长江中下游河道整治工程施工期溢油风险防范措施研究

文中主要针对长江中下游河道整治工程施工期可能会发生的溢油事故,利用费伊公式进行油膜扩散的预测,提出溢油风险防范措施。建议在施工范围内的饮用水取水口在施工期预先设置围油栏,将溢油事故对取水口的影响降低至最低程度。     

溢油清除水面机器人在海洋石油污染处理中的应用

为解决现有清除溢油技术存在的效率低、自动化程度低、成本高等问题,针对其无法适应海面油污清理的机械化、智能化的需求,自主研发了一种超疏水亲油材料,即泡沫金属基浮油收集材料,设计并制作了溢油回收装置,结合自主水面机器人平台,研制出溢油清除水面机器人系统,该系统具有自主持续性吸油、自主巡航、自动识别油污等功能。实验表明,该超疏水亲油材料吸油效果良好,效率高,且吸油材料能够循环利用。通过水面机器人模拟测试分析可知,该溢油清除水面机器人系统能够实现海面油污清除的智能化、自动化,且具有较好的发展前景和应用前景。     

分散剂在溢油污染控制中的应用

使用分散剂来控制海上溢油污染是常用的应急措施之一。本文介绍了油分散剂的发展历史、作用机理及其优越性 ,列出了分散剂用于溢油污染控制的实例。针对分散剂使用中存在的问题 ,指出施加分散剂时应综合考虑多种因素 ,并做环境风险评价。最后根据我国的实际情况 ,提出应加强与分散剂有关的科学研究     

基于径向基函数网络的溢油预测模型

为了提高溢油预测的准确性,建立和优化溢油预测模型,提出了基于径向基函数网络模型的溢油预测方法,实现溢油预测功能。径向基函数网络模型解决了模拟预测过程中样本库巨大、函数模型收敛速度慢的问题。通过选择有效的输入参数和样本数据,建立局部逼近网络;通过径向基函数训练样本数据,利用输出值与实际值之间的误差作为约束条件调整权重因子、径向基中心和宽度,加快函数模型的收敛速度。该模型模拟了溢油的漂移、扩散过程,达到预测的目的。利用该模型,建立了溢油预测模块,并针对一次溢油事故进行预测模拟,验证了该模型的可行性,能够为应急决策提供一定的支持。     

水域中油污染处理剂主要成分的结构鉴定

近年来,由于海底石油开发装置和输油管的破损以及油轮的偶然溢油事故,引起了海洋、港口的污染,对水产、渔业和人类带来严重危害,引起了世界各国的注意。因此,采取了一系列措施消除污染,使用油处理剂就是其中的一种。油处理剂的作用就是将油分散消失于广阔海域中,并为进一步生物降解提供条件。为此,世界各国都在努力合成和使用     

分散剂在溢油污染控制中的应用

使用分散剂来控制海上溢油污染是常用的应急措施之一。本文介绍了油分散剂的发展历史、作用机理及其优越性，列出了分散剂用于溢油污染控制的实例。针对分散剂使用中存在的问题，指出施加分散剂时应综合考虑多种因素，并做环境风险评价。最后根据我国的实际情况，提出应加强与分散剂有关的科学研究。     

原油及油制品中多环芳烃化学指纹的分布规律研究

利用原油及油制品中的多环芳烃(PAHs)化学指纹特征进行溢油鉴别是确定海上溢油事故污染源的重要技术.使用气相色谱一质谱联用方法测定了汽油E90#、汽油E93#、润滑油150SN、轻柴油-10#、柴油5#、重柴油180#、重柴油380#、俄罗斯原油及大庆原油的PAHs化学指纹图谱.结果表明,在各种PAHs中,萘(Nap)、2-甲基萘(2-MN)和1-甲基萘(1-MN)的含量最高,三者总和占52%～86%(质量分数,下同).轻质油(汽油、轻柴油、柴油和润滑油)和重质油(原油和重柴油)的化学指纹图谱存在明显差异:重质油中2-MN平均为28%,轻质油中Nap平均为42%.Nap/2-MN(Nap与2-MN质量比,以下各物质表述意义同)和Nap/1-MN的比值关系区分的趋势类似,并且存在典型的线性相关性(R=0.92,p<0.01).表明原油及油制品中的Nap、1-MN和2=MN的含量相对固定,使用Nap/2-MN和Nap/1-MN比值方法鉴别油类品种具有较高的可靠性.应用主成分分析方法对9种油样的PAHs化学指纹特征进行了分析,结果表明该方法是一种有效和有潜力的溢油鉴别方法.     

三维荧光联合气相色谱/质谱快速溢油鉴别技术研究

通过一个具体溢油事例的研究,提出了通过三维荧光联合气相色谱/质谱(GC/MS)进行海面溢油鉴别的方法。采用三维荧光指纹信息(谱图形状、荧光特征峰位置、荧光特征峰强度)对14个可疑溢油源样品进行筛选,排除了13个可疑溢油源样品后,再利用GC/MS方法对溢油样品以及剩余可疑溢油源样品中难降解的生物标志化合物(饱和链烷烃、萜烷、甾烷、多环芳烃)进行分析,计算相应的诊断比值并采用"重复性限"方法进行溢油样品和可疑溢油源样品的鉴别分析。结果表明,溢油样品与其中的一个可疑溢油源样品一致,为同一来源;采用三维荧光联合GC/MS进行海面溢油鉴别,既可保证鉴别的准确性,又可大幅度减少检测工作量,缩短鉴定周期。     

不同类型海岸的溢油清理方法

世界石油资源分布和需求的不均衡性,促进了海上石油工业和石油运输业的快速发展,同时也增加了溢油事故的几率.海上溢油污染问题日趋严重,溢油污染对海洋环境、生态、资源、经济及人类生产生活等造成了巨大的影响,日益引起社会各界的关注.海岸溢油污染清理实践表明,正确的溢油清理方案的制定应综合考虑海岸的敏感性指数、溢油的类型、清理方法可能带来的危害以及支际可操作程度等.对包括盐沼地海岸和红树林海岸,沉积海岸,以及岩石海岸三类典型海岸的国内外现有海岸溢油污染清理技术进行了详细的综述,以期为我国的海岸带管理和溢油应急计划的制订提供技术参考.     

OilTech121便携式测油仪在突发性水污染事件中的应用

应用OilTech121便携式测油仪对某突发性水污染事件的小溪沟、长江水样进行石油类浓度检测,分析其石油类浓度沿程变化情况以及对小溪沟、长江水质的影响。结果表明,受含油废水的影响,小溪沟明显受到污染,入溪口d2石油类浓度高达24.9 mg/L,围油栏和吸油毡组成的拦截带对石油类的吸附处置效果明显,4道拦截带的油污拦截效率分别达到41%、34%、28%和18%,此外,长江水质也受到一定程度的影响,但下游水厂取水口水质未受污染,无需中断水厂取水。鉴于该仪器具有携带方便、操作简单、检测速度快等优点,并为判断拦截带吸附处置效率、水厂取水是否安全等重要决策领域提供了大量及时的第一手数据,建议在突发性水污染事件石油类浓度检测及预警中推广使用。     

中原油田石油污染土壤原位生物修复技术实验研究

通过实验室选择性富集培养,从中原油田石油污染土壤中获得了能以中原原油为碳源快速生长的石油降解菌群。结合黑麦草（Ryegrass）和苜蓿（Alfalfa）,采用该降解菌群对原油污染土壤进行了原位生物联合修复实验。接入降解菌的实验区分种植黑麦草、种植苜蓿、未种植区,另设黑麦草区和空白区。经过99 d的生物修复,石油烃累计降...     

实用高效的油烟净化技术及设备

随着餐饮业的快速发展 ,油烟的污染日益严重。探讨分析了目前油烟污染的净化处理现状 ,论述了新型高效的油烟净化技术机理 ,从而开发研制出经济实用的油烟净化设备 ,为我国控制油烟污染开辟了新途径     

快速高效丙烯酸系吸油树脂的合成及性能研究

采用悬浮聚合法合成了低交联度的丙烯酸系高吸油性树脂。研究了单体配比、交联剂用量及种类、分散剂用量和反应温度等反应条件对树脂吸油性能的影响,并且考察了树脂对4种有机毒物(氯苯、吡啶、硝基苯和甲苯) 的吸油效果。结果表明,吸油5 h后,树脂对氯苯、吡啶、硝基苯及甲苯的最大吸油率分别为37.3、34.1、30.5和23.7 g/g;另外,树脂吸油10 min时,其吸油率即可达到最大吸油率的50%。实验证明,该合成树脂对有机毒物有快速高效的吸附效果,可以应用于污染事故应急处理。     

Toxic Effects of Crude Oil Combined with Oil Cleaner Simple Green on Yolk-sac Larvae and Adult Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (4 pp)

Background, Goal and Scope Cleaner CRYSTAL Simple Green (SG) was used for the cleanup of the oil spill in the Baltic Sea near Lithuania in 2001. No scientific data are available on the effects and consequences of its application for local aquatic life. The aim of this study was to determine and compare sublethal effects of a) solution SG; b) crude oil alone; c) SG in combination with oil on rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss at different stages of its development in laboratory conditions.Methods Laboratory studies were performed on adult rainbow trout (4-day duration) and on yolk-sac larvae (25-day duration) evaluating their biological parameters. Concentrations of water-soluble and thin-dispersed fractions of petroleum hydrocarbons were measured using gas chromatography.Results and Discussion SG solution (0.5 mg/l) did not affect the survival of larvae and adult fish, and no significant changes were determined in respiratory parameters of the exposed larvae and adult fish. The most expressed alterations were found in morphological parameters (a decrease in the average body mass) of larvae and in haematological indices (a decrease in the leukocyte count) of adult fish at the end of the tests. Crude oil (1610 mg/l) did not affect the survival of adult fish during the 4-day exposure. An increase in larvae mortality rate (~ 36%) was recorded at the end of the tests. A significant decrease in the average body mass and heart rate of larvae as well as in gill ventilation frequency of larvae and adult fish were determined. SG combined with oil induced an increase in larval mortality &#61566; 46% of individuals died at the end of the tests. No mortality was recorded in adult fish. The average body mass and heart rate of larvae were significantly decreased. Marked changes were also found in respiratory parameters (gill ventilation frequency of larvae and adult fish significantly decreased, while “coughing” rate increased). A 1-day, 2-day exposure of fish to SG combined with oil induced a significant decrease in the leukocyte count of adult fish, which was also determined at the end of the tests. The augmentation of adverse impact could be explained by the data obtained from our studies. When SG was added into dilution water with crude oil the concentration of petroleum hydrocarbons in the mixture increased 3 ~ 4.5 times after 24 h and 96 h, respectively. Conclusions The comparative study of the effects of crude oil alone, SG and SG combined with oil showed that their toxic effects on fish differed. Oil combined with SG was found to be more toxic to fish (larvae and adults) than SG alone and oil alone. Fish at early stages of development (yolk-sac larvae) were more sensitive to the effects of the compounds studied than adults.Recommendations and Outlook To diminish the negative impact of oil spill cleanup using chemicals on aquatic ecosystems, it is recommended to carry out more comprehensive studies of their effects and after-effects in laboratory conditions using a wide scale of local aquatic organisms. The selected species of the most sensitive aquatic organisms should include those which are unable to escape the impact of combined action of oil and cleaners. Special attention should be directed to the research of effects of these pollutants on studied organisms at their most sensitive stages of life (reproduction, hatching, early stages of development), as after-effects of exposure to pollutants may be observed in future generations.     

核桃壳过滤器与超滤对宁化排水的除油研究

采用核桃壳过滤器与超滤组合工艺的中试装置处理宁夏石化总排放水,考察了该工艺对石化废水中油分的处理效果,并且使用模拟废水考察了该工艺对油污染负荷的抗冲击能力.实验结果表明,核桃壳过滤器与超滤组合工艺对石化总排水中油以及油类造成的COD都有较好的处理效果,并且具备一定的抗污染冲击能力.     

膜分离技术在油气回收中的应用

简单阐述了油气回收的意义,并对几种常用的油气回收方法进行了介绍,分析其优缺点,重点论述了膜分离技术在油气回收中的应用,以及国内外的进展情况和典型应用实例,最后对膜法油气回收与其它方法作了比较,对膜法回收现阶段的存在问题进行了剖析,并对今后的研究方向提出了建议。研究结果表明,膜法是一种大有前途的油气回收方法。     

Profitable Solutions to Climate,Oil, and Proliferation

Protecting the climate is not costly but profitable (even if avoided climate change is worth zero), mainly because saving fuel costs less than buying fuel. The two biggest opportunities, both sufficiently fast, are oil and electricity. The US, for example, can eliminate its oil use by the 2040s at an average cost of 15 per barrel (200015 per barrel (2000), half by redoubled efficiency and half by alternative supplies, and can save three-fourths of its electricity more cheaply than operating a thermal power station. Integrative design permits this by making big energy savings cheaper than small ones, turning traditionally assumed diminishing returns into empirically observed expanding returns. Such efficiency choices accelerate climate-safe, inexhaustible, and resilient energy supply—notably the “micropower” now delivering about a sixth of the world’s electricity and 90% of its new electricity. These cheap, fast, market-financeable, globally applicable options offer the most effective, yet most underestimated and overlooked, solutions for climate, proliferation, and poverty.     

木屑处置漏油事故的室内模拟

用锯木屑作为吸附材料,0#柴油为吸附对象进行室内模拟实验,研究了木屑对纯油、水中浮油的吸附以及吸油后的木屑在水中的漂浮性能;并以木屑粒径、木屑投加量、振荡频率、油膜厚度为研究指标,设计了5因素4水平的正交实验,考察了各因素对0#柴油的吸附量、去除率以及木屑漂浮率的影响并对优化条件进行了讨论。结果表明,在实验研究范围内,木屑对水中柴油的吸附速度极快,1min即可达到饱和,饱和吸附量为8．08g／g;木屑在水中漂浮性能良好,静态时经72h漂浮,漂浮率维持在92％左右;振荡频率为150r／min时,72h内漂浮率维持在68％以上;最佳吸油条件组合为吸附剂粒径10～20目,振荡频率120r／min,木屑投加量0．7g,油膜厚度1．65mm。     

油田采油污泥的热解动力学及其热解效果研究

以新疆克拉玛依油田采油污泥为对象,分别采用热重分析仪和小型流化床热解反应器研究了含油污泥的热解过程及其热解效果。结果表明,油泥热解主要经历了失水、轻质组分挥发、重组分快速热解失重和缓慢失重4个阶段,热解过程基本符合一级动力学方程,提高热解的升温速率,可使油泥的最大失重速率D_max、失重速率峰值温度θ_max、升温终点的最大失重率都随之增加,表现在动力学上,反映出表观活化能和碰撞频率因子的同时升高,即提高油泥热解转化率的同时也影响了热解效率。失水油泥用流化床热解,在热解温度600℃、反应时间3 min时,油泥回收率可达到87%。