假单胞菌L-01产表面活性剂的性能分析

通过对活性部位测定,表明菌株L-01产的生物表面活性剂主要是胞外型的糖脂类物质;提取生物表面活性剂后,采用红外扫描仪和紫外扫描仪测定其结构并进一步分析表明,该生物表面活性剂为鼠李糖脂。当以柴油为惟一碳源培养菌株L-01时,在生长的对数后期开始产鼠李糖脂,并在稳定期的初期达到最大值。菌株L-01产的鼠李糖脂对柴油具有良好的乳化能力,培养60 h时,其E24值高达95.2%。通常表面活性剂的临界胶束浓度(CMC)是指在水中测得的,而对鼠李糖脂在水中和土壤中的测定其CMC值后,结果发现两者差距很大,在水中的CMC为65 mg/L;而在土壤溶液中时,其CMC值高达185 mg/L,这一点对利用生物表面活性剂于石油污染生物修复具有重要的参考价值,因为添加的表面活性剂在高于CMC值时才能有效地提高生物修复效率。     

二鼠李糖脂对白腐菌降解稻草中木质纤维素的影响

通过固态发酵方式采用白腐菌对稻草中木质纤维素进行降解,并研究了生物表面活性剂二鼠李糖脂对该降解过程的影响。结果表明,不同浓度的二鼠李糖脂能在不同程度上提高降解过程水溶性有机碳的含量,添加0.007%和0.021%二鼠李糖脂的实验组最高TOC(total organic carbon)浓度较对照组分别提高了83.6%和54.5%,这有利于黄孢原毛平革菌的生长,且延缓了菌体的衰退。添加临界胶束浓度0.007%和0.021%浓度的二鼠李糖脂可使LiP(lignin peroxidase)酶活分别提高85.7%和41.2%,二鼠李糖脂对MnP(manganese peroxidase)酶活没有显著影响。生物表面活性剂的介入促进了白腐菌对稻草中木质素的降解,添加0.007%二鼠李糖脂可使木质素降解率提高54%。     

鼠李糖脂在铜绿假单胞菌NY3代谢烃过程中的生理作用

为了解鼠李糖脂在菌代谢烃过程中所起的具体作用,对NY3菌体生理生化指标进行测定,研究了NY3菌降解烃过程中,鼠李糖脂促进烃降解与细胞生理特性变化规律的相关性。结果表明,投加60、100和140 mg/L鼠李糖脂,能使正十六烷降解率分别提高23.7%、48.3%和32.2%,且产酸明显。鼠李糖脂能加快疏水性有机物的传质速度,与未加鼠李糖脂相比,鼠李糖脂浓度为100和140 mg/L时,菌细胞内积聚的正十六烷量增加12.5%和37.69%。鼠李糖脂存在下,NY3菌细胞内正十六烷吸收是一个积累和消耗相互交替的动态过程。鼠李糖脂使菌体细胞中疏水性脂类的相对含量和细胞表面的负电荷明显增加,但使所生长的细胞内脂多糖含量明显减少,生长过程投加鼠李糖脂浓度为60、100、140和200mg/L时,细胞中脂多糖含量分别减少45.65%、58.13%、45.61%、和59.44%。因此,鼠李糖脂能加快NY3菌对十六烷的降解,同时对代谢过程中菌体的生理生化特性有明显的改变。     

鼠李糖脂对微生物菌剂降解石油的影响

以石油烃降解微生物菌剂和铜绿假单胞菌株A6为对象,考察不同浓度鼠李糖脂对菌剂细胞表面疏水性、原油降解性能和微生物生长的影响,采用GC-MS分析石油中正构烷烃组分的降解情况。结果表明,低浓度鼠李糖脂就可提高菌剂细胞的表面疏水性和原油降解效果。以250mg／L添加组最明显,第7天疏水性达最高,为58．6％,比对照组提高约26．2％;降解第15天原油降解率达71．6％,分别比对照组和TW20组提高16％和13．3％。GC-MS结果显示鼠李糖脂对高碳数烷烃的降解作用大于低碳数烷烃,正二十三烷和正三十三烷的降解率分别较对照提高了21．5％和33．7％。菌剂对奇数碳烷烃的降解效果优于偶数碳烷烃。鼠李糖脂分别使菌剂中细菌、放线菌和霉菌的最大生物量提高了5．7、2．4和1．8倍。鼠李糖脂对微生物细胞疏水性和生物量的提高与石油降解效果正相关。     

鼠李糖脂促进地下水苯和氯苯污染的空气喷射修复

通过一维砂柱室内模拟实验,研究生物表面活性剂鼠李糖脂对空气喷射修复地下水中苯和氯苯污染的促进作用。实验研究了水中表面张力的变化对曝气过程中空气饱和度的影响,结果发现,在一定范围内,随着表面张力的下降,空气饱和度有大幅度的增加,当表面张力下降到37.75 m N/m以后,空气饱和度基本不再上升。曝气流量固定为300 m L/min,当地下水的表面张力由71.65 m N/m降到29.25 m N/m时,对应地下水中空气饱和度可由9.21%提高到20.1%。污染物去除实验的结果表明,添加低浓度的鼠李糖脂可以环保高效地提高苯和氯苯的去除量以及去除速率。因此,添加鼠李糖脂可以作为一种有效的强化方法来提高空气喷射法去除地下水中苯和氯苯污染的效率。     

铜绿假单胞菌NY3所产表面活性剂对原油降解的影响

铜绿假单胞菌NY3是从石油污染土壤中分离出的一株能快速代谢疏水性化合物的菌种。研究了该菌产表面活性剂及对原油降解的作用。实验表明,在敞开体系中,投加82 mg/L NY3菌产的鼠李糖脂,240 h能使NY3对原油的降解率提高50%。投加甘油使NY3产鼠李糖脂与降解原油同步进行,与投加鼠李糖脂对原油降解的促进作用相近。投加9‰甘油使NY3在168 h对原油的降解率提高43%。NY3菌能同时降解原油中的直链烷烃及菲(Pr)和芘(Ph)等多环芳烃。在敞开体系中用少量甘油使产鼠李糖脂和降解原油同步进行,节约处理费用。研究结果为NY3菌株在露天石油污染环境修复中的应用奠定了基础。     

糖脂类生物表面活性剂去除污染含水层中石油烃的研究

研究了糖脂类生物表面活性剂对石油烃的增溶,并将其用于污染含水层中石油烃的去除。结果表明:石油烃溶解度随着糖脂类生物表面活性剂浓度的增大而增大,糖脂类生物表面活性剂质量浓度为1 200mg/L时,石油烃溶解度达10 077.7mg/L;界面张力随着糖脂类生物表面活性剂浓度的增加而减小,糖脂类生物表面活性剂质量浓度为1mg/L时,界面张力为34.3mN/m,糖脂类生物表面活性剂质量浓度为800mg/L时,界面张力为5.2 mN/m。采用糖脂类生物表面活性剂对污染含水层进行清洗处理,在固液比(质量体积比)为1g∶2mL的体系中,糖脂类生物表面活性剂质量浓度为3 000mg/L,120r/min、10℃下振荡12h,石油烃去除率达70.82%。污染含水层柱冲洗结果表明,糖脂类生物表面活性剂质量浓度分别为1 200、3 000mg/L时,10倍孔隙体积的表面活性剂冲洗后,分别从污染砂样中去除41.81%和63.30%的石油烃。     

鼠李糖脂协助下的土壤中镉电动修复

实验研究了重金属Cd在生物表面活性剂鼠李糖脂协助下的电动修复过程,通过不同方式、不同浓度、不同酸碱度的鼠李糖脂溶液的添加与空白处理对比,探讨了鼠李糖脂协助下电动修复过程中的Cd在土壤介质中的迁移转化和机理,分析了鼠李糖脂溶液作为电动修复添加剂的可行性。结果表明,中等浓度酸性的鼠李糖脂溶液(pH=4.78,浓度为0.5、1和2 g/L)能对土壤中的重金属Cd进行有效的富集,富集量均在初始值的4倍以上,且其可交换态比重均大于42.07%,非常有利于土壤进行二次修复。此外,以pH=4.78,浓度为0.5 g/L的鼠李糖脂溶液作为预处理剂的Ex-08中的重金属Cd并未出现富集现象,但其对重金属的Cd的总去除效率达到了49.27%。表明利用鼠李糖脂溶液作为电动修复添加剂进行土壤重金属修复是可行的。     

生物表面活性剂在城市污泥静态强制通风好氧堆肥中的作用

采用静态强制通风好氧堆肥模式对城市剩余污泥进行堆肥降解,并研究了生物表面活性剂鼠李糖脂对堆肥过程的作用。结果表明,堆肥过程中,添加了质量分数为0.015%鼠李糖脂溶液堆制处理和空白对照堆制处理的堆温变化都明显呈现出中温期0～5 d、高温期6～12 d和降温期13～28 d 3个阶段。实验组比空白组的堆体升温快、高温期持续时间长、堆体的含水率高。鼠李糖脂的添加,使实验组的微生物数量高于空白组。添加鼠李糖脂的堆体和空白堆体的种子发芽指数(GI)在堆肥结束时分别为53.70%和50.80%,说明鼠李糖脂促进了堆肥的腐熟,但由于相对浓缩效应,堆肥产品的重金属含量略高于空白堆体。生物表面活性剂的介入促进了堆肥中木质纤维素的初步降解。研究表明,添加鼠李糖脂能够改善堆肥处理的微环境,促进有机质降解和堆肥的腐熟。     

鼠李糖脂对底泥三氯生脱附的影响因素

采用吸附/脱附平衡实验考察了温度对鼠李糖脂作用下三氯生(TCS)在底泥/水中分配的影响,以及鼠李糖脂浓度、泥水比、反应时间、TCS初始浓度对鼠李糖脂脱附底泥中TCS的影响;并通过Box-Behnken响应曲面法(RSM)确定了鼠李糖脂强化脱附底泥中TCS的影响因素排序、最佳脱附条件和调控策略。结果表明,在283~323 K的温度范围内,温度越高,TCS越容易向水相迁移;鼠李糖脂浓度越大、泥水比越低、时间越长、TCS初始浓度越低,越有利于鼠李糖脂脱附TCS。各影响因素作用排序为:泥水比鼠李糖脂浓度pH时间;最佳脱附条件:鼠李糖脂浓度2 996.96 mg·L~(-1)、泥水比10 g·L~(-1)、反应时间30 h及pH 7.9。此时,鼠李糖脂对底泥中TCS的最大脱附率可达90.70%。可为鼠李糖脂生物表面活性剂强化受TCS污染水体的原位修复的可行性提供判据。     

水中柴油污染物的微生物降解及其动力学

以混合柴油为靶污染物,通过对比实验研究了油污染物在模拟水环境中的降解效果。研究表明,模拟自然条件下混合柴油污染物总体降解较慢,油质去除率低;生物强化降解条件下,向混合柴油污染水样中添加驯化培养的微生物混合菌群,生物降解速率明显提高,油质去除率达到98%以上。研究还发现,各污染水样中油的降解速率与降解效果随柴油的配比而不同,混合柴油样本中生物柴油的比例越高,样本的降解率越高,表明生物柴油作为碳源有效改善了水中有机营养配比,促进了柴油的去除效果。进一步分析表明,混合柴油在水中的降解过程符合一级反应动力学,生物强化降解条件下,生物柴油比例越高,混合柴油降解速率越快,除油微生物以菌胶团、球菌和丝状菌为主。     

Slurry-phase biodegradation of weathered oily sludge waste

We assessed the biodegradation of a typical oily sludge waste (PB401) in Mexico using several regimes of indigenous microbial consortium and relevant bioremediation strategies in slurry-phase system. Abiotic loss of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) in the PB401 was insignificant, and degradation rates under the various treatment conditions ranged between 666.9 and 2168.7 mg kg(-1) day(-1) over a 15 days reaction period, while viable cell count peaked at between log(10)5.7 and log(10)7.4 cfu g(-1). Biostimulation with a commercial fertilizer resulted in 24% biodegradation of the TPH in the oily waste and a corresponding peak cell density of log(10)7.4 cfu g(-1). Addition of non-indigenous adapted consortium did not appear to enhance the removal of TPH from the oily waste. It would appear that the complexities of the components of the alkylaromatic fraction of the waste limited biodegradation rate even in a slurry system.     

Fe~Ⅱ（EDTA）协同生物转鼓过滤器去除NO的实验研究

采用自行研制的生物转鼓反应器（RDB）处理难溶于水的NO废气,为提高NO的传质系数和去除效率,实验考察了营养液中添加FeⅡ（EDTA）络合剂协同RDB以提高NO去除效率的过程。结果表明,当空床停留时间（EBRT）为0.96 min时,在营养液中添加FeⅡ（EDTA）至100 mg/L后,NO的去除效率从70.78%升至79.26%。未添加FeⅡ（EDTA）时NO去除率随营养液的增加下降,添加FeⅡ（EDTA）至100 mg/L后,去除率随营养液量的增加先上升后下降,且下降速率比上升速率大。随着营养液中FeⅡ（EDTA）浓度从0增加至500 mg/L,实验最佳温度从32.5℃升至47.5℃,但添加FeⅡ（ED-TA）至100 mg/L对实验的最适pH值没有太大影响。     

SBR法处理选矿废水的影响因素研究

为考察硫化矿浮选废水生物降解效能,采用序批式生物反应器(SBR)研究浮选废水的降解能力,探讨不同的运行条件对苯胺黑药、黄药及乙硫氮去除效果的影响。结果表明:经过24 d的培养驯化,浮选药剂的降解达到预期效果;SBR在HRT为2 h,pH在6～7之间,葡萄糖投加量为0.1 g/L时,降解效果达到最佳;除此以外活性污泥对硫化物承受浓度可达到120 mg/L。     

Biodegradability of aged pyrene and phenanthrene in a natural soil

A study was conducted to evaluate the biodegradability of pyrene (PYR) and phenanthrene (PHE) aged in a natural soil. Both the single and binary systems were either biostimulated via a nutrient amendment or bioaugmented via an inoculation of the enriched bacteria and nutrients. Aging resulted in higher concentration of both compounds and smaller bacterial activity in the solution-phase. Surprisingly, the total biodegraded extent was greater in the aged soil system than in the freshly spiked system. As anticipated, biostimulation was not appropriate to attain an effective biodegradation in this study, and bioaugmentation achieved a substantial increase the total biodegradation extent. The above findings were attributed to indigenous Pseudomonas aeruginosa entering a stationary-phase during the 200-day aging and producing rhamnolipid biosurfactants. In addition, a different sampling technique (i.e., after vigorous hand-shaking) revealed a 15 times higher microbial population than the normal sampling from the stagnant solution. Therefore, PAH bioavailability in the aged soils can be underestimated when the microbial activity is determined only from the stagnant solution. Furthermore, cometabolism enhanced PYR degradation when PHE was present as a primary substrate.     

Removal by sorption and in situ biodegradation of oil spills limits damage to marine biota: a laboratory simulation

This study examined the efficiency of cotton grass fibers in removing diesel oil from the surface of water in conditions prevailing in the Baltic Sea. The effect of low temperature, salinity, and bacterial amendments were tested in laboratory-scale set-ups, whereas 600-L mesocosms filled with Baltic Sea water were used for testing the effects of diesel oil and rapid removal of the oil on microorganisms, phytoplankton, and mussels. Cotton grass proved to be an excellent sorbent for diesel oil from the water surface at a low temperature. Inoculation with diesel-enriched microorganisms enhanced degradation of oil significantly in laboratory-scale experiments. In mesocosm experiments, the addition of diesel oil (0.66 mg L(-1), 0.533 L m(-2)) to the basins resulted in higher microbial density than in all other basins, including inoculated ones, suggesting that the Baltic Sea contains indigenous hydrocarbon degraders. The removal of oil with cotton grass significantly improved the survival of mussels in the mesocosm tests: 100% mortality in diesel basins versus 0% mortality in basins with cotton grass, respectively. However, the surviving mussels suffered from histopathological changes such as inflammatory responses, degenerations, and cell death. The observed rescuing effect was observable even when the cotton grass-bound oil was left in the water. The results underline the importance of rapid action in limiting damage caused by oil spills.     

改良型A2／O-MBR工艺的反硝化除磷性能研究

重点考察了-种改良型膜生物反应器（A2／O—MBR）的脱氮除磷性能。该工艺主要特点在于对膜池硝化回流液进行了固液分离,并将上清液和浓缩污泥分别回流至缺氧池和厌氧池,这种改进提高了系统对氮、磷的同步去除效率。实验结果表明,在水力停留时间（HRT）为12h,污泥龄（SRT）为30d,混合液回流比为200％的运行条件下,进水COD、NH4＋-N、TN和TP平均浓度分别为（225±38）、（24．8±3．9）、（26．7±2．9）和（2．90±0．53）mg／L时,增加膜池硝化回流液固液分离装置前后,系统对COD和NH4＋-N的去除都维持在较高水平,而系统对TN和TP的去除效果显著提高,出水TN和TP平均浓度分别由（14．9±3．3）mg／L和（1．95±0．72）mg／L下降到（9．4±1．9）mg／L和（0．91±0．38）mg／L,表明增加膜池硝化回流液固液分离装置显著改善了A2／O-MBR系统的脱氮除磷效果。反硝化除磷活性实验结果进一步表明,改进后系统中反硝化除磷活性占总除磷活性的比例由51．5％上升至61．7％,说明增加膜池硝化回流液固液分离装置强化了系统的反硝化除磷性能。     

Utilization of a biosurfactant foam/nanoparticle mixture for treatment of oil pollutants in soil

Oil contamination has become a primary environmental concern due to increased exploration, production, and use. When oil enters the soil, it may attach or adsorb to soil particles and stay in the soil for an extended period, contaminating the soil and surrounding areas. Nanoparticles have been widely used for the treatment of organic pollutants in the soil. Surfactant foam has effectively been employed to remediate various soil contaminants or recover oil compounds. In this research, a mixture of biosurfactant foam/nanoparticle was utilized for remediation of oil-contaminated soil. The results demonstrated that the biosurfactant/nanoparticle mixture and nitrogen gas formed high-quality and stable foams. The foam stability depended on the foam quality, biosurfactant concentration, and nanoparticle dosage. The pressure gradient change in the soil column relied on the flowrate (N₂ gas + surfactant/nanoparticle mixture), foam quality, and biosurfactant concentration. The optimal conditions to obtain good quality and stable foams and high oil removal efficiency involved 1 vol% rhamnolipid, 1 wt% nanoparticle, and 1 mL/min flowrate. Biosurfactant foam/nanoparticle mixture was effectively used to remediate oil-contaminated soil, whereas the highest treatment efficiency was 67%, 59%, and 52% for rhamnolipid biosurfactant foam/nanoparticle, rhamnolipid biosurfactant/nanoparticle, and only rhamnolipid biosurfactant, respectively. The oil removal productivity decreased with the increase of flowrate due to the shorter contact time between the foam mixture and oil droplets. The breakthrough curves of oil pollutants in the soil column also suggested that the foam mixture’s maximum oil treatment efficiency was higher than biosurfactant/nanoparticle suspension and only biosurfactant.

     

斜生栅藻降解苯酚的动力学研究

研究结果表明,斜生栅藻在驯化１０ｄ后具备降解苯酚的能力,在２００ｍｇ／Ｌ初始浓度下,５ｄ时间内苯酚被全部降解,日平均降解速率达４０ｍｇ／Ｌ。在４００ｍｇ／Ｌ初始浓度下,６ｄ时间内日平均降解速率为７．５ｍｇ／Ｌ。在高初始浓度的苯酚不仅明显抑制了斜生栅藻的生长,而且抑制了斜生栅藻的降解活性,导致降解速度下降。用最近提出的生物降解二级反应动力学方程拟合上述降解过程,在苯酚初始浓度分别为２００ｍｇ／Ｌ和４００ｍｇ／Ｌ下,计算值与实测值之间的标准偏差分别为６．９ｍｇ／Ｌ和４．４ｍｇ／Ｌ。     

微生物制剂与玄武岩纤维联用处理城市废水

为了探索一种新型的去除水体中有机物的工艺,以模拟城市废水为研究对象,研究不同工况条件下,复合微生物制剂、组合双环玄武岩纤维填料以及复合微生物制剂与组合双环玄武岩纤维填料结合对模拟城市废水中COD的去除情况。实验结果表明,复合微生物制剂与组合双环玄武岩纤维填料结合在曝气的情况下对COD的去除能力较高。在复合微生物制剂与组合双环玄武岩纤维填料结合的条件下,对COD浓度为500 mg/L左右的模拟城市废水的去除效率可达 97.22%;影响模拟城市废水中COD去除效果的各因素的主次顺序依次为反应时间>曝气时间>投加量=pH;得出最佳工况参数是:复合微生物制剂的投加量为0.05 g/L,曝气时间为72 h,反应时间为96 h,pH为7。