桂林水系沉积物中重金属的生物有效性研究

沉积物中重金属污染物对生态系统潜在危害的影响,已经引起研究者的极大关注,但对沉积物中重金属的生物有效性的研究还很少。首次以桂林水系沉积物为研究对象,通过酸化-吹气-吸收装置,用对氨基二甲基苯胺光度法测定沉积物中AVS含量,用原子吸收分光光度法测定SEM和间隙水中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Ni含量,用原子荧光法测定Hg、As含量。以中华圆田螺(Cipangopaludian cathayensis)为受试物种,通过沉积物加标和长期暴露实验,分析田螺生长发育情况和体内重金属积累浓度。结果表明:[SEM]/[AVS]>1时,间隙水中七种元素总浓度大于3.0000μmol·L-1,重金属对田螺表现出毒性作用,且田螺的死亡率和体内重金属积累浓度随该比值的增大而增大;当[SEM]/[AVS]<1时,重金属对田螺无明显影响。[SEM]/[AVS]是判定沉积物重金属生物有效性的有效判据。该研究填补了桂林水系沉积物重金属数据的空白,为判定沉积物重金属污染程度提供了一种简便准确的方法。所研究水域沉积物重金属污染最严重的是桃花江,漓江次之,青狮潭水库污染最轻。     

沉积物中重金属Pb和Cd对河蚬的毒性效应研究

以河蚬为受试生物,以存活率、呼吸抑制率为测试终点,研究了沉积物和上覆水中重金属Pb、Cd对底栖生物的毒性效应,并探讨了沉积物中酸挥发性硫化物(acid volatile sulfide,AVS)和同时提取金属(simultaneously extracted metals,SEM)对重金属生物有效性的影响。结果表明,沉积物中Pb、Cd对河蚬致死效应较低,当Pb、Cd浓度分别为400、100 mg獉kg-1,连续暴露21 d时,致死率低于20%;沉积物中Pb、Cd对河蚬14 d的呼吸抑制率EC50分别为519和151 mg獉kg-1;上覆水中Pb和Cd离子浓度较低,对生物毒性效应贡献可以忽略;SEM/AVS值和生物呼吸抑制率有着明显的线性相关性,当SEMPb/AVS1,SEMCd/AVS0.6时,重金属对河蚬有明显的毒性效应。     

长江中下游部分城市岸段沉积物中重金属的生物可利用性特征分布

2007年10月对长江中下游部分城市岸段河道底质和边滩共31个站位沉积物中酸可挥发性硫化物(AVS)和4种同时可提取态重金属(SEM)含量及其空间分布特征进行了研究,结果表明:河道底质中∑SEM浓度范围为0.20～0.94μmol/g,平均值为0.45μmol/g;AVS浓度范围为0.01～0.08μmol/g,平均值为0.03μmol/g。边滩沉积物中∑SEM浓度范围为0.35～1.57μmol/g,平均值为0.91μmol/g;AVS浓度范围为0.01～0.14μmol/g,平均值为0.04μmol/g。沉积物中∑SEM与有机碳(R=0.714,p≈0.000)、含水率(R=0.401,p=0.025)和Eh(R=0.368,p=0.042)呈显著正相关关系,而AVS与各个环境因子并不存在显著相关性;依据不同的生物有效性评价方法对沉积物中重金属的生物有效性的判断表明,长江中下游中泓底质沉积物比边滩沉积物中重金属对底栖生物具有更高的潜在危害性。     

水体沉积物中酸挥发性硫化物垂直分布模型的参数计算及相关分析

应用试验及文献数据计算了东湖沉积物中酸挥发性硫化物（AVS）垂直分布模型的参数值，并进行了参数的相关性分析。结果表明，AVS含量是沉积物中有机质的分解、AVS的沉淀、溶解及氧化共同作用的结果，较好地解释了东湖三个污染状况不同站点ABS垂直分布的差异，从而为应用ABS判断沉积物重金属生物有效性提供了科学依据。     

太湖梅梁湾水体悬浮颗粒物中重金属的含量

用ICP—AES方法测定太湖梅梁湾水体悬浮颗粒物中的Co,Cr,Cu,Ni,Pb,Zn等重金属元素,以及Al,Ba,Be,Ca,Fe,K,Mg,Mn,Na,Sr,Ti,V等相关金属元素的含量,并分析了沉积物中相关元素的含量和分布特征．悬浮物中Cr,Cu,Mn,Ni,Zn的含量显著高于表层沉积物,Al,Ba,Be,Ca,Co,Fe,K,Mg,Pb,V等元素的含量高出表层沉积物10％-30％,Sr和Ti与沉积物中的含量相当,Na的含量则显著低于沉积物．重金属元素在悬浮物中表现出较强的富集作用．从污水入湖口到湾心,悬浮物中Cr,Cu,Pb,Zn含量呈明显降低的趋势,反映出直湖港对太湖的污染作用仍十分严重．但沉积物中重金属含量并未表现出自港口到湾心显著降低的趋势,说明该区域沉积物对水体重金属污染的记录信息可能失真．水体悬浮物的重金属含量可以很好地反映水体的污染状况及其潜在的生态效应．     

辽宁省辽河中溶解性金属污染评价及源识别

辽河是我国七大流域之一,张婧^[1]和周秀艳^[2]曾先后报到了其表层沉积物中重金属的含量和分布,但未见有关水体中重金属来源的分析报道．本文测定了辽河水体中溶解性金属的含量,评价了其污染状况,并运用主成分统计方法分析了溶解性金属的可能来源途径,旨在为水体中金属污染的防治提供指导．     

乐安江沉积物酸碱性及其对重金属释放特性的影响

本文对乐安江沉积物样品的金属总量，酸碱特性进行了测定和不同ｐＨ条件下金属的释放实验，结果表明，乐安江沉积物中Ｃｕ，Ｐｂ，Ｚｎ，Ｃｄ和Ａｓ的浓度均高于一般水体沉积物的本底值，从重金属的移动性分析，存在沉积重金属对水体产生二次污染的可能，沉积物所含重金属随ｐＨ变化产生的金属释放顺序为Ｚｎ〉Ｃｕ〉Ｃｄ，Ｐｂ。     

顾桥采煤沉陷积水区重金属分布与迁移特征

为了探讨上覆水-间隙水-沉积物层面微量元素的分布特征与潜在迁移趋势,系统采集淮南矿区顾桥采煤沉陷积水区上覆水和沉积物样品各10个,通过高速离心获得相应间隙水样品。利用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)及原子荧光光谱法(AFS)测试分析了各样品中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Sb、Zn含量,并采用重金属污染指数法和地累积指数法评价上覆水体及沉积物中重金属污染程度。结果表明,(1)总体而言,顾桥采煤沉陷积水区上覆水水质较好,符合鱼类养殖的水质标准;间隙水中Cr、Cd和Zn的质量浓度分别达到193.11、2.14和176.18μg·L~(-1)。水质基准法生物毒性评价结果显示,间隙水中Cr、Cd和Zn对水生生物具有潜在生物毒性;沉积物中As、Cd、Cu、Cr、Ni的含量均值超过淮南土壤背景值和中国沉积物综合平均值,其中Cd平均质量分数高达1.114mg·kg~(-1),明显富集。(2)从垂直分布来看,水体中重金属的分布趋势表现为:沉积物间隙水上覆水。(3)分配系数结果表明,Cd、Zn、Sb易从沉积物中迁移进入上覆水中,具有较高的潜在环境危害。相关性分析结果显示,上覆水体中As与Mn、Cu与Cd具有相同污染源;间隙水中多种重金属之间的相关性较好,部分重金属具有同源性,沉积物中Ni与Zn、Mn的来源相似。(4)地累积指数结果表明,沉积物中Cd为偏重度污染,Cr为轻度污染,重金属总体污染程度为:CdCrSbCuAsNi=MnZn,顾桥采煤沉陷积水区水体沉积物中重金属Cd、Cr具有潜在生态危害,应引起管理者重视。     

乐安江沉积物酸碱特性及其对重金属释放特性的影响

本文对乐安江沉积物样品的金属总量、酸碱特性进行了测定和不同pH条件下金属的释放实验.结果表明,乐安江沉积物中Cu,Pb,Zn,Cd和As的浓度均高于一般水体沉积物的本底值.从重金属的移动性分析,存在沉积物重金属对水体产生二次污染的可能.沉积物所含重金属随pH变化产生的金属释放顺序是Zn>Cu>Cd.Pb.     

乌梁素海盐度变化对沉积物重金属有效性的影响

乌梁素海内源污染源底泥释放的重金属对其水生态环境影响较大,为探索沉积物重金属在不同盐度条件下的释放规律以及沉积物中重金属总量、形态含量、迁移性大小及自身性质、沉积物理化性质对沉积物中重金属释放的影响,于2010-2016年每年8月采集18个水体样品,现场测定水体盐度,并在2016年8月采集10个表层沉积物样品测定沉积物重金属总量,采用BCR逐级提取法对沉积物中重金属Cu、Pb、Zn和Cr的4种形态进行提取,并进行静态释放试验以分析其在不同盐度浓度条件下的释放特征,监测和实验结果表明,乌梁素海水体盐度在2010-2016年8月期间逐年增大,呈现出由淡水湖向微咸水湖转变的趋势。重金属的总量、形态含量及其迁移性大小影响沉积物中重金属的释放量,沉积物中Cu、Pb、Zn和Cr的形态含量均以残渣态为主,其中Pb的残渣态含量最多,总量和释放量均最少,重金属酸可提取态含量较少,重金属迁移性的大小为ZnCuPbCr,而Zn的释放量大小与其在沉积物中的迁移活性及总量呈正相关关系。同时沉积物有机质含量、p H及含水率也均可影响沉积物重金属的释放,其中Pb的金属性最弱,溶解度相应较低,释放量最少。随着盐度的增加,沉积物中Zn、Cu和Pb释放量增加,Cr的释放量则先增大后减小,虽然4种重金属释放量虽然均较小,但其释放量增幅变化很大,存在较大的湖泊水生态环境风险。     

沉积物充气过程对锌的影响

在缺氧沉积物中,酸可挥发硫（ＡＶＳ）是总硫含量中的一个活性最大的部分。它控制着还原状态沉积物内孔隙水的重金属浓度又通过与重金属形成硫化物,影响着沉积物中重金属的形态。现已证明,ＡＶＳ与重金属反应是重要方面。ＡＶＳ的变化来自人类活动和自然现象。本项研究通过对香港河流和海湾沉积物３２ｄ的连续充气实验,探索硫含量变化对Ｚｎ对影响。     

沉积物中酸挥发硫对上覆水中重金属含量的影响

在实验室条件下,利用装有新鲜河流沉积物和上覆水且可控制环境参数的模拟体系及参比体系,通过定时定量投放重金属溶液,研究了富含酸挥发硫的河流沉积物对上覆水中重金属（铜,镉,铅,锌）含量的影响,并观察了模拟体系更换为清洁上覆水后沉积物中重金属的静态释放;随后考察了同一沉积物样品经酸化后对上覆水重金属含量的影响能力的变化及在更换为清洁上覆水后沉积物的静态释放。研究结果表明：水相金属迅速转移到沉积物中,被其     

Seasonal AVS–SEM relationship in sediments and potential bioavailability of metals in industrialized estuary, southeastern Brazil

In anoxic sediments, as those found in estuaries, the mobility of metals can be controlled by the formation of stable sulfide complexes. The potential bioavailability of a metal can then be predicted on the basis of the acid volatile sulfide (AVS) and simultaneously extracted metals (SEM) criterion. Distributions of AVS and SEM (Hg, Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn, and Ni) along the sediment profiles were determined seasonally for three rivers that constitute the Santos-Cubat?o estuarine system (SE Brazil), which is located in one of the most industrialized areas of Latin America. AVS and SEM concentrations varied significantly, from 0.04 to 31.9 μmol g⁻¹ and 0.086–6.659 μmol g⁻¹, respectively. The highest AVS levels in sediments were detected in the winter, whereas high SEM values predominated in the summer. Considering SEM–AVS molar differences as a parameter to evaluate potential bioavailability, sediments nearest to the industrial area represent higher risk to biota, especially during the summer. It is due to relatively low AVS values and not necessarily high concentrations of metals.     

Seasonal and spatial variations of acid-volatile sulphide and simultaneously extracted metals in the Yangtze River Estuary

Surface sediments were collected from the Yangtze River Estuary (YRE) in May 2012, August 2012, November 2012 and February 2013 to analyse the seasonal and spatial distributions of acid-volatile sulphide (AVS), simultaneously extracted metals (SEM) and the sediment toxicity. An optimised method was used for the AVS and SEM analysis and the results showed that the seasonal variations of AVS were positively correlated with changes in water temperature and the position of higher AVS was relatively fixed. The average of SEM was gradually increased from May 2012 to February 2013 and there were abnormally high values of SEM_Cu and SEM_Ni in the YRE. Concentrations of the five SEM components were in the following order: Cd?相似文献   

AVS-SEM relationships and potential bioavailability of trace metals in sediments from the Southeastern Mediterranean sea,Egypt

In risk assessment of aquatic sediments, much attention is paid to the difference between acid volatile sulfide (AVS) and simultaneously extracted metals (SEM) as indicators of metal bioavailability. Distribution of AVS and SEM (Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn) were determined in 20 representative sampling sites collected along the Egyptian Mediterranean coast. Total SEM concentration [ΣSEM] ranged from 0.012 to 0.241 μmoleg^?1. AVS concentrations were much more variable, showing significant spatial variations. The values ranged from 0.015 to 31.326 μmoleg^?1. The different relationships between AVS and SEM to establish mechanical models such as the ratio of ΣSEM and AVS [ΣSEM/AVS], the difference between the ΣSEM and AVS [ΣSEM–AVS], or the organic carbon normalised difference between SEM and AVS [ΣSEM-AVS]/f_oc models were used as parameters to evaluate potential bioavailability. Considering SEM/AVS model, sediments at the Western Harbour, Eastern Harbour, Ras El-Burr, El-Gamil East, and Port Said stations are occasionally toxic, while according to SEM-AVS model, no indication of associated adverse toxic effect would occur at any of the sampling sites. Calculated [ΣSEM-AVS]/f_oc was<130 μmoleg^?1 in the sediments indicating that sediments should pose a low risk of adverse biological effects owing to cadmium, copper, lead, nickel and zinc. Association of adverse effects to aquatic organisms was determined, using the classification of the sediments according to the Sediment Quality Guidelines (SQGs). The marine Threshold Effect Levels (TEL) and Probable Effect Levels (PEL) were used in this work and in order to obtain a more realistic measure of predicted toxicity, mean PEL quotients (PELq) were calculated. The mean PELq calculated for the sampling sites was (0.11–1.5) and categorised as slightly toxic at all stations except Baghoush, Nobarreya and western harbour, which had PELq<0.1 and categorised as non-toxic. The obtained data concluded that the remobility and bioavailability of trace metals contained in surfacial sediments of the Egyptian Mediterranean coastal area are low.     

水体沉积物中酸挥发性硫化物垂直分布模型的建立及应用

应用对流扩散理论，将沉积物固相、液相作为一个整体，建立并求解了沉积物中酸挥发性硫化物（AVS）的垂直分布模型，并应用于武汉东湖三个污染程度不同站点的AVS垂直分布研究。结果表明，所建立的模型能较好地描述沉积物中AVS的垂直分布，这种分布是非线性的，且时空分布不均匀。     

水体和沉积物中毒害污染物的生态风险评价方法体系研究进展

人类活动导致大量毒害污染物进入水体和沉积物,从而对水生生物产生诸多不利影响.开展毒害污染物的生态风险评价,筛选高风险毒害污染物,是毒害污染物风险管控和生态系统保护的基础.对美国和欧盟等发达国家和地区毒害污染物的生态风险评价方法进行了综述.水体和沉积物中毒害污染物风险评价的基本方法首先是采用预测或测定环境浓度(PEC或M...     

淀山湖上覆水与沉积物孔隙水中重金属的分布特征

研究了淀山湖上覆水和沉积物孔隙水中Pb ,Cd,Cr,Cu ,Fe和Mn的浓度及Eh 分布 ,分析了孔隙水中重金属的扩散通量 .结果表明 ,淀山湖中重金属的浓度由高到低依次为 :Mn >Fe >Cr,Cu ,Pb >Cd ;Fe和Mn在孔隙水中的浓度远远大于它们在上覆水中的浓度 ,表层沉积物孔隙水中Pb ,Cd ,Cr,Cu的浓度稍大于它们在上覆水中的浓度 ;沉积物中的重金属可能按照浓度梯度经孔隙水从沉积物向上覆水中扩散而最终影响上覆水的水质     

Heavy metals associated with reduced sulfur in sediments from different deposition environments in the Pearl River estuary, China

Distribution of acid volatile sulfur (AVS) and the simultaneously extracted metals (SEM: Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Ni) in sediment profiles has been studied at five sites in Pearl River estuary, China. Of the five sampling locations, Nos.1 and 2 are in the middle shoal, Nos.3 and 4 in the west shoal and No. 5 locates to the south of the estuary. The AVS content in the sediments of the middle shoal varies in a small range (0.25–4.06 μmol g⁻¹), while that of west shoal increases with depth from 0 to ultimately 26.09 μmol g⁻¹. The SEM concentration in the sediment profiles at location Nos. 1, 2 and 5 is generally in the range of 0.95±0.2 μmol g⁻¹ with a slight upward increase, while that in the sediment of west shallows are much higher (1.43–2.42 μmol g⁻¹) with a significant upward increase, especially in the upper layer of ca. 15 cm. The observed upward increase of SEM content at all the sites implies that heavy metal contamination of sediment in the Pearl River estuary is increasing. Calculations of the excess heavy metal content which is defined by SEM-AVS molar difference suggests that the upper sediment in the Pearl River estuary, especially on the west shallows, could be a source of heavy metal contaminants and may cause toxicity to the benthos. The site-specific distribution patterns in the AVS and SEM profiles were interpreted according to the hydrogeochemistry of deposition environments.