南京市某闭库铜矿尾矿库土地再利用风险评估

针对尾矿库闭库后安全再利用问题,本研究以南京市某闭库铜矿尾矿库为例,设置28个库区土壤采样点,6个周围农田土壤采样点,2个库区排水涵管采样点,测定样品中砷(As)、铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)、铬(Cr)、铜(Cu)、镍(Ni)和锌(Zn)元素的含量及pH,关注闭库后存在的重金属污染风险。结果表明：该尾矿库区土壤呈弱碱性;两个排水涵管的水样未受到重金属污染;土壤样品中重金属Ni未检出,但其余重金属元素富集明显,其中As、Cd和Cu含量最小值大于南京地区土壤元素背景值,Pb、Zn和Cr超过南京市土壤元素背景值的点位所占比例分别为94.12%、85.29%和5.88%。该尾矿库区土壤存在一定的重金属污染和生态风险,其中Cd的潜在生态风险系数显示超过一半的点位存在较高风险,须重点关注。潜在生态风险指数法评价结果表明50%的点位存在中等风险;健康风险评价结果表明,这6种重金属元素对成人的健康影响处于可忽略水平。     

新建电子废弃物拆解厂附近土壤重金属污染评价及其来源分析

为了探究新建电子废弃物拆解厂附近土壤重金属污染水平与同源相关性,对上海某新建(2012年)电子废弃物处理厂附近土壤中的重金属进行了分析,通过电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)对土壤中As、Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn 5种重金属元素进行了测定,采用潜在生态风险指数法和地累积污染指数法对污染程度进行了评价。结果表明,除Zn外,该场区附近土壤As、Cd、Cu、Pb质量比的最小值均大于当地化工区土壤的背景值,其中As和Cd的质量比更高,分别为国家二级标准(GB 15618—1995)的1.7倍和1.68倍。评价区土壤重金属的风险指数为392,属于强生态风险,其中Cd的潜在风险指数达到了285,具有很强的生态风险;As的风险指数为83,具有强生态风险;Pb、Cu和Zn具有轻微生态风险,应用地累积污染指数法得到了相似的结果。通过重金属相关性分析得出,5种重金属相互间具有显著相关性,可初步判断均来自电子废弃物拆解生产过程中产生的污染,因此,必须进一步加强电子废弃物拆解过程的污染控制。     

湘江长沙段洲滩菜园土壤重金属潜在生态风险评价

为研究湘江长沙段洲滩菜园土壤重金属污染现状及其潜在生态风险,采用火焰原子吸收法测定了土壤中重金属(Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn)的质量比,应用BCR三步连续提取法对土壤中重金属的化学形态进行了分析,采用改进的潜在生态风险指数法对土壤污染程度的潜在生态风险进行了评价。结果表明,土壤中Cu、Cd、Pb和Zn的平均质量比分别为36.40 mg/kg、12.87 mg/kg、164.41 mg/kg和431.21 mg/kg,土壤Cd、Zn污染严重,污染水平超过II级土壤水平。土壤中各重金属均以极高比例的可提取态存在,因而重金属在土壤中不稳定,Cd、Zn弱酸提取态质量比较高,容易释放,具有较强的潜在环境危害。4种重金属的潜在生态风险递减趋势为Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn,Cd为极强生态风险元素,Cu、Pb、Zn为轻微生态风险元素。研究区域所有采样点改进的潜在生态风险指数MRI均高于1 200,属于极强生态风险级别。4种重金属中,Cd的平均风险贡献率为98.21%,是最主要的污染物。因此,Cd污染应引起环境部门的高度重视。     

典型生态旅游地土壤重金属空间分布及潜在生态风险评价

以黔江区城市郊区和生态旅游区域作为研究对象,分析了土壤中8种(As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、Ni、Zn、Hg)重金属含量,采用单因子污染指数法、内梅罗综合污染指数法、潜在生态危害指数法对土壤中重金属进行了空间分布及潜在风险评价。结果表明:黔江区土壤中8种重金属平均值含量均低于《土壤环境质量标准》(GB 15618—1995)二级标准,除Cd、Cr和Ni低于重庆市土壤背景值外,其余5种重金属都高于其背景值。黔江区土壤中8种重金属元素的污染程度大小为CuHgPbZnAsNiCrCd,不同采样点位呈现轻度、中度和重度污染。8种重金属之间相关性较强,Cr、Hg与As的来源可能相同,主要受到人类活动的影响。8种重金属平均单项生态风险因子由强到弱的顺序为HgCdAsCuPbNiCrZn,除Hg处于中等水平生态风险外,其余7种重金属的潜在生态危害程度都较低。与城郊区域土壤生态风险相比较,生态旅游区域土壤指数相对较高。研究区土壤平均潜在生态风险均值为107.6,处于轻微生态危害等级。     

排污河沉积物中重金属污染的生态风险评价

以天津市某排污河河道沉积物为研究对象,分析了底泥中Zn、Cu、Cr、Pb、Ni、Cd和Mn的质量比,并用潜在生态风险指数法和地累积指数法对7种重金属的污染状况和生态风险进行了评价。结果表明,Zn的质量比水平最高,平均达1 061.2 mg/kg;而Cd质量比水平最低,均值为4.8 mg/kg。以海滦河流域沉积物背景值为参考值,河道底泥重金属污染严重,其中Cu、Zn、Cd的质量比远远超过背景值,为主要污染风险因子。Cd和Cu在6个采样点都呈现出极大的污染风险,Pb的污染风险则较低。     

煤层气生产区重金属污染特征及其潜在生态危害

为了调查煤层气生产区采出地层水中的重金属在露天排放下对生产区地表土壤的影响,采集生产监测区煤层气井产出地层水样、蓄水池积水样、蓄水池底泥样和井场周围地表土样进行重金属含量的测试分析,应用地质累积指数法和Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法对地表土壤的重金属污染程度和生态危害进行了评价。结果表明,煤层气生产区井场蓄水池底泥受到As、Cd、Sn的中度污染,周围地表土壤受到Cd、Sn的中度污染和As、Cr、Pb、Cu、Co的轻度污染,各重金属的污染程度由高到低为Sn、Cd、As、Pb、Cr、Co、Cu、Mn、Ni、Zn。煤层气生产区土壤中重金属存在中度的潜在生态风险,对煤层气生产区地表土壤生态环境产生潜在生态风险的最主要重金属是Cd。     

保定城市土壤重金属污染及潜在生态危害评价

为了解保定城市土壤重金属污染状况及潜在生态危害,以保定城市土壤为研究对象,采用单因子指数法、尼梅罗综合指数法、潜在生态危害指数法对保定城市土壤重金属污染特征及潜在生态危害进行评价。结果表明,保定城市土壤As、Cd、Hg、Pb、Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni的平均值分别为9. 75 mg/kg、0. 18 mg/kg、0. 21 mg/kg、38. 99 mg/kg、66. 30 mg/kg、29. 10mg/kg、122. 36 mg/kg、28. 05 mg/kg。保定城市土壤中重金属元素平均值(除As、Ni、Cr外)均高于河北省土壤背景值,其中Hg、Pb、Zn元素的平均值较大,分别是河北省土壤背景值的5. 28倍、1. 74倍、1. 75倍,表明这些元素受到人为因素及工业活动的影响。保定城市土壤重金属污染程度从大到小依次为Zn、Pb、Hg、Cd、Cu、Cr、Ni、As,其中Cd、Pb、Cu以清洁状态为主,Hg以安全状态为主,As、Cr、Ni元素处于完全清洁状态,Zn元素出现污染,面积达到研究区面积的2. 08%。整体而言,保定城市土壤环境良好,局部污染,清洁、安全、警戒土壤面积比例分别为64. 58%、33. 33%、2. 08%,主要出现在保定市北部地区,其形成可能与工业生产及人类活动有关。保定城市土壤重金属潜在危害程度由大到小依次为Hg、Cd、As、Pb、Cu、Zn、Cr、Ni。各重金属元素中,产生潜在生态危害的重金属主要是Hg,已达到很强潜在生态危害水平,其余重金属均为轻度潜在生态危害;综合潜在生态危害指数(RI)达到中等生态危害程度,达到强生态危害和很强生态危害程度的面积之和占研究区总面积的35. 41%,其形成可能与工业生产有关。     

长汀稀土矿废弃地土壤重金属污染特征及其评价

为了解离子型稀土矿开采废弃地土壤重金属污染状况,以福建长汀稀土矿废弃地为研究对象,测定了3类废弃地及未开采对照区土壤的重金属质量比,采用地积累指数、内梅罗指数和潜在生态风险指数对其污染状况进行了评价。结果表明:长汀稀土矿废弃地不同功能区土壤重金属污染存在一定差异,其中Cd污染最严重,原地浸废弃地、取土场、废弃堆浸池的Cd质量比分别为福建省土壤背景值的141倍、97倍、69倍;4个采样区土壤Cd均达重度污染水平,Cr、Cu均未污染,Pb在取土场达轻度污染,Zn在废弃堆浸池达轻度污染;综合潜在生态风险指数达极重污染水平。     

秦岭北麓矿区周边农田土壤重金属污染及风险评价

针对秦岭北麓潼关县矿区周边土壤污染进行现场调查、样品采集及样品中Zn、Cu、Pb、Cd、Cr等5种重金属元素含量分析,为矿区周边土壤重金属污染防治提供科学依据。采用单项污染指数法、内梅罗综合污染指数法、地质累积指数法和潜在生态危害指数法对土壤重金属污染进行了综合分析与污染风险评价。秦岭北麓潼关县矿区周边土壤重金属污染较严重,其中Cd、Pb污染明显,土壤污染潜在生态危害处于重度危害程度。以农用地土壤污染筛选值为标准,计算得到Zn、Cu、Pb、Cd的累积超标率分别为10.53%、52.63%、94.74%、100%,Cr含量未超标。不同重金属的污染程度由强至弱顺序为：Cd>Pb>Cu>Zn>Cr,各种重金属的潜在生态危害强度由强至弱顺序为：Cd>Pb>Cu>Zn>Cr,其中,Cd污染占绝对主导地位。潼关县矿区周边土壤重金属潜在生态危害较强,对周边土壤环境构成威胁,矿区环境污染治理迫在眉睫。     

闽江口湿地重金属污染现状评价

研究闽江口主要湿地重金属污染现状并对其评价.选取186个闽江口湿地的土壤样本,用HNO3-HF-HClO4处理后,用原子吸收分光光度计(AAS)测定Cu和Zn的全量,用石墨炉原子吸收分光光度计(GFAAS)测定Pb和Cd的全量,用地累积指数和潜在生态危害指数进行评价.结果表明:1)闽江口湿地重金属Pb、Zn、Cd和Cu的质量比显著高于福建省重金属质量比背景值,与国内外一些河口湿地相比,Pb和Zn的质量比较高;2)从各采样点的地累积指数评价分析,闽江口湿地主要受Cd和Zn的污染,不同重金属污染情况大致排序为Cd大于Zn大于Pb大于Cu;3)闽江口湿地的RI平均值为247.0±154.0,属于中等生态危害.闽江口的主要潜在生态危害重金属为Cd,其次为Pb、Cu和Zn.各个主要采样区域的潜在生态危害指数排列次序为塔礁洲大于蝙蝠洲大于鳝鱼滩大于洋中村.     

Origin of hydrogen sulfide in coal seams in China

In recent years, coal mines in China have seen accidents caused by sudden release of hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), with higher severity. Based on recent local and overseas research on the origin of hydrogen sulfide and the comparative analysis of isotopes, the paper presents three formation models of hydrogen sulfide: bacterial sulfate reduction (BSR), thermo-chemical sulfate reduction (TSR) and igneous activity, as well as the characteristics for identification. This paper analyzes and categorizes the formation models of some hydrogen sulfide in coal seams in China. Some suggestions were put forward for future research of H₂S in coal mines in China.     

Differences in geometry of pedestrian crashes in daylight and darkness

Introduction

Previous studies have shown that increased risk in darkness is particularly great for pedestrian crashes, suggesting that attempts to improve headlighting should focus on factors that likely influence those crashes. The current analysis was designed to provide information about how details of pedestrian crashes may differ between daylight and darkness. Method: All pedestrian crashes that occurred in daylight or dark conditions in Michigan during 2004 were analyzed in terms of the variables included in the State of Michigan crash database. Additional analysis of the narratives and diagrams in police accident reports was performed for a subset of 400 of those crashes—200 sampled from daylight and 200 sampled from darkness. Results: Several differences were found that appear to be related to the characteristic asymmetry of low-beam headlamps, which (in the United States) distributes more light on the passenger's side than the driver's side of the vehicle. These results provide preliminary quantification of the how the photometric differences between the right and left sides of typical headlamps may affect pedestrian crash risk.

Impact on Industry

The results suggest that efforts to provide supplemental forward vehicle lighting in turns may have safety benefits for pedestrians.     

建筑学专业建筑安全教育教学的改革与实践

对建筑学专业建筑安全教学现状及存在的问题进行剖析,结合教学实践,提出安全教学改革的思路和具体措施:应改变传统的建筑学教育观念,坚持"以人为本",创新教学模式,改革课程设置、教学内容、教学方法及考核方式等;理论联系实际,了解建筑师对建筑安全所负有的法律和道义上的责任,提高学生的建筑安全设计意识;熟悉建筑防火、防雷、防洪、抗震、安全疏散等知识;了解应急逃生、减灾防灾及适应经济建设、人居安全等原则;通过对建筑安全知识的课程结构和教学内容的更新,改革教学方法,注重实践训练,提高建筑设计综合素质,培养适应社会的高素质人才。     

Anthropometric hand dimensions in a population of Iranian male workers in 2012

Background. The mismatch between the hand size of workers and the size of industrial instruments is a growing concern; it can lead to various musculoskeletal complications. Currently, there are few reliable studies available to address this concern in Iran. This study was conducted to measure 30 upper-extremity parameters in a group of Iranian industrial workers. Methods. This study is a cross-sectional study on 529 workers. The study population was randomly selected from male Iranian industrial workers who were referred to the Yazd hospital occupational medicine clinic for surveillance evaluations. Results. The M (SD) age of the participants was 30.13 (8.29) years. Statistical analysis was performed using the mean, standard deviation and 5th, 50th and 90th percentiles for each measured hand dimension. A considerable number of dimensions were significantly different between the measurements of right and left hands in each examinee. The results showed significant differences between Iranian hand size and that of other populations. Conclusion. This study provided a valuable databank of hand dimensions in a population of Iranian male workers. These data can be used by manufacturers in designing high-quality hand-tools and industrial gloves, taking into consideration Iranian worker characteristics.     

Characterization of heavy metals in fly ash from municipal solid waste incinerators in Shanghai

This study aims to develop a methodology for analysis of characteristics of heavy metals in MSWI fly ash. It performed analysis of composition of heavy metals, leaching toxicity, leaching behavior as a function of pH, specification distribution and corresponding mineral components of residue derived from each step of the sequential extraction. It is found that content of heavy metals follows the sequence of Zn > Pb > Cu > Cr > As > Ni > Cd approximately Hg in both plants, and that total heavy metals account for less than 1% by mass of fly ash. Major hazardous heavy metals in fly ash are As, Cd, Hg, Pb and Zn, whose leaching ratios exceed the limit value described in hazardous waste identification standard. Measured leaching results of Cu, Pb and Zn are essentially consistent with the simulated results at pH between 0 and 13. Content of calcium-silicates, alumino-silicates and glass phases in residue derived from sequential extraction procedure increases steadily from the first step to the fifth step of the sequential extraction procedure. Cu, As, Cr, Hg, Cd, and Ni, relatively stable under strong basic conditions, can be leached out under strong acidic conditions, while Zn and Pb tend to be leached out under both strong acidic and basic conditions.     

Explosion parameters of wood chip-derived syngas in air

The wood gasification process poses serious concerns about the risk of explosion. The design of prevention and mitigation measures requires the knowledge of safety parameters, such as the maximum explosion pressure, the maximum rate of pressure rise and the gas deflagration index, K_G, at standard ambient temperature (25 °C) and pressure (1 bar) conditions. However, the analysis at specific process conditions is strongly recommended, as the explosion behavior of gas mixtures may be completely different.In the work presented in this paper, the explosion behavior of mixtures with composition representative of wood chip-derived syngas (CO/H₂/CH₄/CO₂/N₂ mixtures with and without H₂O) was experimentally studied in a closed combustion chamber. Experiments were run at two temperatures, 300 °C and 10 °C, and at atmospheric pressure. Test conditions were requested by the safety engineering designer of an existing industrial-scale wood gasification plant. In order to identify the specific fuel–air ratios to be analyzed, thus reducing the number of experimental tests, a preliminary thermo-kinetic study was performed.Results have shown that the mixtures investigated can be classified as low-reactivity mixtures, the higher value of K_G found (∼36 bar m/s) being much lower than the K_G value of methane (55 bar m/s @ 25 °C).     

Exploring differences in the workplace violence experiences of young workers in middle and late adolescence in the United States

Problem: Young workers, typically characterized as 15–24 years of age, are commonly employed in jobs where the risk of workplace violence is high. It is unknown how these young workers, at varying stages of development, might understand and respond to workplace violence differently. We set out to explore whether the experiences and understandings of young workers varied between those in middle (ages 15–17) and late (ages 18–24) adolescence. Method: Separate focus groups were conducted with working students (n = 31), ages 15–17 and ages 18–24, who had either experienced or witnessed workplace violence. A focus group guide was used to facilitate the sessions which were recorded, transcribed, and content analyzed for themes. Results: Those in the older group experienced more severe episodes of sexual harassment and physical assault, reported using formal mechanisms for reporting, and noticed an employer focus on customer satisfaction over employee safety, while the younger participants tended to report to their parents. Both groups reported negative effects of experiencing workplace violence including depression, anxiety, feelings of worthlessness, and spill over into personal life. Discussion: Findings suggest that young workers at different developmental stages may experience and respond to workplace violence differently. Further research is needed to see if these results are generalizable. Summary: It is imperative that we understand the distinct differences between these subsets of young workers and how they experience and respond to workplace violence in order to improve research, policy development, and prevention/intervention mechanisms. Practical Applications: Understanding that differences exist among young workers based on age due to developmental stage, lack of experience, education, and social awareness can enable employers, companies, policy makers, and researchers the opportunity to better address the issue of workplace violence in this population.     

Design for occupational safety and health of workers in construction in developing countries: a study of architects in Nigeria

Purpose. Design for safety (DfS) of workers is amongst the prominent ways of tackling poor occupational safety and health performance in construction. However, in developing countries there is extremely limited research on DfS. This study thus makes an important contribution to the subject of DfS in developing countries by specifically examining the awareness and practice of DfS amongst architects within the construction sector of Nigeria. Materials and methods. A survey of architects, yielding 161 valid responses, was conducted. Results. While there is high awareness of the concept of DfS, the actual practice is low. Additionally, although there is high interest in DfS training, the engagement in DfS training is low. Significantly, awareness of DfS, training and education related to DfS, and membership of a design professional body have very limited bearing on the practice of DfS by architects. Conclusions. The findings are thus symptomatic of the prevalence of influential DfS implementation barriers within the construction sector. Industry stakeholders should seek to raise the profile of DfS practice within the sector. Furthermore, similar empirical studies in the construction sector of other developing countries would be useful in shedding light on the status of DfS in these countries.     

The effect of helmets on motorcycle outcomes in a level I trauma center in Connecticut

Objective: The State of Connecticut has a partial motorcycle helmet law, which has been linked to one of the lowest helmet compliance rates in the Northeast. We examine the clinical and financial impact of low motorcycle helmet use in the State of Connecticut.

Methods: A retrospective cohort study comparing the outcomes between helmeted and nonhelmeted motorcycle crash victims over a 12.5-year period, from July 2, 2002, to December 31, 2013. All patients who were admitted to the hospital after a motorcycle crash were included in the study. Patients were stratified into helmeted and nonhelmeted cohorts. Group differences were compared using t-test or Wilcoxon rank test for continuous variables and chi-square test for dichotomous outcomes. Regression models were created to evaluate predictors of helmet use, alcohol and drugs as confounding variables, and factors that influenced hospital costs.

Results: The registry included 986 eligible patients. Of this group, 335 (34%) were helmeted and 651 (66%) were nonhelmeted. Overall, nonhelmeted patients had a worse clinical presentation, with lower Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS; P <.01), higher Injury Severity Score (ISS; P <.01), higher incidence of loss of consciousness (LOC; P <.01), longer intensive care unit (ICU; P <.01) admissions, and higher incidence of head (P <.01) or face injuries (P <.01). Nonhelmeted patients were also twice as more likely to die from their injuries (P =.04, odds ratio [OR] = 1.89, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02–3.45). Financially, nonhelmeted patients incurred mean hospital costs of $18,458, whereas helmeted patients incurred $14,970 (P =.18). ISS, GCS, and ICU length of stay were significantly correlated with increased hospital costs (P <.01). Not using a helmet was a significant predictor of mortality (P =.04) after adjusting for alcohol/drug use and age.

Conclusions: Helmet use is associated with lower injury severity and increased survival after a motorcycle crash. These outcomes remained consistent even after controlling for age and alcohol and drug use. The medical and financial impact of Connecticut's partial helmet law should be carefully evaluated to petition for increased education and enforcement of helmet use.     

The characteristic of in situ stress in outburst area of China

In order to obtain the characteristics of in situ stress field in outburst mining area, using the hollow inclusion (HI) technique to measure the in situ stress of coal and gas outburst mining area. The measurement sites located in northeast, middle and east of china, which include eight mining areas such as Fuxin, Pingdingshan, Hebi and Huainan. Base on the analysis of measurement data from outburst mining area, conclusions could be obtained as follow: (a) major principal stress and minor principal stress is horizontal stress and interim principal stress is vertical stress, and the type of outburst area’s stress field is dynamic stress field; (b) the major principal stress and minor principal stress are higher than other regions and the tectonic stress is outstanding; and (c) the ratio of major principal and vertical stress is decrease with the increase of depth and the type of stress field is likely transfer dynamic to static. Thus, in situ stress plays a key role during the occurring and development of coal and gas outburst, which is an important reason of severe outburst in China.