PM10 Concentration Measurements in Dublin City

Mass Concentration of ambient particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 10µm (PM10) are reported for the first time for a range of sites in Dublin City over a 6 month period from January 1st 1996 to June 30th 1996. PM10 gravimetric mass concentration measurements are made with low flow Partisol 2000 air samplers using an impaction type PM10 inlet and 47mm diameter glass fibre filters. In addition, much finer time resolution measurements (minimum sampling frequency of 30 minutes) are made using a tapered element oscillating microbalance (TEOM) PM10 mass monitor. These PM10 mass concentrations methods are also compared with mass concentration inferred using the standard black smoke method. Analysis of the ambient mass concentration data with reference to traffic density and meteorological influences are presented. Results for the first six months of 1996 show that the average PM10 values range from a high of 49 µg m-3 at the Dublin city centre site to 14 µg m-3 at one of the suburban sites. Intercomparison between PM10 and black smoke mass concentrations show that the relationship is site specific. Statistical analysis between PM10 levels and car traffic number show a positive correlation while a weak negative correlation is found between PM10 levels and rainfall amount, wind speed and air temperature.     

无锡市MODIS气溶胶光学厚度与PM_(2.5)质量浓度的相关性分析

将MODIS数据反演得出的气溶胶光学厚度与无锡市区实测得到的PM2.5质量浓度进行相关性分析,结果两者的直接相关性较低,相关系数为0.283 4。气溶胶光学厚度经垂直分布和湿度修正后,两者相关性显著提高,相关系数为0.565 9。虽然修正过程存在误差,相关性未达预期程度,但该方法得到的气溶胶光学厚度可作为PM2.5监测的有效补充。     

Seasonal variability of endotoxin in ambient fine particulate matter

Endotoxin is a toxic, pro-inflammatory compound that has been detected in indoor air and dust in homes and occupational settings, and also in outdoor air. Data on the outdoor sampling of endotoxin are limited. Currently, little is known about the seasonal variation and influence of temperature on outdoor endotoxin levels. In the present study, we report endotoxin levels in fine fraction particulate matter with a 50% aerodynamic cutoff diameter of 2.5 microm (PM2.5) and describe the seasonal variation of endotoxin in Munich, Germany. In 1999-2000, PM2.5 was collected at forty outdoor monitoring sites across Munich. Approximately four samples were collected at each site for a total of 158 samples. Endotoxin concentrations in the PM2.5 samples were determined using the kinetic chromogenic Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL) assay. The geometric mean endotoxin concentration was 1.07 EU mg PM2.5(-1) (95% C.I.: 0.915-1.251) or 0.015 EU m(-3) of sampled air (95% C.I.: 0.013-0.018). Munich endotoxin levels were significantly related to ambient temperature (p < 0.0001) and percent relative humidity (p < 0.0001). Sampling periods with higher average temperatures yielded higher levels of endotoxin in PM2.5 (r = 0.641), whereas decreases in percent relative humidity were associated with increased endotoxin levels in PM2.5 (r = -0.388). Endotoxin levels were significantly higher during the warmer seasons of spring [means ratio (MR): 2.5-2.7] and summer (MR: 2.1-3.0) than during winter. Although temperature and relative humidity do not explain all of the variability in endotoxin levels, their effects were significant in our data set. Temperature effects and seasonal variation of endotoxin should be considered in future studies of outdoor endotoxin.     

基于遥感数据的京津冀地区PM2.5时空分布特征

基于MODIS AOD遥感数据,采用多元线性回归模型对PM2.5地面监测数据进行模拟估算,同时加入降水量、相对湿度等气象因子以提高模型精度,结合GIS空间分析技术,得到2015—2016年京津冀地区空间连续的PM2.5浓度分布。结果表明:利用多元线性回归模型反演PM2.5浓度效果较好,R 2均在0.59~0.84之间。在时间上,京津冀地区PM2.5浓度呈现出夏季最低、秋季稍高、冬春两季最高的变化趋势;在空间上,2015年和2016年京津冀地区PM2.5浓度有明显的区域差异,均呈现出西北低、东南高的分布格局,大致与燕山山脉和太行山脉走向一致。     

Evaluation of a portable nephelometer against the Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance method for monitoring PM(2.5)

Monitoring personal exposure to particle matter (PM(2.5)) in ambient air requires performing measurements using portable monitors. In this work, the portable nephelometer SidePak? AM510 Personal Aerosol Monitor manufactured by TSI Inc. was evaluated against a Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance (TEOM) equipped with a Filter Dynamics Measurements System (FDMS). Conventionally, the SidePak is calibrated with respect to the Arizona Road Test Dust and then multiplied by an environmental calibration factor to yield mass concentration. To adapt this calibration to specific field conditions, we present an implementation of this calibration by introducing a growing factor correction which takes into account relative humidity and the dry and wet portions of the refractive index estimated from TEOM-FDMS measurements. PM(2.5) sampling with several SidePaks AM510 was carried out in background and rural sites in the Po Valley (Italy). Modeled SidePak data were plotted vs. reference TEOM-FDMS data which show a good agreement.     

Monitoring particulate matter levels and climate conditions in a Greek sheep and goat livestock building

Atmospheric pollutants from livestock operations influence air quality inside livestock buildings and the air exhausted from them. The climate that prevails inside the building affects human and animal health and welfare, as well as productivity, while emissions from the building contribute to environmental pollution. The aim of this study was to examine the variation of two climatic parameters (namely temperature and relative humidity) and the levels of particulate matter of different sizes (PM10-PM2.5-PM1), as well as the relationships between them, inside a typical Greek naturally ventilated livestock building that hosts mainly sheep. The concentration of particles was recorded during a 45-day period (27/11-10/1), while temperature and relative humidity were observed during an almost 1-year period. The analysis revealed that the variation of outdoor weather conditions significantly influenced the indoor environment, as temperature and relative humidity inside the building varied in accordance to the outside climate conditions. Temperature remained higher indoors than outdoors during the winter and extremely low values were not recorded inside the building. However, the tolerable relative humidity levels recommended by the International Commission of Agricultural Engineering (CIGR) were fulfilled only in 47% of the hours during the almost 1-year period that was examined. This fact indicates that although temperature was satisfactorily controlled, the control of relative humidity was deficient. The concentration of particulate matter was increased during the cold winter days due to poor ventilation. The maximum daily average value of PM10, PM2.5 and PM1 concentration equaled to 363, 61 and 30?μg/m(3) respectively. The concentration of the coarse particles was strongly influenced by the farming activities that were daily taking place in the building, the dust resuspension being considered as the dominant source. A significant part of the fine particles were secondary, which the production of could be attributed to an increase in relative humidity levels. It is concluded that measures have to be adopted in order to achieve sufficient ventilation and to reduce particulate matter levels.     

Chemical Composition and Sources of PM10 and PM2.5 Aerosols in Guangzhou, China

Aerosol samples of PM10 and PM2.5 are collected in summertime at four monitoring sites in Guangzhou, China. The concentrations of organic and elemental carbons (OC/EC), inorganic ions, and elements in PM10 and PM2.5 are also quantified. Our study aims to: (1) characterize the particulate concentrations and associated chemical species in urban atmosphere (2) identify the potential sources and estimate their apportionment. The results show that average concentration of PM2.5 (97.54 μg m⁻³) in Guangzhou significantly exceeds the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) 24-h average of 65 μg m⁻³. OC, EC, Sulfate, ammonium, K, V, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb, As, Cd and Se are mainly in PM2.5 fraction of particles, while chloride, nitrate, Na, Mg, Al, Fe, Ca, Ti and Mn are mainly in PM2.5-10 fraction. The major components such as sulfate, OC and EC account for about 70–90% of the particulate mass. Enrichment factors (EF) for elements are calculated to indicate that elements of anthropogenic origins (Zn, Pb, As, Se, V, Ni, Cu and Cd) are highly enriched with respect to crustal composition (Al, Fe, Ca, Ti and Mn). Ambient and source data are used in the multi-variable linearly regression analysis for source identification and apportionment, indicating that major sources and their apportionments of ambient particulate aerosols in Guangzhou are vehicle exhaust by 38.4% and coal combustion by 26.0%, respetively.     

Characterisation of PM10, PM2.5 and Benzene Soluble Organic Fraction of Particulate Matter in an Urban Area of Kolkata, India

In this study, the relationship between inhalable particulate (PM₁₀), fine particulate (PM_2.5), coarse particles (PM_{2.5 – 10}) and meteorological parameters such as temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation, wind speed were statistically analyzed and modelled for urban area of Kolkata during winter months of 2003–2004. Ambient air quality was monitored with a sampling frequency of twenty-four hours at three monitoring sites located near traffic intersections and in an industrial area. The monitoring sites were located 3–5 m above ground near highly trafficked and congested areas. The 24 h average PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 samples were collected using Thermo-Andersen high volume samplers and exposed filter papers were extracted and analysed for benzene soluble organic fraction. The ratios between PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ were found to be in the range of 0.6 to 0.92 and the highest ratio was found in the most polluted urban site. Statistical analysis has shown a strong positive correlation between PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 and inverse correlation was observed between particulate matter (PM₁₀ and PM_2.5) and wind speed. Statistical analysis of air quality data shows that PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 are showing poor correlation with temperature, relative humidity and solar radiation. Regression equations for PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 and meteorological parameters were developed. The organic fraction of particulate matter soluble in benzene is an indication of poly aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentration present in particulate matter. The relationship between the benzene soluble organic fraction (BSOF) of inhalable particulate (PM₁₀) and fine particulate (PM_2.5) were analysed for urban area of Kolkata. Significant positive correlation was observed between benzene soluble organic fraction of PM₁₀ (BSM10) and benzene soluble organic fraction of PM_2.5 (BSM2.5). Regression equations for BSM10 and BSM2.5 were developed.     

乌鲁木齐市冬季大气颗粒物PM_(10) 和PM_(2.5)污染水平及相关性研究

为研究乌鲁木齐市冬季采暖期间大气颗粒物污染特征,通过采样和在线监测二种手段分析了2015年1~2月大气颗粒物样品,采用重量法分析颗粒物质量浓度,并对其相关性进行分析。结果表明:依据《环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095-2012),采样期间乌鲁木齐市大气PM_(10) 和PM_(2.5)的日均质量浓度均超过了国家二级标准,颗粒物污染严重;PM_(10) 和PM_(2.5)存在显著相关性,PM_(2.5)和PM_(10) 浓度的比值均大于0.5,采暖期PM2.5对乌鲁木齐市大气颗粒物贡献显著。     

Particulate matter concentration levels during intense haze event in an urban environment

This study assessed concentration levels of particulate matter (PM) in the ambient environment of Ilorin metropolis, Nigeria, during haze episodes. Meteorological data (wind speed and direction, rainfall data, sunshine data, relative humidity and temperature) were obtained. Aerocet 531S particle counter (MetOne Instruments, USA) was used to measure four mass concentration ranges of PM (PM_1.0, PM_2.5, PM₁₀ and the total suspended particles (TSP)) in 10 locations taking into consideration land use patterns. Surfer® version 8 (Golden Software LLC, USA) was used to model the spatial variation of particulate matter concentration levels using kriging interpolation griding method. Human exposure assessment was done using the total respiratory deposition dose (TRDD) estimates and statutory limit breach (SLB) approaches. The appearance of dominating weak southern atmospheric wind flow was observed as wind speed ranged from 0 to 6.811 m/s while solar radiation periods ranged from 0.3 to 3.5 h/day. The relative humidity of the metropolis ranged between 28 and 57%, while daily temperature was 15 to 36 °C. Highest concentration levels of PM measured were 73.4, 562.7, 7066.3 and 9907.8 μg/m³ for PM_1.0, PM_2.5, PM₁₀ and TSP, respectively. Very strong negative correlations existed between the PM concentration levels and microclimatic parameters. Spatial variation of the concentration level as modelled using Surfer® version 8 indicated that particulate concentration level increases from south to north. Concentration levels of PM for the 24-h averaging period were generally above the 24-h threshold limit value set by the regulatory agencies for all the locations.     

Source apportionment of PM10 and PM(2.5) at Tocopilla, Chile (22 degrees 05' S, 70 degrees 12' W)

Tocopilla is located on the coast of Northern Chile, within an arid region that extends from 30 degrees S to the border with Perú. The major industrial activities are related to the copper mining industry. A measurement campaign was conducted during March and April 2006 to determine ambient PM10 and PM(2.5) concentrations in the city. The results showed significantly higher PM10 concentrations in the southern part of the city (117 microg/m3) compared with 79 and 80 (microg/m3) in the central and northern sites. By contrast, ambient PM2.5 concentrations had a more uniform spatial distribution across the city, around 20 (microg/m3). In order to conduct a source apportionment, daily PM10 and PM(2.5) samples were analyzed for elements by XRF. EPA's Positive Matrix Factorization software was used to interpret the results of the chemical compositions. The major source contributing to PM(2.5) at sites 1, 2 and 3, respectively are: (a) sulfates, with approximately 50% of PM2.5 concentrations at the three sites; (b) fugitive emissions from fertilizer storage and handling, with 16%, 21% and 10%; (c) Coal and residual oil combustion, with 15%, 15% and 4%; (d) Sea salt, 5%, 6% and 16%; (e) Copper ore processing, 4%, 5% and 15%; and (f) a mixed dust source with 11%, 7% and 4%. Results for PM10--at sites 1, 2 and 3, respectively--show that the major contributors are: (a) sea salt source with 36%, 32% and 36% of the PM10 concentration; (b) copper processing emissions mixed with airborne soil dust with 6.6%, 11.5% and 41%; (c) sulfates with 31%, 31% and 12%; (d) a mixed dust source with 16%, 12% and 10%, and (e) the fertilizer stockpile emissions, with 11%, 14% and 2% of the PM10 concentration. The high natural background of PM10 implies that major reductions in anthropogenic emissions of PM10 and SO2 would be required to attain ambient air quality standards for PM10; those reductions would curb down ambient PM(2.5) concentrations as well.     

Evaluation and optimization of an urban PM2.5 monitoring network

The objective of this study was to evaluate the PM(2.5) monitoring network established in the Greater Cincinnati and Northern Kentucky metropolitan area for measuring the 24 h integrated PM(2.5) concentration, as well as-at selected sites-hourly PM(2.5) concentration and 24 h integrated PM(2.5) speciation. The data collected during three years at 13 measurement sites were analyzed for spatial and temporal variations. It was found that both daily and hourly concentrations of PM(2.5) have low spatial variation due to a regional influence of secondary ammonium sulfate. In contrast, the trace element concentrations had high spatial variation. Seasonal variation accounted for most of the total temporal variation (60%), while yearly, monthly, weekly and daily variations were lower. The variance components and cluster analyses were applied to optimize the number of sites for measuring the 24 h PM(2.5) concentration. It was found that the 13-site network may be optimized by reducing the number of sites to 8, which would result in a relative precision reduction of 9% and a relative cost reduction of 36%. At the same time, the data suggest that the spatial resolution of speciation monitors and real-time PM(2.5) mass monitors should be increased to better represent spatial and temporal variations of the markers of local air pollution sources.     

黑龙江省环境空气污染物和气象要素的典型相关分析

通过对黑龙江省4个自然年(2016年1月1日—2019年12月31日)环境空气污染物和气象要素的分析,揭示了黑龙江省气象条件对空气污染物浓度的影响规律与特征.对PM2.5、PM10、SO2、NO2、CO和O3等6项污染物的描述性统计和简单的相关分析显示:黑龙江省环境空气质量呈现逐年变好的趋势,非采暖期环境空气质量好于采...     

青岛市区春夏季大气能见度与颗粒物的关系

利用青岛市灰霾综合观测站2012年3月2日-2012年6月7日期间的监测数据,分析了青岛市区大气能见度与不同粒径颗粒物质量浓度的日变化特征,比较了各级别大气能见度下不同粒径颗粒物质量浓度及所占比例的相关性,研究了相对湿度对大气能见度和颗粒物质量浓度相关性的影响.结果表明,监测时段大气能见度与颗粒物质量浓度呈现较好的负相关,每天大气能见度最低值出现在早晨07:00--09:00;剔除相对湿度高于90％的前提下,PM2.5是影响大气能见度的主要因子,随着其在PM1o中所占比例上升,大气能见度级别不断下降,相关系数为-0.84;不同相对湿度区间下,PM2.5对大气能见度的影响最明显,其中,相对湿度为60％ ～ 70％,大气能见度与颗粒物质量浓度之间的相关性最好.     

乌鲁木齐市2011年冬季PM2.5/PM10浓度特征分析

利用乌鲁木齐市PM2.5//PM10自动监测数据,分析PM2.5与PM10的浓度分布特征和时间变化规律。结果表明,按照《环境空气质量标准》(二次征求意见稿)的标准限值,乌鲁木齐市冬季PM2.5污染重于PM10。PM2.5浓度为0.164mg/m3,超过二级年标准限值的3.7倍,超标率为73.9%。PM2.5浓度日变化曲线昼高夜低,呈单峰型,峰值出现在13:00~14:00(北京时间)。PM10中PM2.5所占比例较高,PM2.5/PM10为0.79,相关分析和检验显示PM2.5与PM10的线性相关显著,相关系数为0.92。     

Laboratory and field validation of a combined NO2-SO2 Radiello passive sampler

A combined NO2-SO2 Radiello radial-type diffusive sampler was validated under controlled laboratory conditions and compared with NO2-SO2 results of 3 other type of samplers in a field comparison at two locations Ghent-Mariakerke and Borgerhout in Flanders. Laboratory exposures at different temperatures (-5, 10 and 30 degrees C) and relative humidities (0, 50 and 80% RH) in combination with varying concentration levels and exposure times were carried out, with a focus on extreme conditions. Concentration level and exposure time were changed together following suppliers linear working range of samplers and assuring absolute amounts of compounds on the sampler corresponding to those of environmental levels. The average uptake rate for NO2 for 24 hour exposures at 10 degrees C and 50% RH and tested concentration levels (+/-73, 146 and 293 ppb NO2) was 0.076 +/- 0.011 ng ppb(-1) min(-1). Uptake rates during all experiments were lower than the uptake rate given in the instruction manual of the sampler. A significant effect of temperature and relative humidity on NO2 uptake rate was observed. The temperature effect from 10 to 30 degrees C corresponds to the temperature effect given by the supplier of the samplers. High relative humidity (70 to 80%) caused a strong non-reproducible decrease of uptake rate for NO2 at 24 hour experiments but this effect was not observed at longer exposures except for the tests at -5 degrees C. At the tested temperature below zero in combination with high relative humidity the sampler showed anomalous behaviour for NO2. The possible effect of concentration level and exposure time for NO2 needs further research. The average uptake rate for SO2 calculated from all exposures is 0.478 +/- 0.075 ng of sulfate ion each ppb min of SO2 and accords to suppliers uptake rate. No clear effects of temperature, relative humidity or concentration level/exposure time on the uptake rate for SO2 were found, partly due to the large scatter of results. Although NO2 accuracy of Radiello samplers was better during field campaigns than during laboratory validation, IVL and OGAWA samplers gave better results for NO2. In the field, IVL samplers showed best agreement with the continuous analyzers for both NO2 and SO2.     

Intercomparison of five PM10 monitoring devices and the implications for exposure measurement in epidemiological research

Five different instruments for the determination of the mass concentration of PM10 in air were compared side-by-side for up to 33 days in an undisturbed indoor environment: a tripod mounted BGI Inc. PQ100 gravimetric sampler with a US EPA certified Graseby Andersen PM10 inlet; an Airmetrics Minivol static gravimetric sampler; a Casella cyclone gravimetric personal sampler; an Institute of Occupational Medicine gravimetric PM10 personal sampler; and two TSI Inc. Dustrak real-time optical scattering personal samplers. For 24 h sampling of ambient PM10 concentrations around 10 microg m(-3), the estimated measurement uncertainty for the two gravimetric personal samplers was larger (approximately +/- 20%) compared with estimated measurement uncertainty for the PQ100/Graseby Andersen sampler (< +/- 5%). Measurement uncertainty for the Dustraks was lower (approximately +/- 15% on average) but calibration of the optical response against a reference PM10 method is essential since the Dustraks systematically over-read PM10 determined gravimetrically by a factor approximately 2.2. However, once calibrated, the Dustrak devices demonstrated excellent functionality in terms of ease of portability and real-time data acquisition. Estimated measurement uncertainty for PM10 concentrations determined with the Minivol were +/- 5%. The Minivol data correlated well with PQ100/Graseby Andersen data (r= 0.97, n = 18) but were, on average, 23% greater. The reason for the systematic discrepancy could not be traced. Intercomparison experiments such as these are essential for assessing measurement error and revealing systematic bias. Application of two Dustraks demonstrated the spatial and temporal variability of exposure to PM10 in different walking and transport microenvironments in the city of Edinburgh, UK. For example, very large exposures to PM10 were identified for the lower deck of a double-decker tour bus compared with the open upper deck of the same vehicle. The variability observed emphasises the need to determine truly personal exposure profiles of PM10 for quantifying exposure response relationships for epidemiological studies.     

青岛市采暖期PM2．5与大气能见度的关系

利用青岛市大气综合观测站的研究性监测数据,分析了2011年采暖期PM2.5和能见度的相关性,结果表明：①能见度在≤3km时,对应的PM2.5浓度超出0．250mg／m^3,属于严重污染;②PM2.5浓度对能见度的影响存在一临界区域,当PM2.5浓度低于该临界区时能见度会随PM2.5浓度减少迅速改善,临界值大致位于PM2.5浓度为0．100mg／m^3处;③相对湿度小于85％时,能见度与PM2.5浓度呈显著负相关。其中,相对湿度在60％-70％时,能见度与PM2.5浓度之间的相关性最好,PM2.5对能见度的影响最直接。     

Motor Vehicle Contributions to Ambient PM10 and PM2.5 at Selected Urban Areas in the USA

A source apportionment study was carried out to estimate the contribution of motor vehicles to ambient particulate matter (PM) in selected urban areas in the USA. Measurements were performed at seven locations during the period September 7, 2000 through March 9, 2001. Measurements included integrated PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ concentrations and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Ambient PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ were apportioned to their local sources using the chemical mass balance (CMB) receptor model and compared with results obtained using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results indicate that PM_2.5 components were mainly from combustion sources, including motor vehicles, and secondary species (nitrates and sulfates). PM₁₀ consisted mainly of geological material, in addition to emissions from combustion sources. The fractional contributions of motor vehicles to ambient PM were estimated to be in the range from 20 to 76% and from 35 to 92% for PM_2.5 and PM₁₀, respectively.     

库尔勒市大气颗粒物污染特征与影响因素分析

针对库尔勒市PM 10、PM 2.5年均浓度超标现象,基于市区3个环境监测站2013—2017年的逐时观测数据,分析PM 10、PM 2.5污染特征、成因及其主要影响因素。结果表明:①2013—2017年库尔勒市PM 10年均浓度变化较大且无明显趋势,PM 2.5年均浓度整体呈下降趋势;②季节尺度上,库尔勒市PM 10在每年2—5月呈现高浓度,PM 2.5高浓度期则为10月至翌年5月;③城郊的开发区站PM 10浓度最高,老城区的州政府站PM 2.5浓度最高,在PM 10和PM 2.5的高浓度期空间差异尤其显著;④PM 10与风速显著正相关,来自塔克拉玛干沙漠的风蚀沙尘颗粒物是库尔勒地区颗粒污染物的主要来源;⑤库尔勒市PM 10主要为外源输入,PM 2.5则以城市内源为主,相对湿度、风速、风向、温度等气象条件是影响大气颗粒物浓度及分布的重要因素。