滇池水体和沉积物中营养盐的分布特征

在滇池外海不同方位选取6个采样点,研究了水质现状,沉积物Eh,pH,总氮,总磷以及间隙水重金属的剖面分布特征。结果表明,滇池水体仍属富营养化状态。在氧化表层下,Eh随沉积深度的增加迅速降低,沉积物深层为还原状态。pH在沉积物剖面变化不大,为7 0～8 5。滇池沉积物含有丰富的营养物质,总氮和总磷最高质量分数分别为8 67和3 46g kg。剖面分布表明,沉积物表层总氮和总磷含量远高于底层,在表层0～10cm含量随深度增加而迅速降低。重金属元素在水-土界面的浓度梯度为沉积物向水体的扩散提供了条件。不同采样点相比,位于昆明市附近的S6点沉积物内负荷较大。在外源减少的情况下,沉积物内负荷可能在一定时间内成为控制滇池水质的主导因子。      

滇池与红枫湖沉积物中磷的地球化学特征比较研究

对比研究了滇池与红枫湖表层沉积物中磷的形态含量及其生物有效性.结果表明,两湖沉积物总磷含量相当,分别为1373.8～ 4616.3mg·kg-1、1194.4 ～4324.3 mg·kg-1.HCl-P、Res-P为滇池沉积物中主要的磷形态,占总磷的62.9％ ～86.4％;而红枫湖中磷形态顺序为NaOH-P＞ Res-P＞ HCl-P＞ BD-P＞ NH4Cl-P;两湖沉积物中有机磷均以低活性态为主.红枫湖沉积物中NH4Cl-P、BD-P、NaOH-rP及生物有效磷等平均含量明显高于滇池,表明其内源磷释放对上覆水体富营养化的贡献更大.Olsen-P与NH4Cl-P、BD-P、NaOH-rP等活性磷形态呈显著正相关,而与NaOH-nrP、HCl-P、Res-P、TP等相关性不显著,因此,可作为评价两湖沉积物释磷能力及其潜在环境风险的重要指标.     

滇池湖滨带沉积物磷的空间分布

采集了滇池湖滨带的表层和柱状沉积物,研究分析了湖滨带沉积物中总磷、钙磷和铁铝结合态磷的空间分布和垂向分布特征。结果表明,滇池湖滨带表层沉积物总磷含量高,个别点位高达10604.64mg/kg,总磷含量均值为2452mg/kg,沉积物受磷污染严重;不同区域沉积物磷的含量差别较大;表层和柱状沉积物中的钙磷含量都高于铁铝结合态磷,这是滇池湖滨带不同于其他湖泊的地方;柱状沉积物各种磷形态含量在垂向分布上的波动较大,但钙磷和铁铝结合态磷含量水平与总磷具有一致性;13个采样点有12个点的沉积物铁铝结合态磷含量都低于钙磷,两者比值<0.5,钙磷是总磷的主要组成部分,应该考虑环境酸化引起的磷释放风险。     

滇池福保湾沉积物不同形态磷的垂向分布

应用SMT连续提取法分析滇池福保湾柱状沉积物的磷(P)形态,探讨P形态的垂向分布特征.沉积物中总磷 (TP)含量高,最高达4　200 mg/kg, 无机磷 (IP)是TP的主要部分,占TP的52%～91%, 铁/铝结合态磷 (Fe/Al-P)是IP的主要部分,占IP的55%～94%.同一湖区不同采样点的沉积物P形态的垂向变化不同,湖湾北端近河口处和南端远离河口处的沉积物中Fe/Al-P, IP, 有机磷 (OP)和TP含量随深度增加而增加,6～11 cm 层的含量最高,这与近年来入湖河流污染负荷削减和河堤阻隔导致P入湖量减少有关.河口处沉积物的钙结合态磷 (Ca-P)含量随深度增加而增加,最南端沉积物的Ca-P含量随深度增加而减少.离河口较远的沉积物中,Fe/Al-P, IP, OP,TP和Ca-P均随深度增加而减少.各点沉积物P形态的变化受该点人类活动带来的入湖污染物量的影响较大,距河口最远处的沉积物中P形态随深度变化不如其他点明显.      

滇池沉积物磷负荷估算

采集了滇池100多个沉积物柱样,并借助GIS对滇池作了分区;分段测试每个柱样的全磷(TP)含量及各区代表性柱样的¹³⁷Cs含量,利用¹³⁷Cs定年法确定0～5cm,5～10cm,10～15cm深度区间对应的时段是1986～2003年,1963～1986年,1954～1963年.在此基础上估算滇池不同区域与泥沙沉积量对应的TP沉积通量和总量.结果表明,近50年,全湖TP年均蓄积量为780t,表层15cm沉积物中TP累积量为3.89×104t.沉积物中磷蓄积已成为滇池水体磷的重要内部来源.     

沉积物有效态磷对湖库富营养化的指示及适用性

为探究不同类型湖库沉积物有效态磷对富营养化的指示意义及适用范围,选取了12个不同水深、不同换水周期的湖泊和水库进行4季度的水样、沉积物样品采集,以SMT分级方法提取的氢氧化钠磷(Na OH-P)作为沉积物有效态磷,分析了湖库中沉积物和水相磷含量之间的关系.结果表明,12个湖库的沉积物和水相磷含量差别大,沉积物Na OH-P含量范围为86～584 mg·kg-1(均值263 mg·kg-1),总磷含量225～760 mg·kg-1(均值502 mg·kg-1);水体总磷含量范围为0. 02～0. 35mg·L-1(均值0. 11 mg·L-1); 12个湖库的水体叶绿素a含量差异也很大,分布范围为3～349μg·L-1(均值51μg·L-1);沉积物与对应的水相各形态磷含量之间的相关分析发现,沉积物有效态磷与水相磷含量之间的相关性高于沉积物总磷,Na OHP比总磷能更好地反映湖库的富营养化状态,然而只有在换水慢的浅水湖库中,这种沉积物Na OH-P与水相磷的相关性才达到显著水平,表明"换水周期"和"水体深度"是影响沉积物Na OH-P与水相磷含量相关关系的两个关键因子:在换水快或是深水的湖库中,即使沉积物有效态磷含量较高,但是受多种因素影响,沉积物Na OH-P与水相磷含量的相关关系可能并不显著,而在换水慢的浅水湖库中,沉积物作为源和汇频繁与水体磷进行交换,尤其是在夏季藻类暴发时期,对水相磷升高贡献大,成为该类水体富营养化问题易发生、难治理的潜在缓冲因子.     

金盆水库沉积物磷的来源及分布特征

为探究分层型水源水库沉积物中磷的来源与分布特征,以西安金盆水库为对象,针对2017年3～11月金盆水库水体、沉降颗粒及沉积物柱状样品总磷(TP)含量及形态分布特征进行研究.结果表明,金盆水库主库区表层沉积物总磷含量及形态分布受水体颗粒磷(PP)沉降作用明显,相关系数r~2=0. 877 5;同时表层沉积物总磷含量还受到沉积物内部生物地球化学的共同作用. 6～8月金盆水库水体藻类剧烈繁殖演替,繁殖过程中大量失去活性、死亡的藻类不断向底部水体沉积,形成以藻类等颗粒磷为主导的内源污染,沉降颗粒总磷含量达(753. 51±17. 11) mg·kg~(-1),表层沉积物总磷含量随之增加,以铁铝结合态非活性磷(NaOH-nrP)为主; 9～11月进入汛期,径流水体携带大量泥沙等负荷较大的污染物汇入水库,使得水体颗粒磷浓度相应增大,然而由于单位质量泥沙中总磷含量占比较小,导致径流过程中表层沉积物总磷含量逐渐降低,泥沙径流过程中颗粒磷以无机态的钙磷(Ca-P)和残渣态磷(rest-P)为主,二者约占沉积物总磷(TP) 55. 8%～66. 2%,受颗粒沉降影响相对较大.活性磷(SRP)、铁锰螯合态磷(BD-P)和铁铝结合态活性磷(NaOH-srP)这3种形态磷较活跃,在环境条件的变化(主要是氧化还原条件)下发生一系列迁移转化,受沉积物内部生物地球生物化学过程作用明显.     

三峡水库湖北段沉积物磷形态及其分布特征

应用淡水沉积物的标准测试程序(SMT)测定了三峡水库湖北段长江干流和4条支流中14个采样点沉积物的总磷、无机磷、有机磷、铁/铝磷和钙磷的含量并对不同形态磷之间进行了相关性分析.结果表明,三峡水库湖北段水体表层沉积物中TP和各种磷的赋存形态存在明显的空间差异,TP含量为361.6～1033.5mg/kg;In-P是沉积物...     

太湖东北部沉积物生物可利用磷的季节性变化

对太湖东北部营养水平不同的梅梁湾,贡湖湾和胥口湾3湖区表层(0～10cm)沉积物中总磷与4种生物可利用磷的季节性变化进行了研究.结果发现,各湖区沉积物中总磷及各形态生物可利用磷的含量与其水体营养水平相一致;不同点位沉积物中总磷与各生物可利用磷含量存在较大差异,同一点位不同季节沉积物中总磷与生物可利用磷的含量也显著不同.表层沉积物中各生物可利用磷始终与总磷有很好的相关性并且随季节变化.建议评估沉积物对藻类的供磷能力及潜在释放危险时,以不同季节的总磷含量为依据进行比较分析更为确切.     

巢湖表层沉积物磷的空间分布差异性研究

通过对巢湖表层沉积物磷形态、有机质及粒径分布特征分析,与沉积物总磷历史数据进行对比,结合不同形态磷的剖面变化,探讨了内源磷释放风险.结果表明,巢湖表层沉积物TP自西向东呈递减趋势,平均含量为790 mg.kg-1,比20世纪80年代平均增加了55%,其中东半湖增加211 mg.kg-1、西半湖增加386 mg.kg-1.表层沉积物磷形态含量和分布有较大差别:铁铝结合磷(NaOH-Pi)和活性有机磷(NaOH-Po)含量占TP含量的42%,分别介于55～648 mg.kg-1和27～468 mg.kg-1范围,西半湖平均含量分别为331 mg.kg-1和225 mg.kg-1显著高于东半湖(147 mg.kg-1和91 mg.kg-1,P<0.01);相对而言,钙镁结合磷(Ca-P)和惰性磷(Res-P)含量在东西部湖区没有显著差别,分别占TP含量的18%和40%.沉积物TP含量随深度减少而增加,西半湖增加量高于东半湖,各种磷形态中NaOH-Pi和NaOH-Po的垂直变化规律与TP相似,是沉积物磷增加的主要形态.西半湖高活性磷、高有机质和多砂质粉砂的特征共同作用极大增加了沉积物中磷向上覆水中释放的风险.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.