Adsorptive removal of As(III) and As(V) from water and wastewaters using an anion exchanger derived from polymer-grafted banana stem

In this study, the adsorption characteristics of As(III) and As(V) from water and wastewater using polyacrylamide-grafted banana stem with quaternary ammonium functionality (PGBS-AE) were investigated. Infrared spectroscopic, and thermogravimetric analyses were performed to affirm the polymer grafting, functionality, morphology, and thermal stability. Batch experiments were carried out to understand the effect of contact time, concentration, pH, adsorbent dose, and temperature of the solution for the adsorption of As(III) and As(V) onto PGBS-AE. Equilibrium was achieved within 1 h and the optimum pH was found to be 9.0 and 3.0 for As(III) and As(V), respectively. Isotherm studies showed that the Langmuir equation fits best. Maximum adsorption capacities of 50 and 5.5?g?kg^?1 were obtained for As(III) and As(V) at 30°C. The endothermic nature of adsorption was evident as the adsorption efficiency increased with temperature. The thermodynamic parameters were evaluated to explain the feasibility of adsorption and to predict the nature of adsorption. The competence of the adsorbent for practical purposes was also analyzed by treating with a fertilizer industry effluent sample. Studies pertaining to adsorbent regeneration and readsorption of As(III) and As(V) were carried out for four consecutive cycles.     

Adsorption of vanadate(V) on Fe(III)/Cr(III) hydroxide waste

Adsorption of vanadate(V) from aqueous solution onto industrial solid ‘waste’ Fe(III)/Cr(III) hydroxide was investigated. HCl treated Fe(III)/Cr(III) hydroxide was found to be more efficient for the removal of vanadate(V) compared to untreated adsorbent. The adsorption follows second-order kinetics. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms have been studied. The Langmuir adsorption capacity (Q ₀) of the treated and untreated adsorbents was found to be 11.43 and 4.67 mg g⁻¹, respectively. Thermodynamic parameters showed that the adsorption process was spontaneous and endothermic in the temperature range 32–60°C. Maximum adsorption was found at system pH 4.0. The adsorption mechanism was predominantly ion exchange. Effect of other anions such as phosphate, selenite, molybdate, nitrate, chloride, and sulfate on adsorption of vanadium has been examined.     

Influence of some parameters on adsorption rate and toxicity of cadmium in activated sludge

The influence of pH, competitor ions (NaNO₃) and aerobic and anaerobic stabilization of activated sludge on the cadmium uptake by activated sludge solids was investigated. Above 0.08 mg L^‐1 cadmium in solution, biosorption was found to follow the Freundlich isotherm. Active cellular uptake of soluble cadmium does not appear to be a significant mechanism of the biosorption. In addition, the cadmium uptake is not completely reversible. The adsorption of cadmium by activated sludge seems to involve a physico‐chemical mechanism with especially weak electrostatic interactions with ion‐exchange reaction. The optimum adsorption pH was 7.5. Adsorption is influenced by sodium ion concentrations up to an equivalent conductivity of 10 000 μS cm^‐1. Aerobic and anaerobic stabilization of activated sludge increase systematically the initial adsorption capacities. Respirometric measurements were done to evaluate the inhibitive effects of cadmium on activated sludge. Monod's equation and the equation of non‐competitive inhibition were used to describe the toxicity related to cadmium uptake. These two equations appear to be complementary.     

黑曲霉吸附弱酸性艳蓝RAWL机理研究

考察了黑曲霉对染料吸附性能的pH响应模式,红外光谱表征了菌体表面的主要官能团组成,化学修饰定量研究了不同官能团的染料吸附贡献.结果显示,在低pH条件下,菌体表现出最优的染料吸附特性:随着pH值由2.0升至6.0,染料吸附量由39.6mg/g降至9.3mg/g.菌体表面含有氨基、羧基和磷酸根.高pH下,羧基和磷酸根电离导致菌体表面带负电并与染料发生静电斥力,使得染料吸附量下降;低pH下,氨基的质子化使得菌体带正电并通过静电吸引提高染料吸附.甲基化氨基在酸性条件下仍然可以质子化,故氨基甲基化修饰后染料吸附性能不变;乙酰化氨基在酸性体系中失去质子化能力,乙酰化修饰菌体染料吸附性能下降51.6%.氨基质子化引起的菌体正电性和染料负电性之间的静电引力是染料吸附的重要机制.图6参10     

Adsorption and removal of antimony from aqueous solution by an activated Alumina

The adsorption of Sb(V) ions from aqueous solutions onto commercially available activated alumina (AA) was investigated. AA has a much higher adsorption capacity than presently used adsorbents. Sb(V) ions are likely adsorbed through electrostatic attraction and/or specific adsorption mechanism, while the optimum pH is found in the range of 2.8–4.3. The Sb(V) ions adsorption capacities increase with increasing temperature. The addition of nitrate, acetate, arsenite, chloride, and silicate ions affected Sb(V) ions adsorption only slightly, while the coexisting ascorbate, arsenate, phosphate, sulfate, EDTA, tartrate, and citrate ions substantially depressed Sb(V) ions adsorption.     

碳纳米管影响无机砷(As(III)和As(V))对大型蚤毒性的研究：特定砷形态的作用

作为一种新兴的纳米材料,羟基多壁碳纳米管(OH-MWCNTs)可能与其他污染物在水环境中共存,并进一步影响它们的毒性、输移和归趋。因此,评价碳纳米管存在下砷的毒性变化需要得到更多的关注。该试验探索了在不同pH值条件下,OH-MWCNTs诱导砷(As(III)和As(V))对水生生物大型蚤的毒性变化的潜在机制。发现了H₂AsO₃^-和H₂AsO₄^-是对大型蚤毒性最大的As(III)和As(V)。比较As(III)和As(V)的结果,发现pH值是影响砷毒性最重要的因素。此外,OH-MWCNTs影响砷对大型蚤毒性的结果表明,OH-MWCNTs的存在可以提高砷的毒性。通过吸附实验进一步研究了砷与OH-MWCNTs的相互作用。OH-MWCNTs 对As(V)吸附容量高于As(III)。总而言之, OH-MWCNTs对某些形态砷的吸附是解释砷毒性增强的可靠证据。
精选自Xinghao Wang, Ruijuan Qu, Ahmed A. Allam, Jamaan Ajarem, Zhongbo Wei, Zuoyao Wang. Impact of carbon nanotubes on the toxicity of inorganic arsenic [As(III) and As(V)] to Daphnia magna: the role of the certain arsenic species. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry: Volume 35, Issue 7, pages 1852–1859, July 2016. DOI: 10.1002/etc.3340
详情请见http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.3340/full
     

Phenanthrene adsorption by soils treated with humic substances under different pH and temperature conditions

The mobility of phenanthrene (PHE) in soils depends on its sorption and is influenced by either the existing soil humus or exogenous humic substances. Exogenous humic acids (HAs) were added to soil to enhance the amount of soil organic carbon (SOC) by 2.5, 5.0, and 10.0 g kg⁻¹. PHE desorption of the treated soils was determined at two pH levels (3.0 and 6.0) and temperatures (15 and 25 °C). Soil PHE adsorption was related to pH and the type and quantity of added HAs. Humic acid (HA) and fulvic acid (FA) derived from peat had different effects on adsorption of PHE. Adsorption increased at first and then decreased with increasing quantity of exogenous FA. When the soil solution pH (in 0.005 M CaCl₂) was 4.5 or 3.0, the turning points were 2.5 g FA kg⁻¹ at pH 3.0 and 5 g FA kg⁻¹ at pH 4.5. When soil solution pH was 6, the amount of adsorbed PHE was enhanced with increasing exogenous HAs (HA or FA) and amount of adsorption by soil treated with FA was higher than with HA. Adsorption of PHE in the FA treatment at 10.0 g kg⁻¹ was lower than the controls (untreated soil or treatment with HAs at 0 g kg⁻¹) when the soil solution pH was 3.0. This suggests that FA adsorbed by soil was desorbed at low pH and would then increase PHE solubility, and PHE then combined with FA. PHE adsorption was usually higher under lower pH and/or lower temperature conditions. PHE sorption fitted the Freundlich isotherm, indicating that exogenous humic substances influenced adsorption of phenanthrene, which in turn was affected by environmental conditions such as pH and temperature. Thus, exogenous humic substances can be used to control the mobility of soil PAHs under appropriate conditions to decrease PAH contamination.     

Removal of arsenate from water by adsorbents: a comparative case study

Laboratory and field filtration experiments were conducted to study the effectiveness of As(V) removal for five types of adsorbent media. The media included activated alumina (AA), modified activated alumina (MAA), granular ferric hydroxide (GFH), granular ferric oxide (GFO), and granular titanium dioxide (TiO₂). In laboratory batch and column experiments, the synthetic challenge water was used to evaluate the effectiveness for five adsorbents. The results of the batch experiments showed that the As(V) adsorption decreased as follows at pH 6.5: TiO₂ > GFO > GFH > MAA > AA. At pH 8.5, however, As(V) removal decreased in the following order: GFO = TiO₂ > GFH > MAA > AA. In column experiments, at pH 6.5, the adsorbed As(V) for adsorbents followed the order: TiO₂ > GFO > GFH, whereas at pH 8.5 the order became: GFO = TiO₂ > GFH when the challenge water containing 50 μg/L of As(V) was used. Field filtration experiments were carried out in parallel at a wellhead in New Jersey. Before the effluent arsenic concentration increased to 10 μg/L, approximately 58,000 and 41,500 bed volumes of groundwater containing an average of 47 μg/L of As(V) were treated by the filter system packed with GFO and TiO₂, respectively. The As(V) adsorption decreased in the following sequence: GFO > TiO₂ > GFH > MAA > AA. Filtration results demonstrated that GFO and TiO₂ adsorbents could be used as media in small community filtration systems for As(V) removal.     

Adsorption of arsenic (V) by iron (III)-modified natural zeolitic tuff

Adsorption of arsenic (V) by natural zeolitic tuff, modified with iron (III), was investigated. Also, the iron (III) adsorption characteristics by natural zeolitic tuff was evaluated. It was determined that iron (III) adsorption by starting zeolitic tuff was best represented by the Freundlich type of isotherm, having correlation coefficient (r ²) of 0.990. Arsenic (V) adsorption by iron (III)-modified zeolitic tuff followed a nonlinear type of isotherm. The best fit of the experimental data was obtained using the Langmuir–Freundlich model (r ² = 0.99), with the estimated maximum of arsenic (V) adsorption to iron (III)-modified zeolitic tuff of 1.55 mg/g.     

Removal of chromium(VI) by ZnCl2 activated coir pith carbon

The adsorption of chromium(VI) onto ZnCl₂ activated carbon developed from coir pith was investigated to assess the possible use of this adsorbent. The influence of contact time, adsorbent dose, Cr(VI) concentration, pH and temperature were investigated. The two theoretical adsorption isotherms, namely, Langmuir and Freundlich were used to describe the experimental results. The Langmuir adsorption capacity (Q ₀) was found to be 120.5?mg Cr(VI) per g of the adsorbent. The adsorption followed the second-order kinetics and was found to be maximum at pH 2.0. The pH effect and the desorption studies showed that ion exchange mechanism might be involved in the adsorption process. The effects of foreign ions such as chloride, sulphate, phosphate, selenite, molybdate, nitrate and perchlorate on the removal of Cr(VI) have been investigated. The removal of Cr(VI) from synthetic ground water was also tested. The results show that ZnCl₂ activated coir pith carbon is effective for the removal of Cr(VI) from water.     

Effect of metallic cations on the sorption of pesticides on soil

We studied the adsorption and desorption of two pesticides, namely isoproturon and dimetomorph, onto a model soil sample. We first show that the adsorption of isoproturon depends on pH, from 1 mg g⁻¹ at pH 4 to 2 mg g⁻¹ at pH 10, contrary to the adsorption of dimetomorph (5.8 mg g⁻¹). We also studied the influence of metallic cations, copper(II), iron(III), manganese(II), and chromium(III), on the sorption of isoproturon and dimetomorph. We found that in the case of isoproturon, the presence of metallic cations does influence the retention capacity of the soil sample. The sorption becomes very weak in the presence of copper and chromium, whereas in the case of iron and manganese the sorption properties are slightly modified.     

富磷污泥生物炭去除水中Pb(Ⅱ)的特性研究

以城市污水厂富磷剩余污泥为研究对象,考察高温热解制备生物炭吸附剂对水中Pb(Ⅱ)的去除效果.研究表明,随着热解温度升高,制备的生物炭对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附能力增强;在相同热解温度下,生污泥生物炭对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附能力比消化污泥生物炭大.采用700℃热解1 h制备生污泥生物炭以研究对Pb(Ⅱ)吸附的影响因素,结果显示:吸附180 min达到吸附平衡;富磷污泥生物炭对Pb(Ⅱ)的去除率随pH增加而升高;生物炭投加量增加,对Pb(Ⅱ)去除率上升,而单位吸附容量迅速减小.污泥生物炭对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附符合准二级反应动力学,Langmuir模型比Freundlich模型能更好地拟合等温吸附线.在pH 5.0、吸附时间3 h、生物炭投加量20 g.L-1条件下,对Pb(Ⅱ)的最大吸附量为34.5 mg.g-1,表明富磷污泥生物炭可以作为一种廉价的吸附剂.     

Enhanced adsorption of arsenate on titanium dioxide using Ca and Mg ions

In this study, we report the effects of pH and divalent cations on the adsorption of arsenate (As(V)) by titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles. The extent of As(V) adsorption on TiO₂ decreased with increasing pH due to the decrease of positively charged binding sites on the TiO₂ surface. The Langmuir maximum uptake capacity at pH 4 is about three times higher than that at pH 7. Here we show that the relatively low As(V) uptake at circumneutral pH could be substantially enhanced by the addition of common divalent cations such as magnesium and calcium. At a concentration of approximately 7 mM, magnesium and calcium increased the extent of As(V) adsorption from 2.1 to 6.5 and 7.7 mg As(V)/g TiO₂, respectively.     

Thermodynamics of tetracycline adsorption on silica

The adsorption of antibiotic tetracycline onto silica particles was investigated. The effects of pH, electrolyte concentration and temperature on the adsorption equilibrium were examined and the data correlated with a dual site adsorption model. Adsorption of tetracycline onto approximately 9% of the adsorption sites was found to be irreversible, whereas the rest exhibited Langmuir behaviour. Increasing pH of the solution had a strong negative effect on the adsorbed amounts. Adsorption decreased also with increasing ionic strength and temperature. The enthalpy and entropy of adsorption were found to be approximately −16 and −25 J/mol, respectively.     

Removal of arsenate from water by adsorbents: a comparative case study

Laboratory and field filtration experiments were conducted to study the effectiveness of As(V) removal for five types of adsorbent media. The media included activated alumina (AA), modified activated alumina (MAA), granular ferric hydroxide (GFH), granular ferric oxide (GFO), and granular titanium dioxide (TiO?). In laboratory batch and column experiments, the synthetic challenge water was used to evaluate the effectiveness for five adsorbents. The results of the batch experiments showed that the As(V) adsorption decreased as follows at pH 6.5: TiO? > GFO > GFH > MAA > AA. At pH 8.5, however, As(V) removal decreased in the following order: GFO = TiO? > GFH > MAA > AA. In column experiments, at pH 6.5, the adsorbed As(V) for adsorbents followed the order: TiO? > GFO > GFH, whereas at pH 8.5 the order became: GFO = TiO? > GFH when the challenge water containing 50 μg/L of As(V) was used. Field filtration experiments were carried out in parallel at a wellhead in New Jersey. Before the effluent arsenic concentration increased to 10 μg/L, approximately 58,000 and 41,500 bed volumes of groundwater containing an average of 47 μg/L of As(V) were treated by the filter system packed with GFO and TiO?, respectively. The As(V) adsorption decreased in the following sequence: GFO > TiO? > GFH > MAA > AA. Filtration results demonstrated that GFO and TiO? adsorbents could be used as media in small community filtration systems for As(V) removal.     

Adsorptive separation of phosphate oxyanion from aqueous solution using an inorganic adsorbent

Phosphate removal from aqueous solution was explored using granular ferric hydroxide (GFH) as an inorganic adsorbent. Adsorption, desorption and kinetic studies were conducted on laboratory scale to evaluate the performance of GFH as an adsorbent for low concentrations of phosphate solution. The effect of pH on adsorption was investigated, and phosphate uptake was shown to decrease with an increase in solution pH, with maximum removal seen to occur at pH 3. The experimental data best fit the Temkin isotherm at both pH 3 and 4. Uptake of phosphate by GFH follows second-order kinetics, with the small particle range (76–200 μm) removing phosphate from the solution more rapidly than the larger particle range (710–850 μm). The kinetic results suggest that intra-particle diffusion is an important factor in phosphate adsorption onto GFH. Thermodynamic parameters (ΔG°, ΔH°, ΔS°) were evaluated, and the results indicated that the adsorption process was endothermic and spontaneous. This study demonstrates that GFH has potential to be used as a cost-effective adsorbent for phosphate removal from aqueous solution.     

Effect of low molecular weight organic acids on adsorption and desorption of fluoride on variable charge soils

The effect of four low molecular weight organic acids on F⁻ adsorption by two variable charge soils was investigated using a batch method. The organic acids reduced F⁻ adsorption through competition by the acids with F⁻ for sorption sites. Oxalic and malonic acids, both of which have simpler chemical structures, were more effective than citric or malic acid. The effect of organic acids on F⁻ adsorption was more prominent at higher pH values and with larger amounts of the organic acids. The desorption study showed that the organic acids enhanced the desorption of F⁻ adsorbed by the soils. In the control and malic acid systems, desorption increased sharply with decreasing pH, while in the oxalic acid system, desorption rose slightly with decreasing pH. Desorption also increased with increasing amount of organic acid added. There are two possible mechanisms for the effect of the organic acids on F⁻ adsorption and desorption: (1)␣competition of the organic acids with F⁻ for adsorption sites and (2) dissolution of the adsorbents, especially dissolution of soil Al.     

Ethylenediamine-modified activated carbon for aqueous lead adsorption

This study is to develop a carbon-based adsorbent containing multiple functional ligands for effective removal of lead ions from aqueous media. Activated carbon was oxidized by nitric acid, followed by chlorination with thionyl chloride and reaction with ethylenediamine. Modified activated carbon (MAC) was characterized using scanning electron microscopy in conjunction of energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and potentiometric titration. Surface characterizations confirmed that carboxyl, amine, and chlorine functional groups were effectively introduced onto the carbon surface by the treatments. The modifications lowered the pH at the point of zero charge (pH_pzc) from 9.6 to 2.55 and resulted in more negatively charged surfaces. Adsorptive experiments showed that aqueous Pb removal by MAC was faster, with a 62% higher capacity than the original activated carbon (60.2 vs. 37.2 mg g⁻¹).     

Metal removal with two biochars made from municipal organic waste: adsorptive characterization and surface complexation modeling

The adsorptive characteristics of biochar produced from garden green waste (S-char) and a mixture of food waste and garden green waste (FS-char) were investigated. Adsorption of Cu²⁺, Zn²⁺, and Mn²⁺ onto the two biochars reached equilibrium within 48 hours. The metal adsorption was effectively described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic and Freundlich isotherm models which suggest heterogeneous chemisorption. The initial solution pH influenced adsorption of Zn²⁺ and Mn²⁺ but not of Cu²⁺. Simulation via a surface complexation model showed that the fraction of XOCu⁺ adsorbed onto biochar was increased with increasing pH until it reached the adsorption maximum at pH 8.5, while the endpoint for the maximum of XOMn⁺ was higher than pH 12.     

Synthesis and characterization of Fe-MCM-41 from rice husk silica by hydrothermal technique for arsenate adsorption

Rice husk (RH) agro-waste was used as a raw material for synthesizing mesoporous molecular sieves, MCM-41. The Fe-MCM-41 was prepared by the hydrothermal technique (HT), resulting in a higher surface area and crystallinity than when prepared under ambient conditions. In addition, a hexagonal structure was clearly seen with hydrothermal technique (HT) preparation. The adsorption of arsenate by HT-Fe-MCM-41 was investigated. The factors studied affecting arsenate adsorption capacity were ferric content in MCM-41, contact time, pH of solution, and initial arsenate concentration. It was found that HT-Fe-MCM-41 at the Si/Fe mole ratio of 10 gave the highest adsorption capacity. Arsenate adsorption reached equilibrium within 4 h. The adsorption capacity of HT-Fe-MCM-41 (Si/Fe = 10) was affected by the initial pH value and the initial arsenate concentration. The adsorption capacity was highest at pH 3 and decreased thereafter with increases in the pH of solution value. The Langmuir model fit the arsenate adsorption isotherm well. The maximum adsorption capacity for arsenate was 1,111 μg g⁻¹.