. According to the precautionary principle, the lack of knowledge should best be tackled by reducing exposure, especially for compounds such as fragrance substances where no ethical reasons object a substitution by less hazardous chemicals. ESS-Submission Editor: Dr. Thomas Knacker (th-knacker@ect.de)     

Fishing for Prawn Larvae in Bangladesh: An Important Coastal Livelihood Causing Negative Effects on the Environment

Freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) farming in Bangladesh has, to a large extent, been dependent on the supply of wild larvae. Although there are 81 freshwater prawn hatcheries in the country, a lack of technical knowledge, inadequate skilled manpower, and an insufficient supply of wild broods have limited hatchery production. Many thousands of coastal poor people, including women, are engaged in fishing for wild prawn larvae along the coastline during a few months each year. On average, 40% of the total yearly income for these people comes from prawn larvae fishing activity. However, indiscriminate fishing of wild larvae, with high levels of bycatch of juvenile fish and crustaceans, may impact negatively on production and biodiversity in coastal ecosystems. This concern has provoked the imposition of restrictions on larvae collection. The ban has, however, not been firmly enforced because of the limited availability of hatchery-raised larvae, the lack of an alternative livelihood for people involved in larvae fishing, and weak enforcement power. This article discusses the environmental and social consequences of prawn larvae fishing and concludes that, by increasing awareness among fry fishers, improving fishing techniques (reducing bycatch mortality), and improving the survival of fry in the market chain, a temporal ban may be a prudent measure when considering the potential negative impacts of bycatch. However, it also suggests that more research is needed to find out about the impact of larvae fishing on nontarget organisms and on the populations of targeted species.