开展新疆荒漠区的景观生态研究

目前,景观生态的研究和应用愈来愈广泛和深入,可以预料,在新疆荒漠区资源开发和经济发展中,将起重要作用。新疆荒漠区景观生态研究的内容应包括景观生态类型(区)的划分,景观生态空间格局及其动态分析、生态环境变化的趋势分析和预测预报、景观生态建设的若干对策以及生态环境监测信息系统的建立。     

基于土地利用的生态移民安置区景观格局变化——以宁夏红寺堡为例

为了探讨生态移民安置区土地利用的景观格局特征,以及研究区不同土地利用的变化,以宁夏回族自治区红寺堡区为研究区,选取1995年、2005年和2015年三期遥感影像数据,运用RS和GIS技术分析了该区域的土地利用的景观格局变化特征,定量分析了几种常用景观格局指数随尺度的变化规律。结果表明:红寺堡区土地景观要素占绝对主导地位的是草地,其次为耕地;各类土地景观变化较为复杂,总体而言,红寺堡区土地景观正朝着破碎度、异质性程度增加的趋势发展。     

秦皇岛市生态环境景观生态学研究

运用景观分类与评价、景观结构与功能分析、景观生态安全格局判断等景观生态学原理和方法对秦皇岛市生态环境进行了研究,结果表明:秦皇岛景观类型丰富独特,景观空间格局对主要生态过程有重要影响,对1986～1996年间景观变化定量分析的结查显示由于人工干扰指数的提高,使自然景现类型数量减少,并出现破碎化,从而降低了景观多样性和景观优势度,易导致系统的生产力、稳定性、自维持性趋向于降低。     

石油开发对辽河油田湿地景观格局变化的影响分析

通过对1989-2009年20年间景观格局的空间分布、变化特征以及变化趋势分析,揭示了造成双台子河自然保护区环境变化的主要驱动力是人类活动和社会经济发展的影响,定量计算了石油开发对研究区域景观格局变化的影响。结果显示:1989-2009年双台河口自然保护区的土地利用类型发生了很大的变化,景观破碎度明显增加,人类活动导致保护区内的土地利用和景观格局也发生了明显变化,但油田开发在总的土地利用变化中的贡献率仅为4.6%。     

乌苏-奎屯-独山子地区生态系统服务功能变化研究

在3S技术的支持下,以1990年和2005年的TM图像解译数据为基础,采用谢高地的评价方法分析了乌苏-奎屯-独山子地区景观类型与生态系统服务功能的变化特征,为研究该地区水土开发与生态环境演变提供了依据。结果表明,1990-2005年,乌苏-奎屯-独山子地区农田、灌木林地、城镇及工业用地、盐碱地、水域和未利用地面积增加,其他乔木林地、草地、冰川和沼泽面积均减少;区域生态系统服务功能从1990年的9 182.84×106元减少到2005年的8 627.96×106元,减少量为554.87×106元,减少率为6.04%。保护区域生态环境,恢复和提高区域生态系统服务功能是该区域生态环境建设的重要任务。     

基于RS的合肥市景观格局变化研究

利用两个时期的Landsat TM／ETM遥感影像，结合RS和GIS技术，直接从遥感图像上获得景观格局指数，对安徽省合肥市的景观格局进行了分析。揭示在快速经济发展和不断加快的城市化进程中，合肥市景观形状指数、分形维数和破碎度指数的不同变化趋势。与传统方法相比，该方法具有快速、准确、节省费用、简单易行的特点，有利于对景观格局变化进行动态监测。     

滇东南峰林峰丛区主要盆地土地利用景观格局及生态环境效应

盆地包括以山地、高原为主的盆边区域和以平原或少量缓坡、丘峰分布为主的盆底区域。云南是个多山的省份,人口主要分布在地势低平的盆地区域尤其是盆底区域,盆地人口密集,是云南省主要的经济文化发展要地和农业生产基地。选取生态意义较明显的景观格局特征指数,对滇东南峰林峰丛区主要盆地土地利用结构及生态环境效应进行分析。结果表明:依据盆地的地理环境特征不同,盆地景观系统可分为平坝区、盆地边缘山麓带和盆地边缘山坡带三种景观亚系统类型,每一种景观系统都有多种景观要素构成,且因所处地貌不同而差异显著。盆地土地利用结构中,耕地景观所占的比例最大,平均值最高,其次是森林、草地和人造地表。八宝、广南、丘北、曰者和珠琳盆地景观优势度指数大,景观破碎度指数小,盆地生态环境质量高。景观格局指数与生态环境之间相关性较大,其中景观类型多样性与生态环境指数呈正相关,景观破碎度与生态环境指数呈负相关,景观格局的空间特征对当地的生态环境影响较大。     

玛多县土地利用与景观格局分析及预测

土地利用/土地覆盖变化研究是全球环境变化和可持续发展的热点问题。文章选取了青海省玛多县2005年、2009年和2013年Landsat卫星影像数据,利用GIS技术和景观格局分析软件相结合的方法,对玛多县近九年来该区土地利用/土地覆盖变化、景观结构与格局进行分析,并结合Markov模型,预测玛多县未来十几年间土地利用景观格局演变特征。结果表明,草地是玛多县最主要的土地利用类型;2005~2013年,玛多县草地和人工用地面积增加,人工用地动态度最大;土地利用/覆盖类型总变化面积为12 983.87km2。2005~2009年玛多县景观异质性不断减小,空间连接性增加,景观团聚程度高,各类型斑块分布较集中;2009~2013年玛多县景观异质性增强,景观破碎化程度高、团聚程度低;景观趋于多样化和丰富化。     

重心视角下的湟水流域景观敏感度分异格局

以湟水流域为例,利用土地利用数据,测定该流域各类生态系统重心轨迹。从局域—全域景观变化嵌套关联的视角出发,引入合作博弈论中的Shapley值,构建重心移动贡献指数,分析湟水流域景观敏感度分异格局。结果表明:①湟水流域各类生态系统重心区间相对独立,沿"西北—东南"的河谷走向移动,人居和水域重心移幅较大。②景观敏感度空间分异明显,上游和支流地区敏感度更高。③矿产和水电开发、城镇用地扩张、生态保护与治理行动是影响湟水流域景观敏感度的三大重要因素。     

四川丘陵地区土地整理项目景观格局变化分析——以仪陇马鞍镇南海村土地整理项目为例

以仪陇马鞍镇南海村土地整理项目区为例,以土地整理前后1:2000实地调绘结果数据为基本数据源,采用景观格局指数分析其景观格局变化,探讨土地整理对景观变化的影响.结果表明,坡(地)改梯(田)后耕地中田块斑块数量和斑块密度增加,平均斑块面积和最大斑块指数减小,景观破碎度增加;耕地类中的旱地、农村宅基地及林地斑块数量和斑块密度降低,平均斑块面积和最大斑块指数增大,景观破碎度降低,景观形状较整理前变得规则;景观多样性指数和景观丰度指数降低,景观类型有所减少.     

Landscape Trends in Mid-Atlantic and Southeastern United States Ecoregions

Landscape pattern and composition metrics are potential indicators for broad-scale monitoring of change and for relating change to human and ecological processes. We used a probability sample of 20-km × 20-km sampling blocks to characterize landscape composition and pattern in five US ecoregions: the Middle Atlantic Coastal Plain, Southeastern Plains, Northern Piedmont, Piedmont, and Blue Ridge Mountains. Land use/land cover (LULC) data for five dates between 1972 and 2000 were obtained for each sample block. Analyses focused on quantifying trends in selected landscape pattern metrics by ecoregion and comparing trends in land cover proportions and pattern metrics among ecoregions. Repeated measures analysis of the landscape pattern documented a statistically significant trend in all five ecoregions towards a more fine-grained landscape from the early 1970s through 2000. The ecologically important forest cover class also became more fine-grained with time (i.e., more numerous and smaller forest patches). Trends in LULC, forest edge, and forest percent like adjacencies differed among ecoregions. These results suggest that ecoregions provide a geographically coherent way to regionalize the story of national land use and land cover change in the United States. This study provides new information on LULC change in the southeast United States. Previous studies of the region from the 1930s to the 1980s showed a decrease in landscape fragmentation and an increase in percent forest, while this study showed an increase in forest fragmentation and a loss of forest cover.     

Landscapes of Protection: Forest Change and Fragmentation in Northern West Bengal,India

In the tropics and sub-tropics, where high levels of biodiversity co-exist with some of the greatest levels of population density, achieving complete exclusion in protected area contexts has proved close to impossible. There is a clear need to recognize that parks are significantly impacted by human–environment interactions in the larger landscape within which they are embedded, and to move the frontier of research beyond the boundaries of protected areas in order to examine larger landscapes where multiple forms of ownership and access are embedded. This research evaluates forest change and fragmentation between 1990 and 2000, in a landscape surrounding the Mahananda Wildlife Sanctuary in the Indian state of West Bengal. This protected forest is bounded to the south by a less intensively protected area, the Baikunthapur Reserve Forest, and surrounded by a mosaic of unprotected, largely private land holdings. Results indicate differences in the extent and spatial pattern of forest cover change in these three zones, corresponding to different levels of government protection, access and monitoring. The two protected areas experience a trend toward forest regrowth, relating to the cessation of commercial logging by park management during this period. Yet, there is still substantial clearing toward peripheral areas that are well connected to illegal timber markets by transportation networks. The surrounding landscape, although experiencing some forest regrowth within less intensively cultivated tea plantations, is also becoming increasingly fragmented, with potentially critical impacts on the maintenance of effective wildlife corridors in this ecologically critical region.     

不同生态区域油气田开发对土地覆盖变化的影响

利用RS-GIS技术,分析了四川合兴场气田周围1988年和2000年TM影像和新疆艾桑油气田周围1992年和2000年TM影像土地变化情况。分析结果表明:生态发达的四川合兴场气田周围在油田田开发前后主要为耕地,而建设用地在1988年占区域面积的12.6%,到2000年增加到17.8%。位于生态脆弱区的艾桑油气田,兴建前后主要土地利用类型均为戈壁荒漠、盐碱地,建设用地面积则明显增加,从1992年占总面积的0.02%增加到2000年的0.24%。由此可见,大面积分布式的油气田开发改变了油气田周围土地利用类型的分布。景观格局分析指数表明,四川合兴场周围多样性指数及均匀度指数均呈增加趋势,而艾桑油气田周围多样性指数及均匀度指数均呈现下降趋势。四川合兴场气田周围空间景观呈多样化发展,而新疆艾桑油气田周围空间景观多样性下降,荒漠土地呈扩大化发展趋势。     

Landscape Metrics for Assessment of Landscape Destruction and Rehabilitation

This investigation tested the usefulness of geometry-based landscape metrics for monitoring landscapes in a heavily disturbed environment. Research was carried out in a 75 sq km study area in Saxony, eastern Germany, where the landscape has been affected by surface mining and agricultural intensification. Landscape metrics were calculated from digital maps (1912, 1944, 1973, 1989) for the entire study area and for subregions (river valleys, plains), which were defined using the original geology and topography of the region. Correlation and factor analyses were used to select a set of landscape metrics suitable for landscape monitoring. Little land-use change occurred in the first half of the century, but political decisions and technological developments led to considerable change later. Metrics showed a similar pattern with almost no change between 1912 and 1944, but dramatic changes after 1944. Nonparametric statistical methods were used to test whether metrics differed between river valleys and plains. Significant differences in the metrics for these regions were found in the early maps (1912, 1944), but these differences were not significant in 1973 or 1989. These findings indicate that anthropogenic influences created a more homogeneous landscape.     

Land Use and Land Cover Change Analysis and Prediction in the Upper Reaches of the Minjiang River,China

Scientists have aimed at exploring land use and land cover change (LUCC) and modeling future landscape pattern in order to improve our understanding of the causes and consequences of these phenomena. This study addresses LUCC in the upper reaches of Minjiang River, China, from 1974 to 2000. Based on remotely sensed images, LUCC and landscape pattern change were assessed using cross-tabulation and landscape metrics. Then, using the CLUE-S model, changes in area of four types of land cover were predicted for two scenarios considering forest polices over the next 20 years. Results showed that forestland decreased from 1974 to 2000 due to continuous deforestation, while grassland and shrubland increased correspondingly. At the same time, the farmland and settlement land increased dramatically. Landscape fragmentation in the study area accompanied these changes. Forestland, grassland, and farmland take opposite trajectories in the two scenarios, as does landscape fragmentation. LUCC has led to ecological consequences, such as biodiversity loss and lowering of ecological carrying capacity.     

岷江流域三江交汇区景观格局变化研究

本文以生态景观理论为基础,地理信息与遥感技术为支撑,对岷江流域三江交汇区三期遥感数据,1990年TM、2002年TM、2014年ETM+数据进行图像分类、景观指数提取、空间分析,同时采用面积转移矩阵统计各景观面积的转移情况,分析景观格局变化的影响因素,研究结果表明:(1)1990—2014年三江交汇区景观类型面积排序为:农田林地草地水域居民地裸地。优势景观为耕地,所占比例由72.83%下降到63.32%,面积减少了3480hm2。草地所占比例呈现波动变化,总体增加了2.81%。林地比例由15.98%上升到18.79%,增加了700hm2。居民地所占比例升高了4.1%;(2)1990年研究区内草地景观易受到外部干扰,其分布形状复杂。林地景观整体聚合度较高同时具有较低的异质性,分布通透性好、规模连续。农田分布较为分散且斑块较小。2002年农田斑块分布复杂化,同时具有聚集度高的特点。2014年研究区内农田优势地位下降。此时农田分布比较破碎并且呈现集中的态势。草地分布规模性较好、分布较为完整,但是内部存在一定的破碎性;(3)三江交汇区景观类型相互转化的主要原因:一是,退耕还林、还草政策实施,海拔超过500m的丘陵山地区域,建立生态保护区。二是,成绵乐铁路和高速路网的完善,使得三江交汇区的土地类型向建设用地转化加快,主要集中在乐山市中区和周围城镇。     

基于TM影像的石羊河流域土地利用变化研究

根据1999年和2010年两期影像数据,在遥感软件EDARS IMAGINE9.1的支持下对图像进行技术处理,通过计算机自动分类方法提取土地利用信息,将石羊河流域土地利用类型分为耕地、草地、林地、建筑用地、水域及未利用地,同时利用数学模型和景观生态学理论,分析了石羊河流域土地利用变化的时空特征和格局变化。研究结果表明,1999-2010年间耕地和未利用地的面积变化最大,变化量占到总流域面积的比例分别为3.94%和2.42%;水域、林地、耕地的土地利用动态度明显,依次为3.06%,1.82%和1.12%;11年间草地、耕地和水域的流转较为剧烈,变化速率较快;11年间石羊河流域的土地利用偏离度为持续缓慢下降的趋势,下降幅度达到0.04,土地利用活动对自然景观的干预趋于缓和;景观优势度增大,景观多样性和景观均匀度有所减少,人类活动对景观格局影响明显;人口、经济因素和政策因素在短时间尺度上对土地利用变化的影响较为显著。     

基于3S技术的新疆金山金矿开发景观格局动态变化研究

在阐述3S技术特点的基础上,以新疆金山金矿项目研究区为例,介绍了3S技术在景观格局信息提取的技术要求、数据收集和工作流程,并对研究区景观格局的提取结果进行了动态变化预测与分析.实例研究证明,3S技术是景观生态学研究的重要技术工具,应用3S技术开展景观格局动态评价,可以准确、快速地提取景观格局的主要特征指标,掌握景观格局现状、预测其动态变化特征、揭示其变化规律,满足区域景观格局研究的要求.